the Abbassides; Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen (5 vols., Mannheim and Stuttgart, 1846-62); Syed Ameer Ali, A Short History of the Saracens (New York, 1899); S. Lane Poole, The Mohammedan Dynasties (London, 1894).

CALIP PIC CYCLE. See PERIOD. CAL'ISA'YA BARK. See CINCHONA. CALIS'TA. (1) The vengeful wife of Altamont and mistress of the 'gay' Lothario, in Rowe's Fair Penitent. The role was a great favorite with Eighteenth Century actresses. (2) The wife of Cleander in Massinger and Fletcher's Lover's Progress. She is possessed of an intense passion for Lysander, but still remains true to her husband. The character was largely suggested by Caliste, in Daudiguier's Ly sandre et Caliste. (3) The lady-in-waiting and confidante of Queen Berengaria, in Scott's Talisman. She assists in a silly and dangerous trick against Sir Kenneth, by which he is lured away from guarding the royal standard.

CAL'ISTHENICS. See GYMNASTICS. CAL'IVER (from Fr. calibre, calibre, bore; see CALIBRE). A matchlock or firearm about midway in size and character between an arquebus (q.v.) and a musket, and small enough to be fired without a rest or support. It could be discharged much more rapidly than a musket,

but did not do as much execution. It was introduced in the Sixteenth Century and received its name from the fact that the bore was of uniform calibre, so that the common stock of bullets for a company might fit all weapons.

CALIXTINES, kå-liks'tinz. A name given (1) to the conservative wing of the Hussites (q.v.) (from Lat. calix, cup, chalice), because they contended for lay communion in both kinds; (2) to the followers of Georg Calixtus (q.v.) in the latter half of the Seventeenth Century.

CALIX'TUS. A name borne by three Popes. CALIXTUS L. Bishop of Rome from 219 to 223. He was born a slave.-CALIXTUS II. Guido of Vienne. Pope from 1119 to 1124. He was a son of the Count of Burgundy. He expelled the AntiPope Gregory from Rome in 1120, stormed the castle in which he took refuge, and made him a prisoner. He concluded with Henry V. of Germany the famous Concordat of Worms (1122), by which the long dispute over the question of investiture (q.v.) was adjusted.-CALIXTUS III. Alonzo de Borja or Borgia. Pope from 1455 to 1458. His leading idea was to institute a great crusade against the Turks, in which he failed.

CALIXTUS, GEORG (1586-1656). A German Lutheran theologian. He was born at Medelbye in Schleswig, and studied at Flensborg and Helmstädt. After traveling as an earnest student for four years in Germany, Holland, England, and France, where he made the acquaintance

of the most learned men of his time, he returned

to Helmstädt in 1613, and in the following year was appointed professor of theology. His genius, the depth of his knowledge, and his large experience of the world and of men, which he had acquired in his travels, developed in him a spirit of great tolerance toward all who held their religious opinions honestly, whatever these might be. Although his dissertations on the Holy Scripture, transubstantiation, communion in one kind, etc., are acknowledged by learned Catholics to be the most solid and admirable which have

been composed by Protestants against the distinctive doctrines of Catholicism, he was, on account of some statements in his work entitled De Præcipuis Religionis Christiana Capitibus, which seemed favorable to Catholic dogmas, and of others in his Epitome Theologia Moralis, De Tolerantia Reformatorum, etc., which approached too near to the Reformed or Calvinistic standpoint, declared guilty of abominable heresy by the adherents of the letter of the Concordienformel-i.e. the orthodox and dogmatically rigid Lutherans. Calixtus felt keenly that the polemical harshness of Lutheranism was a serious obstacle in the way of a great Catholic Christianity, and that Protestantism must assume another form before it could hope to become the religion of Europe. Under this conviction, Calixtus endeavored to show that the oldest and most fundamental articles of the Christian faith-viz. the facts embodied in the "Apostles' Creed"-were common to all Christian sects. In subsequent dissertations, having stated that the doctrine of the Trinity was less distinctly taught in the Old than in the New Testament, and that good works were necessary to salvation, and finally, at the religious conference of Thorn in 1645, whither he was sent

as a mediator by the Elector of Brandenburg, having been on more intimate terms with the Calvinistic than the Lutheran theologians, Calixtus was accused of apostasy. Fortunately, however, he had powerful friends, who stood firmly by him, and through their help he was enabled to retain his professorial chair till his death in Helmstädt, on March 19, 1656. For his biography, consult: E. L. W. Henke, Calixt und seine Zeit (Halle, 1853-56); W. C. Dowding, German Theology During the Thirty Years' War; and The Life and Correspondence of G. Calixtus (London, 1863).

