C

AIRO, kiro (from Ar. Masr elQahira, the victorious capital). The capital of Egypt and the largest city of Africa. It is situated near the right bank of the Nile, about nine miles above its bifurcation into the Rosetta and Damietta arms, 150 miles southeast of Alexandria and 80 miles west of Suez (Map: Egypt, E 2). It covers an area of 11 square miles divided into separate quarters named after the nationality of the inhabitants, and is surrounded by a low wall. Notwithstanding modern improvements, the Arabian quarters retain their Oriental character, the streets in that part of Cairo being narrow, crooked, and but few of them paved. The houses are mostly of stone, several stories high, and with window-lattices of wrought iron. The modern portion of Cairo, called Ismailieh, is extending westward. It is lighted by gas, has electric tramways, and is well laid out with broad avenues, fine squares, and a beautiful park on the Place Ezbekieh, occupying an area of over twenty acres and containing a number of gardens and amusement places. The Place Ezbekieh is the centre of modern Cairo, and around it are situated the principal theatres, hotels, and consulates.

The chief beauty and interest of Cairo lie in its numerous mosques, of which some are regarded as the best specimens of Arabic architecture. The Gami-ibn-Tulun, erected about 879, is the finest. It is square and surmounted by four minarets and a dome, and has a court with a fountain in the centre. The Gami Amra is the oldest in Egypt, but only a small portion of it is left. The Gami Sultan Hassan was begun in 1356, and, in point of splendor, stands foremost among the mosques of Cairo. It is cruciform in the interior, and contains a large number of pillars and beautiful hanging lamps. Its inner court has two fountains of singular beauty, and its dome is flanked by two minarets, the southern of which is said to be the highest in Egypt. Among other mosques may be mentioned that of Mehemet Ali, a structure of considerable architectural merit, recently built after Turkish models, with high minarets of alabaster. The mosque of Kait Bey dates from the Fifteenth Century. Cairo has a number of tombs of califs and Mamelukes, some of which are of great size and

finely built. The obelisks, once so numerous, have disappeared, and now adorn various European and American cities. Among the palaces of Cairo is the vice-regal residence situated within the citadel; the beautiful palace of Gesireh in the northwestern part of the city, now converted into a hotel; and the palace of Addin in the centre of the city, frequently occupied by the Khedive. The bazaars of Cairo are extensive and well stocked, although inferior to those of Constantinople or Smyrna. The chief business street, Muski, has greatly decreased in importance. The citadel of Cairo is situated southeast of the city, and affords a fine view; its strategical importance is greatly detracted from by the fact that it is dominated by the Jebel Mokattam.

As an educational centre Cairo ranks high; its schools are attended by students from all parts of the Islamic world. Among its educational institutions the El-Azhar stands foremost, both in size and importance. It is situated in an old mosque, and is surrounded by numerous smaller buildings, used for the accommodation of the 10,000 students, of whom about 2000 live in the college. Its history can be traced as far back as 975, and it is considered the oldest university in the world. It has faculties of theology and jurisprudence, and is maintained chiefly by endowments, no tuition fee being charged. The members of the teaching faculties receive no compensation and are compelled to earn their living by private tuition or clerical labor.

The other educational institutions include schools of art and medicine, a veterinary and a polytechnical school, besides numerous missionary and Arab schools. The vice-regal library contains about 50,000 volumes, including a number of very rare copies of the Koran.

Cairo is the residence of the Khedive, and is the seat of administration of Egypt. It has also an international court and consular representatives from all important countries. The manufactures of Cairo include metal articles, textiles, essences of flowers, etc. There is railway communication with Alexandria, Damietta, Suez, El-Merg, Heluan, and Upper Egypt. The population of Cairo and its suburbs was 570,062 in 1897, consisting chiefly of Fellahin, Turks, Copts, and Arabs, together with Nubians, Berbers, Abyssinians, Jews, and over 20,000 foreigners.

