CALABRIA (Gk. Kalaßpla, Kalabria). The southernmost peninsula of Italy, having the Ionian Sea and the Gulf of Taranto on the east, and the Tyrrhenian Sea on the west (Map: Italy, L S). Its area is 5819 square miles. The surface is very mountainous, the peninsula being traversed through its entire length by the Apennine Mountains. Owing to its elevated surface, Calabria has a moderate and healthful climate. The flora is extremely rich and varied. The mountain slopes are covered with extensive forests of pine, oak, beech, and numerous other trees, interspersed with vineyards and olive gardens. Grain, rice, southern fruit, hemp, and flax are raised and exported in considerable quantities, and the raising of domestic animals is extensively engaged in by the inhabitants. Of mineral products, Calabria yields marble, alabaster, gypsum, salt, and some copper. The province is purely agricultural, the manufacturing industries being only slightly represented. There are very few large towns, and the railway lines run chiefly along the coast. For administrative purposes, Calabria is divided into the three provinces of Catanzaro, Cosenza, and Reggio di Calabria, with a total population of 1,366,982 in 1900. The Calabrians are mostly plain folk, quite superstitious, and generally ig

norant.

In Roman times the name Calabria was given to the southeastern peninsula of Italy, nearly corresponding to the modern Province of Lecce, no portion of which is included in modern Calabria, which answers to the ancient Bruttium.

The name Calabria, as applied to the district now known by that name, appears to have originated with the Byzantines some time prior to the conquest of the country by the Normans. Before the unification of Italy Calabria constituted a province of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

CALA'DIUM (Neo-Lat.; possibly from Scotch kale, kail, cabbage-a variant of cole). A genus of aroid plants related to Arum. There are about a dozen species, and numerous varieties that are cultivated in hothouses for their large, beautifully variegated, arrow - shaped leaves. They are closely allied to the Colocasias, which, in addition to being highly ornamental bedding plants, furnish the Taro (q.v.) of the Pacific islands. See ELEPHANT'S-EAR.

CALÁGANE, kå-läʼgå-nâ. A Malayan people on Davao Bay, Mindanao. See PHILIPPINES. CA/LAH. An Assyrian city mentioned in Gen. x. 12, and no doubt identical with Kalchu, which frequently occurs in the Assyrian inscriptions as the name of an important city. According to Asurnazirpal (B.c. 885-60), Calah was built by Shalmaneser I. (c.1250). It was rebuilt by Asurnazirpal in B.C. 880. He adorned it with a massive wall on the northern side, beautiful gardens along the banks of the Tigris, lofty temples, and huge palaces. In one of these palaces was found the 'black obelisk, recording the tribute paid by "Jehu, the son of Omri," to Shalmaneser II. (860-25). Building operations were carried on in Calah by Shalmaneser I., Asurnazirpal, Shalmaneser II., Tiglathpileser III. (745-28), Sargon (722-05), Esarbaddon (681-68), and Ashar-itil-ilani-ukin (626?). The largest zikkurat was 167 feet square and 140 feet high, and had seven stages. Dur

ing a number of reigns Calah was the residence of the Court, but in population it probably never equaled Nineveh, or even Ashur. It was the city that Layard discovered at Nimrud, 20 miles south of Koyunjik, when he supposed that he had found Nineveh. Since no tablets have been found at Nimrud, it has been assumed that Sennacherib (705-681) removed the temple library to Nineveh. Consult: Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains (London, 1875); G. Smith, Assyrian Discoveries (London, 1875); id., Chaldean Account of Genesis (London, 1875); Winckler, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (Leipzig, 1892); Rogers, History of Babylonia and Assyria (New York, 1901).

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CALAHORRA, kä'lå-ōr'rå (anciently, Lat. Calagurris, later Kalatharral of the Saracens, from Ar. Kalat, castle, and harral, stone). town of Spain, in the Province of Logroño, Old Castile, 24 miles southeast of the city of Logroño, situated on the small river Cidacos, about 2 miles from its confluence with the Ebro (Map: Spain, D 1). It is the seat of a bishopric, and the cathedral is the principal building. The town has a brisk trade in local agricultural products. Population, in 1897, 9500. Calahorra occupies the site of the ancient Calagurris, celebrated in classic history for the obstinate but unsuccessful resistance it offered (B.C. 78) to Afranius, Pompey's legate, when the citizens slaughtered their wives and children for food rather than surrender. Calahorra was the birthplace of Quintilian, the rhetorician.