CALKIN, ka'kin, JAMES (1786-1862). An English organist and composer, born in London. He studied under Thomas Lyon and Dr. Crotch; was organist of the Regent Square Church, Gray's Inn Road, for thirty years, and was prominently identified with the Philharmonic Society in its early years, serving for some time as one of the directors. His compositions include a symphony for orchestra, an overture, several string quartets, and numerous pianoforte pieces.

CALKING, kak'ing (probably OF. cauquer, to tread, from Lat. calcare, to tread in, from calx, heel). A process in which oakum is forced into the seams between the planks of a deck or the sides of a wooden ship in order to prevent the entrance of water. After the seams are spread, as much oakum is forced in as possible until they are nearly filled. They are then payed (i.e. filled up) with pitch, cement, or putty. Special chisel-shaped tools are used in calking, called calking-irons, making-irons, raising-irons, also made water-tight by calking. In the case and reeming-irons. The edges of iron plates are of flush edges or butts the calking-tool comonly straddles the seam; but when one plate laps another its edge is driven down by the tool against the under plate.

CALL. A term often used in reference to various theological and ecclesiastical subjects. (1) The command or invitation to believe in Jesus Christ is designated the call of God, or the Gospel call. Calvinistic theologians make a

distinction between a general call and a special or effectual call. The former is addressed, they say, to all to whom the word of God comes; but it is insufficient of itself to induce any man to the act of faith, and requires for its efficacy that it be accompanied by the special and irresistible grace of the Holy Spirit. They are careful, however, to state that the general or outward calling by the word always precedes and accompanies the special and effectual calling of the Spirit. The notion of an inward call by the Spirit of God in the soul, unconnected with outward calling by the word, belongs not to Calvinistic, but to mystic theology. (2) A call to office in the Church, and particularly to the ministry of the Gospel, is regarded by Christians generally as proceeding from God; and the Church of England requires of candidates for ordination an express profession that they trust they are so moved of the Holy Ghost. (3) A call by the people who are to be under the pastoral care of a minister has been generally regarded in the Christian Church as necessary to the establishment of the pastoral relation. In established churches the matter has been complicated by patronage rights. Often in the Church of England the local congregation has had no voice whatever in the call of its minister. In Scotland the question has given rise to some of the principal ecclesiastical divisions. In the Established Church the formal acceptance of the nominated minister by the people was always professedly sought. The 'Free' Churches of Eng. land and Scotland, however, have alone secured the true supremacy of the congregation. In America, almost all denominations professedly give the call of the minister entirely into the hands of the local church or congregation; and where not professedly, even there it is actually so placed in most bodies, and the tendency is every day stronger toward the complete autonomy of the local body in this matter. See PRESBYTERIANISM; CONGREGATIONALISM; METHODISM; CHURCHES.

CALL. When subscriptions to a joint stock enterprise do not require payment at once of the full amount of shares, it is frequently provided that a certain proportion shall be paid in cash, the remainder being subject to call upon the part of the management. The term call is also applied to the amount of these delayed payments.

See STOCK EXCHANGE.

CALL, WILKINSON (1834-). An American lawyer and politician. He was born in Russellville, Ky., but early in life went to Florida, where he becaine a lawyer. In the Civil War he rose to the rank of adjutant-general in the Confederate Army. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1865, but was not permitted to take his seat. In 1879 he was again elected, and thereafter served continuously, as a Demoerat, until 1897.