Old Cairo or Fostat was founded in 640 by Amru, the conqueror of Egypt, on the site of his camp and near the old town of Babylon. It was the capital of the country till 973, when Gauhar, the general of the Fatimite Caliph Al Moez, founded to the north of Fostat the new town of Al Kahirah, the Victorious City; Saladin enlarged the boundaries of the town and surrounded it with walls. Throughout the Middle Ages Cairo was one of the chief centres of Mohammedan culture, and the emporium for the trade between Europe and the East. From 1798 to 1801 it was held by the French; it passed from them to the Turks, and through the Turks to Mehemet Ali, the founder of the present ruling dynasty. Though much of its former great ness has departed, Cairo is still one of the great capitals of Islam, and the life within its walls presents a picturesque blending of the buoyant European civilization, as represented by the English and French residents, with the dreamy mysticism of the Oriental world. Consult: Reynolds-Ball, The City of the Caliphs (Boston 1897); Penfield, Present-Day Egypt (New York, 1899); and Kemeid, Cairo and Egypt (London, 1899-1900).

Italy. On November 17, as the King was driving into Naples, a certain Giovanni Passanante attempted to assassinate him with a poniard, but was prevented by Cairoli, who was in the carriage, and who received a severe wound, while King Humbert escaped with a mere scratch. In December, 1878, the Cairoli Ministry resigned. The Depretis Ministry, which succeeded, was in turn defeated in 1879 and the Left again came into power, under Cairoli, who was, however, forced to reconstruct his Cabinet the same year, and to bring in Depretis as Minister of the Interior. Finally, owing to the unpopularity of the policy pursued in regard to the French expedition to Tunis, the Ministry resigned in 1881. From that time until his death Signor Cairoli was conspicuous as a leader of the so-called 'historic' Left. Consult Lowell, Governments and Parties in Continental Europe (Boston, 1897).

CAISSON, kāsʼsōn (Fr., augment of caisse, chest, Eng. case). A four-wheeled vehicle or ammunition carriage, attached to batteries of field artillery. In horse or light field batteries

U. 8. FIELD-ARTILLERY CAISSON.

there is usually one caisson to each gun, and in heavy field batteries two. The ammunition is carried in three chests, two of which are mounted on the body or caisson proper, and one on the limber. On the caisson are also carried a spare wheel and such tools and supplies as would be useful in any emergency or accident likely to cause delay. The limber of the caisson is similar to that provided for gun-carriages. See ARTILLERY; FIELD ARTILLERY; LIMBER.

CAIRO, kā rô. A city, port of entry, and county-seat of Alexander County, Ill., at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, 150 miles southeast of Saint Louis, on the Illinois Central, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, and other railroads (Map: Illinois, C 6). The Ohio River is here crossed by a railroad bridge 2 miles long, and 58 feet above high water, which cost $2,500,000. Cairo has considerable manufactures, chiefly products of lumber, and has an extensive river trade, being an important market for the agricultural products of the Mississippi valley. It has a public library (A. B. Safford Memorial), a Government custom-house, and a United States marine hospital. Settled about 1837, Cairo was incorporated some 30 years later. It was expected to become a great commercial centre, and is the place described by Dickens in Martin Chuzzlewit as 'Eden'; but, until it was protected by levees, begun in 1857, it suffered from frequent inunda tions, the most disastrous of which occurred in 1858. During the Civil War large quantities of military supplies were stored here by the Federal Government. Cairo is governed under a general act of the State Legislature, passed 1872, with slight amendments since that time. The mayor, who is elected biennially, and the city council, chosen by wards, select the city marshal, tax collector, corporation counsel, health officers, policemen, etc. Other offices are filled by popular election. Population, in 1890, 10,324; in 1900, 12,566. CAIROLI, ki'rô-lê, BENEDETTO (1825-89). An Italian statesman, born at Gropello, near Pavia. He was educated at the University of Pavia, which he left in 1848 to volunteer in the war against Austria, and from 1851 to 1859 lived in exile in Piedmont, when he again took up arms for Italian liberty, serving at the siege of Palermo, in the Trentino, and at Monterotondo and Mutino. Though he favored a republic, he was induced to accept the constitutional monarchy. After the accession of Humbert I. Cairoli became president of the Chamber, and was appointed Premier in March, 1878. This was the beginning of the period of personal and factional politics which have since been the bane of

CAISSON. A floating gate with both ends alike, and resembling a short but very deep vessel, which is used to close the entrance to a dry dock. Its framing and plating resemble those of a ship, and it frequently contains a boiler and pumps for clearing it of water after being submerged. The term is also used, in a nautical sense, to designate a hollow floating structure for lifting ships. Caissons for this purpose are now generally made of steel, and are divided into compartments which can be separately connected with a pump. To operate a caisson it is first submerged to the required point, and then, having little or no buoyancy, it is drawn under the vessel to be raised or, with others, lashed to her with chains or ropes. The water is then pumped out, and the ship rises, supported by the caissons. Sectional floating docks, not now much used, consist of several caissons which are linked together to form a bed long enough to support a ship. In New York and in one or two other ports there are contrivances for lifting vessels called screw-docks. These consist of caissons which are sunk sufficiently to permit the vessel to pass over them. They are then emptied, and after they have lifted the vessel as far as their buoyancy permits, the caisson and vessel are raised by heavy screws in a side framework.