Washington County, Maine, 120 miles east by CALAIS, kǎl'is. A city and port of entry in north of Bangor, on the Saint Croix River, at the head of tidewater, and opposite Saint Stephen in New Brunswick (Map: Maine, J 5). The most northeasterly seaport in the United States, it is the terminus of the Saint Croix and Penobscot Railroad, and has railroad communication also by the Canadian Pacific through Saint Stephen, with which it is connected by an international bridge. The river furnishes abundant water-power, to which is due the great lumber trade of the city. Ship-building is also an important industry, and there are foundries, machine shops, marble and granite quarries, and manufactures of shoes, calcined plaster, woolen goods, etc. The city contains a public library of 7500 volumes, Calais Academy, and Memorial Park. Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, who in 1605 founded at Port Royal the first French settlement in Canada, spent the winter of 1604-05 on Big Island, within the present city limits. Calais was settled in 1779, incorporated as a town in 1809, and chartered as a city in 1850. It was nearly destroyed by fire in August, 1870. The government is administered under a charter of 1883 (revised 1901), which provides for a mayor, elected annually, and a city council, which elects heads of all departments. Population, in 1890, 7290; in 1900, 7655. See I. C. Knowlton, Annals of Calais (Calais, 1875).

CALAIS, kå ́lâ' (Med. Lat. Calailia, Calaisis). A seaport town and fortress of the first class in the Department of Pas-de-Calais, France, on the Strait of Dover, near its narrowest part, the distance from the town of Dover, England, not being more than 18 miles (Map: France, H 1). On the south and east, low, marshy grounds, which can be laid under water for the defense of

the city, extend almost to the walls. The town, adjacent country, and port are commanded by the citadel, which is situated at the west end of the town, while seven forts, by their cross-fire, defend the weakest points. The harbor, which was formerly shallow, has been greatly improved, has a light-house 190 feet high, and a port accessible to the largest vessels. As one of the chief ports of debarkation for travelers from England to France, it has frequent steam communication with Dover and London. The city is square in form; its streets are, for the most part, broad and well paved; and its ramparts form pleasant promenades. Among its objects of interest, the most noticeable are the Church of Notre Dame, the old Hôtel de Ville, and the Hôtel de Guise. It has become a manufacturing town of some importance. The chief manufactures are bobbinnet (tulle), machine-made lace, hosiery, etc. number of mills produce silk, wool, cotton, and linen goods, and hats and gloves are extensively made. Calais has also distilleries, salt-refineries, and shipyards. Calais sends numerous boats to the herring and cod fisheries on the coasts of Scotland and Iceland. Its exports consist of eggs, corn, wine, brandy, etc., and it is the entrepôt for the produce of the district. It also does a large business in petroleum. In 1873 a school of artillery was established in Calais. It has an abundant water-supply, brought from the neighborhood of Guines. Population, in 1896, 56,940.

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In the Ninth Century Calais was a small fishing village. In the following century it was much improved by Baldwin IV., Count of Flanders, and enlarged and strengthened by the Count of Boulogne. In 1347, after a long siege, it was captured by Edward III. of England, whose hard terms, and the self-devotion shown by six of the citizens, who were saved by Queen Philippa, form one of the most interesting passages of history. The English retained it until 1558, when it was captured by the Duke of Guise, since which time (with the exception of two years, 1596-98, when it was in the possession of the Spaniards) it has remained in French hands. Consult: Calton, Annals and Legends of Calais (London, 1852); P. W. T., "Modern Calais," in Nautical Magazine, Vol. LXVII. (London, 1898).

CAL'AÏS and ZETES, zētēz. In Roman mythology, the two winged sons of Boreas. They took part in the Argonautic expedition, during which they rescued the blind King Phineus from the attacks of the Harpies. They were said to have been slain by Hercules on the island of Tenos, where their graves were shown.