CAL/LA (Lat., an uncertain plant). A genus of plants of the order Araceæ. The genus Calla is characterized by a flattened spathe within which is a cylindrical spadix covered with naked flowers, appearing as a mere mixture of stamens and pistils. The only species, Calla palustris, is found in swamps in Europe, Siberia, and North America, but not in Great Britain. It has a creeping rootstock, and heart-shaped, stalked leaves, prolonged into a point; the spathe is

white, and the spadix yellow. The rootstock is extremely acrid; but, being deprived of its acridity by grinding, boiling, and macerating, is made by the Laplanders into a kind of bread called missebroed, which they hold in high estimation. The well-known and beautiful calla-lily (Richardia Ethiopica) was formerly included in this

genus.

CALLAO, kȧ-lyä'o (Sp. cala, creek, bay, from Celt. cala, harbor). The principal seaport of Peru and capital of the small province of the same name, situated on Callao Bay, seven miles west of Lima, with which it is connected by rail (Map: Peru, B 6). The modern city, a short distance to the north of the original town, which was destroyed in 1746, is divided into two sections, the older occupying the centre and having, to a great extent, narrow and crooked streets, while the surrounding portion is well laid out with broad avenues crossing at right angles. The buildings of the city are not particularly notable from an architectural standpoint. Callao enjoys a healthful, temperate climate. The harbor, though an open roadstead, is safe and spacious, being protected by the natural breakwater afforded by the island of San Lorenzo. It is fortified, and possesses splendid docking and ship-repairing facilities, which include a floating dock, 300 feet in length. Railway lines approach the docks. Callao has manufactures of refined sugar, lumber, and iron; but is more important as a commercial centre, its exports comprising minerals, sugar, hides, wool, bone, cotton, cocoa, etc., and the chief imports, manufactured articles, coal, and beer. The commerce has shown a considerable decrease since the decline of the guano trade. In 1900 nearly 1000 vessels (of over 50 tons), aggregating 1,315,000 tons, entered and cleared at the port of Callao. Population, in 1896, 48,118.

Callao figures in history from the times of the early Spanish conquest. It was considered a fair prize by the pirates who infested the western coast of America in the Sixteenth Cen

eral times.

tury and later, and by them was attacked sevBy 1671 it had become of sufficient importance to merit the dignity of a city. An earthquake of 1687 was followed by the more accompanying tidal wave, destroyed the city and disastrous commotion of 1746, which, with the

of the Eighteenth Century Callao was strongly occasioned great loss of life. About the middle fortified, San Felipe Castle playing a prominent part in subsequent wars. In 1826 the Spanish were driven from the city, their last foothold in continental America. Callao was bombarded by a Spanish fleet in 1866, and in 1880 by the Chileans, into whose power it fell the next year, after the battle of Miraflores. The treaty of 1883 restored it to Peru.

CALLAWAY, kǎl'å-wā, SAMUEL RODGER (1850-1904). An American railway president, born in Toronto, Canada. In 1864 he entered the service of the Grand Trunk Railway, in 1875 rose to be superintendent of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway, and 1880 became manager of the Chicago and Grand Trunk. He was vicepresident of the Union Pacific from 1884 to 1887; president of the Toledo, Saint Louis and Kansas City line in 1887-95; and of the New York, Chicago and Saint Louis in 1895-97. He was subsequently president of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, from 1897 to 1898, and

of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway from 1898 to 1901, and in 1901 was chosen president of the American Locomotive Company.

CALLCOTT, kal'kot, Sir AUGUSTUS WALL (1779-1844). An English landscape painter, born in London. He studied at the Royal Academy, and first devoted himself to portrait painting. After 1807 he exhibited nothing but landscapes for many years. In 1810 he was made a member of the Royal Academy, was knighted in 1837, and in 1844 was made conservator of royal pictures. His landscapes are remarkable for their beauty, clear definition of objects, good drawing, and truthful natural coloring. He has been called the English Claude. Among his pictures are: "Entrance to the Pool of London" (1816); "The Mouth of the Tyne" (1820); and among his figure paintings, "Milton Dictating to His Daughters" (1840) is noteworthy.