The pneumatic caisson used in hydraulic engineering consists of a steel box without a lower side, but with sides and top air-tight. It rests on the bottom, into which the sharp edges of its sides are forced by pressure or weight. To further assist in keeping the water out, an adequate air-pressure is maintained in it. The men who work in the caisson enter through air-locks which have air-tight doors on each side, so that very little pressure is lost. See FOUNDATION, and Dock.

CAISSON DISEASE. A rare affection induced by remaining for any length of time in a caisson. The disease was first described by Pol and Watelle, in 1845. The symptoms are buzzing and pain in the ears, dizziness, loss of power in the legs, severe pain in the arms, legs, and shoulders, bleeding from the nose and lungs, and occasionally unconsciousness. The cause of the disease is uncertain. According to one theory, caisson disease is due to poisoning by carbonic acid. According to another theory, it is due to congestion of the internal organs with subsequent blood-stasis, resulting in possible blocking of the blood-vessels by small thrombi, followed in turn by a necrotic process. Finally, according to a third theory, the disease is due to increased solution by the blood of the compressed gases of the air (principally nitrogen and carbonic acid) and to their rapid liberation during decompression. Judging from the careful observations made in 1891 by Van Rensselaer, the second theory is probably nearest to the truth.

are

In the treatment of caisson disease, morphia, heat, stimulants, strychnine, and ergot recommended. Returning to compressed air for a time, and then emerging very slowly, has benefited many sufferers. Preventive treatment may consist in securing the removal of carbonic acid from the air in the caisson and increasing the time spent in 'locking out' to one minute for every three pounds of pressure, a sudden transition from compressed air to the pressure of the atmosphere being quite dangerous. Above all, only perfectly sound men should be selected for work in caissons. Consult: Pol and Watelle, "Mémoire sur les effets de la compression de l'air," in Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale (Paris, 1884); Oertel, "Handbuch der respiratorischen Therapie," in Ziemssen, Handbuch der allgemeinen Therapie, Band 1, Theil 4 (Leipzig, 1882); Smith, The Physiological, Pathological, and Therapeutic Effects of Compressed Air (Detroit, Mich., 1886); and Lloyd, "Effects of Compressed Air," in Twentieth Century Practice, Vol. III. (New York, 1895). See FOUNDATION.

CAITHNESS, kāth'nēs. The northernmost county of Scotland. Its area is 686 square miles (Map: Scotland, E 1). The general aspect of Caithness is level and bare, it being in great part moorland and destitute of trees, while the seacoast is bold and rocky, with many bays, inlets, promontories, and caves. The chief crops are cats, barley, turnips, and potatoes. The occupants of the small farms divide their time between farming and herring, ling, cod, salmon, and lobster fishing. Wick, the county town, is the chief seat of the British herring fishery. Population, in 1801, 22,600; in 1851, 38,700; in 1891, 37,177; in 1901, 33,860.

CAITHNESS FLAGSTONE. Α dark colored bituminous schist, slightly micaceous and

calcareous, valuable on account of its toughness and durability for pavements, cisterns, and various other purposes. Flagstones of this material are largely exported. They belong to the Devonian Old Red Sandstone, and contain abundant remains of fossil fishes. See DEVONIAN, and OLD RED SANDSTONE.

CA'IUS. The name assumed by Kent in Shakespeare's King Lear.

CAIUS, DOCTOR. A French physician in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor. He is in love with Anne Page, and elopes with a boy disguised in her clothes.