CALʼAMAN'DER WOOD. See EBONY. CAL/AMARY (Neo-Lat. calamarius, from Lat. calamus, reed, pen). An Anglicized form of a European name for certain squids, given in allusion to the feather-pen-like internal shell, often called a calamary. Pen-and-ink fish is another and similar name. See SQUID.

CALAMATTA, kä'là-mät'tå, LUIGI (1802-69). An Italian engraver. He was educated in Rome, but spent much time in Paris. In 1837 the Belgian Government commissioned him to found and direct a school of engravers in Brussels, where he had such pupils as Gustave Biot and Leopold Flameng. He is best known, perhaps, by the engraving of the head of Napoleon. Among his numerous works are engravings of

Ary Scheffer's "Francesca da Rimini;" "La Gioconda," after Leonardo da Vinci; a portrait of George Sand, from life; and the "Madonna della Sedia" of Raphael. He spent his last years as professor of drawing in the Academy of Milan. His engravings are remarkable for correctness and exquisite finish.

CALAMBA, kå-läm′bå. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Laguna. It lies 27 miles west of Santa Cruz, and is connected by roads with several towns of the province. It has a telegraph station. Population, in 1898, 11,480. CALAMBUCO, kälàm-books (Sp., probably from Pers. kalambak, fragrant wood). A tree found in the northern part of the island of Luzon, and considered superior to teak or live oak for ship-building. It is dark and hard, like teak, and is proof against the destructive white ant of the Malay region. Warlike, mechanical, from it. The aloes-wood is produced by Aquiand agricultural tools and implements are made laria agallocha, a large tree with heavy wood, shaded with green. It is aromatic, and is burned as incense. Diseased specimens of this and another species are said to yield the eagle-wood. It is possible that calambuco is a product of the came or related species.

CALAME, kå'läm', ALEXANDRE (1810-64). A Swiss landscape painter. He was born in Vevey, and studied in Geneva with Diday, whose successor as head-master of the art school he afterwards became. In 1842 he exhibited in Paris the pictures entitled, "Mont Blanc;" "Jungfrau;" "Lake of Brienz;" and "Pass of Monte Rosa" (now in the Leipzig Gallery). He settled in Geneva, where he lived until 1863, and where a monument was dedicated to his memory, April 3, 1880. He was one of the best landscape painters of his day, and the best depicter of Alpine scenery. Besides the pictures already mentioned, and his numerous fine lithographs and etchings, Calame produced the following works: "Bernese Oberland" (Leipzig Gallery); "Pass of Monte Cervino" (ib.); "Ruins of Pæstum" (ib.); "Schreckhorn" (Basel Museum); "Wetterhorn" (ib.); "Waterfall Near Meiringen" (Berne Gallery); "Lake of Lucerne" (Berlin Museum); "The Four Seasons" (Geneva Museum); "The Four Divisions of the Day" (Basel Museum); "Lake of the Four Cantons" (ib.).

islands in the western part of the Philippine CALAMIANES, kå-lä'mê-ä'nås. A group of Archipelago, in latitude 12° N. and longitude 120° E., situated between the islands of Mindoro (from which it is separated by Mindoro Strait) and Palawan (Map: Philippine Islands, D 7). The principal islands are Busuanga and Calamian. They are all hilly more or less, but have a very fertile soil, yielding tropical fruits in abundance. There are some gold and iron deposits. The climate is hot and unhealthful. During the Spanish régime the Calamianes, together with the Cuyos group and the northern part of Palawan, formed the Province of Calamianes, with an area of 340 square miles and a population of 20,000.

CALAMIANO, ki-lämê-inô. A Visayan dialect mixed with Tagalog, spoken in northern Palawan and the Calamianes Islands. See PHILIPPINES.

CAL'AMINE (Fr., from Med. Lat. calamina, corrupted from Lat. cadmia). A hydrated zinc

silicate that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The name was originally applied to mineral zinc carbonate, but this is now known as smithsonite, while calamine is restricted exclusively to the silicate. It occurs massive or crystalline, often in mammillary, botryoidal, and fibrous forms, generally white, although sometimes with a bluish or greenish shade, and less frequently yellowish to brown. Calamine is found in Germany, Austria, in Derbyshire, England, and at various localities in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere in the United States. When pure it contains 52 per cent. of zinc, and is therefore a valuable ore of that metal.

