Narrative of the Voyage of the Challenger, Vol. I. (London, 1880); Kerr, "Anatomy of Nautilus Pompilius," in Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1895 (London, 1895); Parker and Has well, Textbook of Zoology, Vol. I. (London and New York, 1897). For fossil forms, consult: Nicholson and Lydekker, Manual of Paleontology, Vol. I. (Edinburgh and London, 1889); Zittel and Eastman, Textbook of Paleontology, Vol. I. (London and New York, 1900); Buckman, "Divisions of So-called Jurassic Time," in Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. LIV. (London, 1898); Foord, Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum of Natural History, Parts I., II., III. (London, 1888-97); Hyatt, "Genera of Fossil Cephalopods," in Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXII. (Boston, 1884); Hyatt, "The Genesis of the Arietidæ," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Contributions, No. 673 (Washington, 1889); Hyatt, "The Phylogeny of an Acquired Characteristic," Proceedings American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXXII., No. 134 (Philadelphia, 1894); this is a summary of the author's researches on cephalopods and a most important contribution to the literature of evolution. For fuller lists of titles, see the bibliographies in Zittel-Eastman, Textbook of Paleontology (London and New York, 1900), where the most important works cited are those of Barrande, Clarke, Deiner, Gümbel, Hall, von Hauer, Haug, Holm, Hyatt, Mojsisovics, Neumayr, Nikitin, Noetling, d'Orbigny, Quenstedt, Smith, Waagen. See also the articles on AMMONITES; AMMONOIDEA; BELEMNITES; CERATITES; CUTTLEFISH; GONIATITES; NAUTILUS; OCTOPUS; ORTHOCERAS; POULPE; SPIRULA; SQUID; SEPIA. CEPHALUS. A grandson of Eolus, and the husband of Procris, whom he inadvertently killed while she was spying upon him in suspicion of his fidelity. After undergoing punishment for his unintentional crime, he settled in an island which was called, after him, Cephal lenia. CEPHEUS, seẽ phê-us or se'fùs (Lat., from Gk. Knpeús, Kepheus, in Greek mythology a king of Ethiopia who was husband of Cassiope, father of Andromeda, and father-in-law of Perseus). A constellation of the Northern Hemisphere. Its principal star, Alderamin, is of the third magnitude. CEPH'ISOD'OTUS (Lat., from Gk. Knob BOTOS, Kephisodotos). The name of two Greek sculptors, who worked during the Fourth Century B.C. The younger was the son of the famous Praxiteles (q.v.), and of his works only scanty mention has been preserved. He and his brother Timarchos made a statue of Menander (q.v.), which was set up in the theatre at Athens, and of which the base has been found bearing the signature of the artists. The elder Cephisodotus seems to have been the elder brother, or possibly the father, of Praxiteles, and his works mark the transition from the art of the Fifth Century to that of the Fourth. His group of Irene (Peace) and the infant Plutus (Wealth) is probably reproduced in the so-called Leucothea in Munich. The allegorical subject is in keeping with the later tendencies, but the style shows close dependence upon the art of Phidias. The date of Cephisodotus is determined largely by this statue, as it was set up in Athens after the battle of Naxos in B.C. 376, and probably in celebration of the peace of B.C. 371. The group of Zeus, Artemis, and Megalopolis in the city of Megalopolis was certainly erected after B.C. 370, but the remains of the building seem to point to a much later date, and it is probable that the artist was the younger Cephisodotus. CEPHIS'SUS (Lat., from Gk. Knpoobs, Kephissos). One of the two principal rivers of Attica, flowing into the Saronic Gulf between Athens and the Piræus. Nearly all the rivers of Greece are small rapid torrents-entirely dry, or a mere chain of pools during the summer months; but the Cephissus has a constant supply of water from the springs on the side of Mount Parnes and Mount Pentelicus. The greater part of its water, however, is diverted into artificial channels for purposes of irrigation, and the exact course of the ancient bed can no longer be ascertained. The principal river of western Baotia has the same name. CERACCHI, châ-rä'kē, GIUSEPPE (c.17601802). An Italian sculptor. He was born in Corsica, and early moved to Rome, where he acquired considerable reputation. In 1772 he went to England, where he was on terms of friendship with Sir Joshua Reynolds, whose bust he made busts of Washington (in the Boston modeled. He afterwards came to America, and Athenæum), Hamilton, and other statesmen. Returning to Italy in 1796, he made a bust of Napoleon, who was then at Milan. Three years later he joined some artists in Paris in an attempt to regenerate the Republic. He formed a plot with Arena, Topino - Lebrun, and others to assassinate the First Consul. One of the conspirators revealed the plot to Fouché, and Ceracchi and all his fellow conspirators but one were executed. CERAM, or ZERAM, Port. pron. se-räN'. The largest island of the Moluccas (q.v.), Dutch East Indies, situated between longitudes 127° 55' and 130° 50' E., and latitudes 2° 45′ and 3° 40′ S. It has a length of 185 miles and a breadth of 30 miles (Map: East Indies, H 5). Including a few adjacent small islands, it occupies an area of over 6900 square miles. The surface is mountainous, a range of volcanic origin traversing its length, and reaching in its highest elevation an altitude of about 9800 feet. The interior is cov The ered with thick forests of cocoa and sago palms. The cultivated portion on the coast is very productive, yielding rice, tobacco, and cacao. population is estimated at 100,000 to 200.000, chiefly Alfurus, who, in spite of the dominion of the Dutch, have still retained their original customs and mode of