CAIUS, kēz, JOHN (1510-73). An English physician, the co-founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. His real name was Kay or Kaye, which he Latinized into Caius. He was born in Norwich, was educated at Gonville Hall, Cambridge, and, in medicine, at the University of Padua and elsewhere on the Continent, spending much time in search of accurate texts of Galen and Hippocrates. On his return he practiced with success at Cambridge, Shrewsbury, and Norwich. In 1547 he was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians, of which he was afterwards nine times elected president. He also became physician to Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth. He acquired much wealth from the practice of his profession and employed it in the encouragement of science and learning. In 1557 he refounded Gonville Hall, thereafter known as Gonville and Caius College. In 1559 he was chosen master, and, although he was a Roman Catholic, he retained the office under Elizabeth. His books number twenty-seven titles, including critical, antiquarian, and scientific works, the most famous of which is A Boke of Counseill Against the Sweat and Sweatyng Sickness (1552).

CAIUS COLLEGE. See GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE.

CA'IUS GRAC'CHUS. A tragedy by J. Sheridan Knowles, published in 1815 and produced at the Belfast Theatre, on February 13 of that year. Macready brought out a remodeled version on November 18, 1823, at Covent Garden.

CAIVANO, ki-väʼnô. A city in south Italy, five miles north of Naples, with which it is connected by a street railway (Map: Italy, J 7). The chief trade is in the grain, hemp, fruit, wine, and olives that grow in the vicinity. It was a place of considerable strength in the Middle Ages, and still retains remains of walls and towers. Population (commune), in 1881, 12,000; in 1901, 12,264.

CAIX, ka-ēks', NAPOLEON (1845-). An Italian philologist. He was born at Bozzolo, near Mantua, and was educated in Cremona and Pisa. In 1869 he became professor of ancient languages at the Lyceum of Parma, and in 1873 professor of Romanic languages and comparative philology at the Institute of Higher Studies, Florence. The following are some of his numerous publications: Saggio sulla storia della lingua e dei dialetti d'Italia (1872); Sulla lingua del contrasto (1876); Le origini della lingua poetica italiana (1880), which work is generally considered his best.

CAJAMARCA, kä'нå-märʼkå. An interior department of Peru, in the northwestern part of the republic (Map: Peru, B 5). It has an area

of 12,538 square miles, comprising a highly mountainous district which belongs to the basin of the river Marañon. Population, in 1896, 442,412. The department is noted rather for mineral wealth-principally gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal-than for animal or vegetable life. Cajamarca until 1854 formed part of the Department of Libertad.

CAJAMARCA, or CAXAMARCA, kä'нåmärʼkå (Quichua ceassac, casac, frost, ice + marca, place, town, referring to its severe climate). A city of Peru, capital of the department of the same name, situated on the east slope of the Andes, at an elevation of about 9000 feet above sea-level; 84 miles from the Pacific coast and 310 miles north by west of Lima (Map: Peru, B 5). It enjoys a moderate temperature; is laid out with broad streets crossing at right angles; and contains several plazas. There are two fine churches, secondary colleges for both sexes, a prison of modern construction, and the ruins of the palace of Astopilco, where Atahualpa, the last of the Incas, was killed in 1533 by Pizarro. Cajamarca is one of the oldest cities of Peru, and figured prominently at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Three miles to the east are hot sulphur springs known as the Incas' baths. The most important manufactures are steel articles, cotton and woolen goods, and straw hats. Population, about 12,000.

CAJ'EPUT (Malay kāyā, tree + putih, white), Melaleuca leucadendron. A tree of the order Myrtaceæ, from the leaves of which the pungent, aromatic, volatile oil called oil of cajeput is obtained by distillation. The cajeputtree occurs from the Malay Peninsula to Australia, and is a tree 30 to 40 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, with a crooked trunk, papery bark, white wood (whence the name, cajeput), elliptical, lanceolate, alternate leaves, and terminal spikes of white flowers. The greater number of the species are natives of Australia, where more than a dozen well-marked species are known, some of them very beautiful shrubs and frequent ornaments of British hothouses. Much of the oil of cajeput of commerce is prepared from Melaleuca leucadendron, but volatile oils similar in many respects are distilled from the leaves of many other species. A hundred pounds of leaves yield slightly less than one pound of oil. It is maintained by some that the true oil of cajeput comes only from Melaleuca minor, but that species cannot be distinguished botanically from Melaleuca leucadendron. The oil contains a number of complex constitutents, as cajeputol, hydrocarbons, various ethers, etc. It is a stimulant, counter-irritant, diaphoretic, and antiseptic. In India it is used extensively as an external application for rheumatism. The oil is rather heavy, and usually is of a greenish tinge. The wood is hard, close-grained, and durable, especially when placed under ground. The bark is useful for packing, etc. In Australia these trees known as tea-trees. Melaleuca axillaris pro