CALL/COTT, JOHN WALL (1766-1821). An English composer, born in Kensington. Too nervous to be a surgeon, as he had intended, he devoted his attention to music, and in 1785 won three of the four gold medals annually given by the Catch Club, the admired "O Sovereign of the Willing Soul" being one of the successful pieces. During the next ten years he obtained twenty of the medals given by the same society. In 1784 he was made bachelor, and afterwards (1800) doctor of inusic at Oxford. He studied composition with Haydn in 1790. In 1797 he issued a prospectus of an exhaustive musical dictionary, but because of his poor health could not undertake the work itself. In 1806 he published his Musical Grammar; in the following year his mind gave way under the continuous strain to which it had been subjected. He recovered again, but only for three years, when he relapsed, and continued insane until his death. He was one of the most eminent composers belonging to the British school of music, and especially celebrated for his glee compositions. His choicest productions were published in two volumes by his sonin-law, Mr. Horsley, in 1824.

CALL DUCK. A small beautiful breed of domestic ducks, bred in a gray and in a white variety, mainly for show purposes. The object is to make them as small and beautiful as possible. See DUCK.

CALLEJA DEL REY, kål-là'nȧ děl rã'ê, FELIX MARIA, CONDE DE CALDERÓN (1750-1820). A Spanish general, born at Medina del Campo. He was sent to Mexico and after Hidalgo revolted defeated him near Guadalajara in 1811. In 1812 he captured the fortress of Guanajuato and murdered the revolutionists. A little later he captured Hidalgo's successor, Father Morelos, who was shot. For his cruelty in these operations Calleja was called 'the Butcher.' He was viceroy of Mexico in 1813-16, and was later ennobled. In 1819 he was selected to conduct the expedition against the Independents of Paraguay, was taken prisoner, and died soon after his release.

CALLET, kå'la', ANTOINE FRANÇOIS (17411823). A French historical and portrait paint

er.

He was born in Paris, where he obtained the first prize, in 1764, for his "Biton and Cleobis," afterwards exhibited at the Ecole des BeauxArts. He became a member of the Academy in 1780, soon after he had painted the fresco,

"Spring," for the Apollo Gallery in the Louvre. He painted portraits of Comte d'Artois, Louis XVI., Louis XVIII., and his other works include: "Winter, or Saturnalia" (1783); "Autumn, or Fête of Bacchus" (1787); "Summer, or Fête of Ceres" (1789); "Spring, or Worship of Juno Lucina" (1791)—all of which are in the Louvre.

CALLIAS (Gk. Kalas, Kallias). (1) The son of Phænippus, and one of a noble and wealthy Athenian family, the members of which were hereditary torchbearers at the Eleusinian Mysteries. He was an opponent of Pisistratus, and a successful contestant in the Olympic and Pythian games. (2) The son of Hipponicus and grandson of the preceding. He was present, dressed in his priestly robes, at the battle of Marathon. He is said to have been sent, in B.C. 449, as an ambassador of Athens to Artaxerxes, and to have negotiated a treaty most unfavorable to the Persians. On his return he was impeached for having taken bribes, and fined 50 talents. (3) The son of Hipponicus and grandson of the preceding, notorious for his extravagances and profligacy. In B.C. 392 he served at Corinth, on the occasion of the defeat of the Spartan mora by Iphicrates, and was one of the envoys empowered to negotiate peace with Sparta, in B.C. 371. The scene of Xenophon's Symposium, as well as that of Plato's Protag oras, is laid at his house. He died in poverty.

CALLIC RATES (Gk. Kaλλiкρáтns, Kallikrates). A Greek architect of the Fifth Century B.C., who, together with Ictinus, built the Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens.

CAL'LICRAT'IDAS (Gk. Kaλλıкparidas, Kallikratidas). A Spartan, the successor of Lysander in command of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the Athenians (B.C. 406). After defeating Conon in the harbor of Mitylene, and taking thirty of his ships, and subsequently capturing the fleet of Diomedon, he was defeated, and perished by drowning in the battle of Arginusæ. When Callicratidas took command of the Lacedæmonian fleet, he was greatly hampered by the impediments thrown in his way by his predeces

sor.

He overcame these, however, and proved himself a man of vigorous character and genuine Pan-Hellenic feeling.