life. CERAMBYCIDÆ, sĕr'ăm-bis'i-de (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. Kepάußv, kerambyx, horned beetle). A prominent family of cryptopentam erous beetles, commonly known as longhorns, and including about 13,000 described species, of which 600 belong in the United States. A few find nourishment in herbaceous plants, but in most the soft, white grubs, with powerful mandibles, and sometimes legless, live concealed in burrows in wood, feeding upon it, and there passing the pupal stage also. The life of these beetles may be very long. They have been found still inhabiting the wood of furniture several years in use, and, according to Sereno Watson, may live forty-five years; but it is not certain VII. stances in such proportions as to have the consistency of an unguent (q.v.). Cerates are intermediate between ointments and plasters, and their consistency should be such that when spread upon leather or cloth at ordinary temreratures and applied to the skin they will not be melted by its heat. CERAT IOCAR'IDÆ (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. Kepárov, keration, dim. of Képas, keras, horn + kapis, karis, shrimp). A family of interesting Paleozoic crustacea, of the order Phyllocarida, members of a group of synthetic forms that are intermediate between the Phyllopoda See CRUSTACEA; PHYLLOCARIDA. on one hand and the Malacostraca on the other. CERATITES, sĕr'å-ti'tēz (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. Képas, keras, horn). A genus of discoid in the Triassic rocks of Europe and America. ammonoidean cephalopod shells, found as fossils The principal points of distinction are afforded by the broad low saddles and the short narrow the suture-line of this genus is often used as The form of simple lobes of the suture-line. typical of one of the stages through which the sutures of the higher Ammonoidea pass in their evolution from the simple curve of the early nautiloids to the complex sutures of the later ammonoids. See CEPHALOPODA; AMMONITES. CER'ATO'DUS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Képas, keras, horn + ỏdoús, odous, tooth). A fish. See BARRAMUNDA. See CAROB. CER'ATO'NIA. A term used to designate the department of plastic art which comprises all objects made of clay, including terra-cotta, porcelain, and all other forms of pottery (q.v.). CER'AMI'CUS (Lat., from Gk. Kepauμeikós, Kerameikos, from Kepaμeús, kerameus, potter, from κépauos, keramos, potter's clay). The potters' quarter at Athens, which was divided into the Outer and Inner Ceramicus. In the Outer Ceramicus were buried those who had fallen in battle, and hence were honored by the State with a public funeral and a monument. For an account of this ceremony, consult Thucydides, Bk. II., trans. by Jowett (London, 1881). CERAR GYRITE (from Gk. Képas, keras, horn + åpɣuplīns, argyrites, made of silver, from apyvpos, argyros, silver). A valuable ore of silver (AgCl) that crystallizes in the isometric system, and in color is light gray to light green. It is found largely in Peru, Chile, and Mexico, where the mineral occurs of a greenish color with native silver; also in the Ural Mountains, and in Norway. In the United States it occurs in various localities in Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. This mineral is usually found in veins of clay slate, accompanied with other ores of silver, and chiefly in the higher parts of such veins. CERAS'TES (Lat., Gk. Kepάorns, kerastēs, horned snake, from Képas, keras, horn). A genus of viperine serpents of northern Africa and Arabia, characterized especially by "the presence in the male, and sometimes in the female, of a pair of scale-covered, horn-like processes above the eyes." There are two species, called horned vipers. See VIPER. CERAS'TIUM. See CHICKWEED. CE'RATE (Lat. ceratum, wax plaster, from ceratus, p.p. of cerare, to wax, from cera, wax). A compound of wax with oily and medicinal sub CER'ATO'SA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. Képas, keras, horn). An order or group of sponges, in which the skeleton consists of elastic fibres of a horny substance (spongin). The toilet sponges are examples. See SPONGE. CER'ATOSAU’RUS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Képas, keras, horn + σaûpos, sauros, lizard). A carnivorous dinosaur from the upper Jurassic deposits of Colorado, distinguished from all other dinosaurs by the horn on the front of its skull. The animal was about 18 or 20 feet long with the hinder part of the trunk, and also the tail, heavily built. Its head was rather large, and besides the single horn on the nose there was a prominent bony ridge in front of each eye. The teeth were numerous and well fitted for cutting and chewing flesh. The neck was short and thick. The fore limbs were remarkably small and the beast may have used them for holding food were probably of no aid in locomotion, though while eating. In contrast with the tiny fore limbs, the hind limbs were large and powerful, and were armed with sharp retractile claws. The feet were digitigrade, that is they rested on the ends of the fingers instead of on the palms. The pelvic bones are peculiar in that they are anky losed or joined together by the soldering of the joints. The pubes are long and are united at their ends to form a solid, massive piece, which probably served as an accessory support for the animal while resting. Another point of peculiarity is the form of the vertebral centra, which are flat on their anterior and concave on their posterior faces. Only a single species, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, is known to belong to this genus. See DINOSAURIA. CERAU'NIAN MOUNTAINS (Gk. rà Kεpahvia öpŋ, ta Keraunia hore, from kɛpavvós, keraunos, thunder, from their frequent storms). |