are

entered the Dominican Order, studied for the next few years at Naples, Padua, and Ferrara (where he held his own in a public disputation with Pico della Mirandola), and in 1508 became general of his order. Leo X. made him a cardinal in 1517, and in the following year sent him to Germany to urge the Emperor and the Scandinavian kings to form a league against the Turks. While on this errand he was commissioned to examine Luther personally, and send him to Rome if need were. Luther appeared before him at Augsburg, but refused to retract his teaching on indulgences, and his breach with the Church was only widened by the discussion. In 1523 Cajetan was sent as legate to Hungary; but Clement VII., on his accession, recalled him to Rome, in order to make use of his theological knowledge and counsel. He was consulted on the divorce of Henry VIII., and decided unhesitatingly against it. He made a translation of the Old Testament, with a commentary, and wrote a treatise on the authority of the Pope, which was answered by the faculty of the University of Paris. He also wrote commentaries upon parts of Aristotle's writings, and upon the Summa of Aquinas. The latter is reprinted in the definitive edition of the great Aquinas issued under the patronage of Leo XIII. (q.v.) (Rome, 1882). He died in Rome, August 9, 1534. A collection of his works appeared at Lyons in 1639 (5 vols.); his life is prefixed. Consult, also, Schilbach, De Vita ac Scriptis de Vio Cajetani (Berlin, 1881).

CAJIGAL, kä'Hê-gül', FRANCISCO ANTONIO (1695-1777). A Spanish colonial governor, born in Santander, Spain. He was Governor of Santiago, Cuba, from 1738 to 1747, and in 1742, during the war between Spain and England, repelled an attack of Admiral Vernon (q.v.). In 1747 he was appointed Governor-General of Cuba, which position he held until 1760, establishing a navy-yard and arsenal at Havana during his term of office. From 1760 to 1761 he was a viceroy of Mexico ad interim, and afterwards, until his death, lived in Spain.

CAKCHIQUEL, käk'chê-kal'. An important tribe or nation, of Mayan stock, formerly holding the central districts of Guatemala, where their descendants still reside. The name is that of a native tree, and their language is a dialect of the Quiche. At the time of their conquest by Alvarado, about 1524, they had attained a high degree of culture, as is evidenced by their architectural remains, their calendar and hieroglyphic systems, and their native literary productions. They had an intense religious veneration for maize, and there is even reason to suppose that they were the first people to reclaim it from its original wild condition. The best compendium of their history and culture is Brinton's Annals of the Cakchiquels.

was

CAJ'ETAN (Lat. Cajetanus) (1469-1534). An Italian ecclesiastic, whose real name Jacopo de Vio (in religion Tomaso), the name Cajetan being assumed by him from his birthplace Gaeta (Cajeta). At the age of 15 he

SEA-URCHIN.

CAL'ABAR (OLD) RIVER. An estuarylike bay on the north side of the Bight of Biafra, which penetrates British Nigeria just west

of the border line between it and Kamerun (Map: Congo Free State, A 2). It is about 10 miles wide, and extends inland nearly 25 miles. Near the head of the bay the waters of three rivers-the Cross, the Calabar, and the Akpaare received through a deltoid border-land. The chief towns bordering the delta and estuary are Old Calabar, Duketown, and Creektown. The name Old Calabar is also applied to the region around the river, and now incorporated with British Nigeria.

CALABAR BEAN. The seed of Physostigma venenosum, a twining, half-shrubby plant, native of western Africa, of the natural order Leguminosa, nearly allied to the kidney-bean, but of a genus distinguished by the hood-shaped stigma and the deeply furrowed hilum of the seed. The following are the leading characters of the bean itself: "About the size of a very large horse-bean, with a very firm, hard, brittle, shining integument, of a brownish-red, palechocolate, or ash-gray color. Irregularly kidney-shaped, with two flat sides, and a furrow running longitudinally along its convex margin, ending in an aperture near one end of the seed. Within the shell is a kernel, consisting of two cotyledons, weighing on an average about 46 grains, hard, white, and pulverizable, of a taste like that of the ordinary edible leguminous seeds, without bitterness, acrimony, or aromatic flavor. It yields its virtues to alcohol, and imperfectly to water." It is used in the form of an emulsion by the natives of Africa, as an ordeal when persons are suspected of witchcraft. It is believed that if one vomits them he is innocent; if they are retained and death occurs, he is guilty. If the accused person is innocent he will usually eat a large number without hesitation, and so cause vomiting; if he hesitates and takes little, this does not occur. 1855 Dr. Christian very nearly fell a victim to his zeal for science in experimenting on some specimens of this bean which had been sent to Edinburgh by some African missionaries, dangerous symptoms having been produced by 12 In grains of the kernel which he swallowed.