Α

CALLIÈRES BONNEVUE, kalyar băn′vụ, LOUIS HECTOR, Chevalier de (1639-1703). French army officer. He was Governor of Montreal in 1684, and in 1687 was leader of a part of the French and Indian forces which invaded the territory of the Five Nations in New York. He visited France to urge the seizure of New York as necessary to maintain French supremacy in Canada. In 1699 he was made Governor-General of Canada.

CALLIM'ACHUS (Gk. Kauaxos, Kallimachos). An Athenian artist who lived near the close of the Fifth Century B.C. He made a famous gold lamp, which burned night and day in the temple of Athena Polias, on the Athenian Acropolis. He is also said to have originated the Corinthian capital. His sculptures were marked by exceeding delicacy and refinement of execution, and there is reason to believe that he was a follower of Calamis, and the first of the archaistic artists. Consult Furtwängler, Meisterwerke der griech. Plastik (Leipzig, 1893).

CALLIMACHUS (c.310-240 B.C.). A celebrated Alexandrine poet and grammarian. He was born in Cyrene, of a distinguished family, which traced its ancestry to Battus, the founder of that city. With Aratus of Soli he studied at Athens, and then began teaching at Alexandria, where he enjoyed the favor of Ptolemy Philadelphus and his successor, Ptolemy Euergetes. About B.C. 260 he was appointed librarian, and held the office for some twenty years. By his teaching and writing Callimachus exerted a great influence on his time. Among his pupils were some of the most celebrated scholars of the day-Eratosthenes, Aristophanes of Byzantium, Apollonius of Rhodes, and others.

As a

According to Suidas, he left behind him over 800 books. Of his learned works in prose, the most important were his Tablets (Iivaκes, Pinakes), in 120 books. This was a great catalogue of the works contained in the library, the authors arranged according to subject matter and date, with brief observations on the size and genuineness of the works. Through this Callimachus became the founder of the critical study of Greek literature. We know, also, of a collection of glosses, of Memorabilia (Toμvýμara, Hypomnemata), and other minor works. poet he won chief distinction through his elegies, so that Quintilian calls him elegia principem. His strength lay, however, in his art and learning, not in poetic genius. As an illustration of his learning may be named his four books of Causes (Atria), in elegiac measure, which treated of the founding of cities, the origin of ceremonies, etc. One of the most famous of his elegies was Berenice's Lock (Coma Berenices), written B.C. 246, in honor of Queen Berenice, and preserved to us in Catullus's translation, No. 66. Ovid also imitated his Ibis, in which he had attacked his rival, Apollonius Rhodius. Famous, also, in antiquity, was his idyllic poem Hecate, reminiscences of which are preserved in Ovid's story of Philemon and Baucis (Met. 8, 610ff.). Some verses of this have recently been recovered from a wood tablet found in Egypt. There are extant in a complete state only six hymns, one of which is in elegiac form, and sixty-four epigrams. These are best edited by Meineke (Berlin, 1861) and Wilamowitz (Berlin, 1882). For the newly discovered verses of the Hecate, consult: Gomperz, Aus der Hekate des Kallimachos (Vienna, 1893); Sammlung Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer, Vol. VI.

In

CALLING THE DIET. The term used in the Scotch criminal law as equivalent to arraign ment (q.v.), although the forms are different from those followed in an arraignment. Scotland, excepting in cases of high treason, there is no indictment by grand jury, but all prosecutions for the public interest before the High Court of Justiciary, and before the sheriff's court, where the sheriff is sitting with a jury, now proceed on indictment in the name of the lord advocate. Before a prisoner can be tried the charge preferred against him must have been served fifteen days before the trial, with a list of witnesses to be examined against him, and also of the jury panel. He is therefore presumed to know the nature of the charge against him; but if it be desired by him, or by his counsel, the clerk in the first instance reads the indictment aloud in open court, the same being a formal and

orderly statement of the facts which the prosecutor is prepared to prove. The prisoner is then called upon to state his objections to the relevancy of the facts alleged, and is entitled to have the question of the sufficiency of the indictment disposed of by the court before being called on to plead to the facts. This is equivalent to the demurrer (q.v.) of the English and American criminal law. If the objection is sustained, the prosecution for the time fails, and the prisoner is sent back to jail to await another indictment, unless the prosecutor. chooses to abandon the case against him altogether. See DIET; INDICTMENT; VERDICT.