In

1861 Dr. Thomas R. Fraser tried the effects upon himself of doses of 6, 8, and 10 grains. The general symptoms were epigastric uneasiness, great feebleness, dimness of vision, salivation, giddiness, and irregular, feeble, and slow heart's action. When placed on the eyeball, this substance contracts the pupil, decreases intraocular tension, and produces near-sightedness. In 1864 fifty children were poisoned by eating these beans, which were swept out of a ship at Liverpool. A boy aged 6 years, who ate six beans, died very speedily. The chief symptoms in these cases were griping, vomiting, and contracted pupils; the face was pale, the eyes bright and protruding, and in trying to walk the children staggered as if they were drunk. The bean contains two alkaloids-physostigmine, or eserine, which represents the chief activity of the drug; and calabarine. which has a tetanizing action like strychnine. It has been used medicinally, in small doses, in chorea, tetanus, and strychnine poisoning. It is employed to counteract the dilatation of the pupil caused by atropine, to lessen intraocular tension in glaucoma, and to alternate with atropine in breaking up adhesions in iritis. Being now a recognized

medicinal agent, it is satisfactory to know that the dangerous and even fatal effects of excessive doses may be prevented by administering belladonna (nightshade), or its active principle, atropine. Belladonna has also an opposite action on the eye to that of this substance. When the pupil is contracted by Calabar bean, it may be dilated to its normal size or larger by belladonna; and when it is dilated by belladonna, it may be reduced to its normal size or smaller by Calabar bean; but the action of eserine is not as durable as that of atropine.

CALABASH GOURD (Fr. calebasse, Sp. calabaza, a dry gourd; cf. Pers. kharbuz, melon, Little Russ. harbuz, pumpkin, watermelon), or BOTTLE GOURD (Lagenaria vulgaris). A climbing annual plant of the natural order Cucurbitacea, cultivated in tropical countries. The angular leaves and the thin stem of the plant feel sticky to the touch, and have a disagreeable odor. The odor of the white flowers resembles that of musk. The hard rind of the bottle-shaped fruit, called calabash, is much used in tropical countries for holding liquids. The pulp of the common bottle gourd is worthless, and cannot be used as an article of food. Other varieties of Lagenaria, however, bear an edible fruit, which is sometimes sweetened with sugar and offered for sale. For illustration, see Plate under CUCUMBERS.

CALABASH-TREE (Crescentia cujete). An evergreen tree found in the West Indies and in the tropical parts of America, belonging to the order Bignoniacer. In height and size it resembles an apple-tree, and has broad, lanceolate leaves, tapering to the base; large, whitish, fleshy flowers scattered over the trunk and older branches; and a gourd-like fruit, sometimes a foot in diameter. The wood of the tree is tough and flexible, and is well adapted for coachmaking. The most useful part is the hard shell of the fruit, after the outer skin is removed. Under the name of calabash, it is much used, in place of bottles, for holding liquids, and for goblets, cups, water-cans, etc. These shells may even be used as kettles for boiling liquids. They are sometimes highly polished, carved with figures, tinged with various colors, and converted into ornamental vessels. The rinds of gourds are sometimes similarly used and called calabashes.

CALABAZAR, kä'lå-bå-thär'. An inland city of Cuba, in the Province of Santa Clara, about 20 miles north by east of Santa Clara. It has a fine parish church and a pretentious municipal building. Population, in 1899, 1575; municipal district, 13,419.

CALABOZO, kä'lå-bo'sô (Sp., dungeon). A town in Venezuela, capital of the State of Miranda, about 120 miles south-southwest of Carácas (Map: Venezuela, D 2). It is situated on the Guárico River, in the fertile grazing region of the great plains, and is an important commercial centre, with a trade in live stock, hides, Calabozo is the see of a cheese, timber, etc. bishop. The climate in this vicinity is excessively hot, and inundations are not infrequent. Calabozo was a humble native village until the early years of the Eighteenth Century, having been founded in 1730. Population, about 6000.