CALLI'NUS (Gk. Kaivos, Kallinos). A Greek poet, born at Ephesus, an elder contemporary of Archilochus. He lived in the first half of the Seventh Century B.C., and was the first to give Greek elegy a political turn. The remains of his verse urge his fellow-citizens to resist the attacks of the Cimmerians, and to fight bravely in the struggle with Magnesia. Fragments are collected in Bergk, Poeta Lyrici Græci, II. (Leipzig, 1878).

ope, the sweet-voiced). One of the Muses (q.v.). CALLIOPE, kål-li'o-pē (Gk. Kаλλówŋ, KalliWhen special functions were assigned to indiand in the later schemes she is the presiding vidual Muses, Calliope was placed over poetry, goddess of epic poetry. In the later art she is represented with tablets or a roll. the mythographers Calliope appears as the mother of Orpheus or of Linus.

In some of

CALLIOPE HUMMER. A humming-bird (Stellula Calliope) of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. The male is metallic green above and whitish below, with reddish flanks, and the short tail dusky; his gorget is white, the feathers tipped with metallic purplish. It is numerous and makes its nest upon pine branches near cones, which it is made to resemble. For many interesting facts and pictures illustrative of this bird and its nidification, consult Ridg way, The Humming-Birds (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1892). See Plate of HUMMING-BIRDS.

CALLIP'PUS, or CALIP'PUS, OF CYZICUS (Gk. Káos, Kallippos). An astronomer of the Fourth Century B.C. He discovered the error in the Metonic Cycle (q.v.) of 19 years, and substituted one of 76 years, which he supposed to equal 940 lunar months and 27,759 days.

CAL'LIPYG'OUS VENUS. A famous statue

in the National Museum in Naples, so called from the part of her body at which she gazes. It was found in Rome, and is said to be the portrait of a hetæra.

CALLIRRHOË, kal-lir'rô-e (Gk. Kalippón, Kallirrhoe). A fountain in the bed of the Ilissus, near Athens. In early times the name seems to have been given to a fountain near the market-place, where the tyrant Pisistratus erected his Enneacrounos, or fountain with nine streams. From the fountain in the Ilissus was brought the water for the marriage bath. (2) The town of Edessa (q.v.) also was called Callirrhoë. The wife of Alemaon, who, yielding to her importunities, obtained from Phegeus the necklace of Harmonia and lost his life in the enterprise.

CAL LISTE'IA. See GREEK FESTIVALS.

(3)

CALLISTHENES (Gk. Kadλodévŋs, Kallisthenes) (c.360-328 B.C.). A Greek historian, born at Olynthus. He was a relative of Aristotle, by whom he was educated, in company with Alexander the Great. He lived for the greater part of his life at Athens, and devoted himself to the study of history. Having accompanied Alexander to the East, he incurred the latter's displeasure, and was put to death (B.C. 328), on a charge of treason. Callisthenes wrote several historical works, only fragments of which have come down to us. The work on Alexander ascribed to him is a composition of a much later date.

CALLISTO (Gk. Kaλor, Kallistö). An Arcadian maiden, attendant upon Artemis, whose story was told with many variations by the Greek poets. Zeus won her love, but Artemis, discovering her condition while she was bathing, either transformed her into a bear or shot her. Her unborn child, Arcas, was saved by Hermes, at the command of Zeus, and gave his name to the Arcadians. The Alexandrian poet Callimachus seems to have been the first to tell how Zeus placed Callisto among the stars as the constellation of the Bear.

CALLIS/TRATUS (Gk. Kaiorparos, Kal

listratos). A famous Athenian orator, born at Aphidna. When Athens, in B.C. 377, undertook to form a new Athenian League, he took an active part in the movement. In B.C. 371 he accompanied the Athenian envoys to Sparta, where he urged the cause of peace. In B.C. 362 or 361 he was condemned to death, probably chiefly in consequence of disasters which had befallen the Athenians at Oropus. He went into exile at Methone, on the Thermaic Gulf, but later returned to Athens and was put to death. Callistratus was the most famous orator of his time, and his harangue on the matter of Oropus is said to have produced a profound impression on Demosthenes, who, as a boy, was present at its delivery.

CALL OF THE HOUSE. In Great Britain a Parliamentary proceeding pursued as late as 1838, for the purpose of insuring a full attendance of either House on occasions of extraordinary importance. It was the custom to give notice in advance that such a call would be made, and on the appointed day all members, under pain of incurring the displeasure of the House, were expected to answer to their names as the roll was read off by counties and boroughs. In the United States a call of the House is moved by the opponent of a measure which is about to be passed, for the purpose of showing that a quorum is not present.

CALLOSITIES. See CORNS.

A

CALLOT, kȧ'lo', JACQUES (1592-1635). French designer and engraver, born in Nancy. The family opposition to his pursuing the study of art only served as an incentive to his ambition, and after he had twice run away in order to study, and had been ignominiously brought home, he was at last permitted to go to Rome. He rose rapidly to prominence in his profession. The war scenes enacted in France at this time were portrayed by him with great vigor and freshness, in a series of pictures called "Misères et Malheurs de la Guerre." His reputation, however, rests on his etchings of genre pictures, which he treated with great originality,

life, and humor. His observation was vivid and his inventive genius, with his other artistic qualities, made him preeminent in his line of work. He felt a dissatisfaction with his own productions which made him painstaking to a degree, and impelled him to draw and draw again the subject under consideration. He died March 16, 1635. He left about 1500 prints. A complete list of his works is given in M. Heineken's Dictionnaire des artistes.

CALL TO THE UNCONVERTED, THE. See BAXTER, RICHARD.

CALLU'NA. See HEATH.

CAL'LUS (Lat. callum, callus, hardened skin, hard flesh). A term in surgery for the substance that forms between the ends of broken bones during the process of repair, to hold the fragments together. It consists of new or embryonic tissue, and a large part of it is absorbed after union is complete. When the ends of the broken bones are closely approximated there is only a small bridge of callus formed between them. When the ends of the broken bones move very freely upon one another and separate widely, a large cuff or flange of callus forms, encir

eling and immobilizing them as a splint would. Such an ensheathing mass of callus is sometimes known as a temporary or provisional callus, to distinguish it from that portion which lies directly between the apposed fragments of bone, and which in time becomes replaced by true bony tissue. When the amount of callus thrown out is excessive, permanent injury may result to adjacent structures if subsequent absorption is only partial. Nerves and tendons may be included in the callus, or a joint may be invaded and rendered useless. Surgical operation is sometimes necessary to remove this excess of callus and restore the parts to their normal condition.

In plants, callus is a tissue usually formed in consequence of injury to woody or herbaceous stems. See ANATOMY OF PLANTS.

(1672-1757).

CALMAR, käl'mär. See KALMAR. CALMET, kål'ma', AUGUSTIN A French Benedictine, and exegetical and historical writer. He was born at Mesnil-la-Horgne, near Commercy, February 26, 1672, and in 1689 entered the Order of Benedictines. In 1698 he was appointed teacher of philosophy and theology in the abbey Moyen-Moutier; in 1704, subprior of a convent of learned monks at Münster, in Alsace; and in 1706 he went to Paris, to superintend the publication of his Commentary on the Bible. He was afterwards appointed prior at Lay (1715), abbot of Saint Leopold in Nancy (1718), abbot of Senones in Lorraine (1728), and died in Paris, October 25, 1757. His exegetical writings have been commended and studied with advantage by both Roman Catholics and Protestants. The Commentary on the Bible (23 vols., Paris, 1707-16), though marred by the author's deficient knowledge of the Oriental languages, contains valuable researches in biblical antiquities. Calmet's Historical and Critical Dictionary of the Bible (4 vols., Paris, 1722-28) was translated into English, German, and other languages, and has passed through many editions. other works-a History of the Bible, and of the Jews (1718), and a Universal History (1735-71) --are mere compilations; but his History of Lor

His