CALAMINT (Lat. calaminthe, Gk. Kaλapivon, kalaminthe, from κaλós, kalos, beautiful + uiven, minthe, mint), Calamintha. A genus of plants of the order Labiatæ, nearly allied to balm (Melissa). The common calamint (Calamintha officinalis) is not infrequent in England.

It has whorls of flowers on forked, many-flow. ered stalks, and crenate leaves with an agreeable aromatic odor. It is used to make herb

tea, and as a pectoral medicine. A number of species to which similar virtues are attributed are found in the United States. Two or three species of shrubby calamints are sometimes planted in borders of flower-gardens. See Balm. CAL'AMIS (Gk.Káλaus, Kalamis). A sculptor of Greece, who flourished in the second quarter of the Fifth Century B.C. His works were widely scattered throughout Greece, but nothing

definite is known as to the course of his life. He may be regarded as the representative artist of the transition period between the archaic art before the Persian wars and the art of Phidias. No works of Calamis have come down to us,

though attempts have been made to identify several pre-Phidian types with some of his cele

brated works.

CALAMITES, kǎl'a-mi'tēz (Gk. Kalaμlтns, kalamitēs, reed-like, from κáλaμos, kalamos, reed). A genus of fossil plants, appearing first in the Devonian rocks, and rising through the intermediate formations to the Jurassic, where it is represented by a single species. They reach their maximum development in the coal-measures, where a large number of species have been determined. The tall, straight stems rose from a swampy clay soil in profusion in the forests of sigillaria, and formed a striking and characteristic feature of the coal flora, though they supplied little material for the structure of coal. They are hollow-jointed cylinders, with longitudinal furrows, giving the fossil the appearance of equiseta. From this resemblance, botanists have generally considered them as huge 'horse-tails.' They belong to the equiseta, and the study of many specimens, both macroscopically and microscopically, has developed a number of sub-genera. The modern horse-tail rush' represents, according to Seward, a degenerate type of the calamitean group. Hooker was unable to detect any traces of structure, in carefully prepared specimens, or the presence of those siliceous stomata which characterize equiseta, and which should have been preserved in the fossil state; but later investigators have been more successful in finding specimens from which internal structures could be determined. Fleming has shown that the furrows are mark

ings on the interior cavity. The lower portion of a calamites trunk would show rings of scars where branches had fallen off, while higher up the younger branches contained whorls of slender leaves and long, slender cones. The root termination was conical, the joints increasing upward in size and length. The foliage of calamites has been described under different names. Asterophyllites includes jointed and fluted stems, with branches proceeding from the joints, and bearing long, pointed leaves. Annularia has closely arranged leaves, while in Sphenophyllum the leaves were wedge-shaped. See COAL; CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.

CALAMITIES OF AUTHORS, THE. See DISRAELI, ISAAC.

CAL'AMUS. See RATTAN, and DRAGON'S

BLOOD.

CALAMUS (Lat., Gk. κάλαμος, kalamos, reed; cf. AS. healm, Engl. haulm). A word ap

plied not only to the reed, but also to objects made from it, and especially to the ancient pen, which was commonly a split reed. Egypt furCnidus were also highly esteemed. They were nished most of these reeds, though those from trimmed and split with a knife like a quill pen, and were generally kept in a case. Imitations of the reed pens in bronze have been found. Reed pens are still used in the East, the Arabic word being Kalâm. The same name is also applied to the reed pipe, or pastoral flute. See SYRINX.

CALAMUS. A name sometimes given to the sweet flag (Acorus calamus). See ACORUS.

CAL'AMY, EDMUND (1600-66). An English divine. He was born at Walbrook, February, 1600; studied at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he attached himself to the Calvinistic party; and afterwards became domestic chaplain to the Bishop of Ely. In 1626 he was appointed lecturer at Bury Saint Edmunds, but resigned his office in 1636, when the order to read the Book of Sports began to be enforced. In 1639 he was chosen minister of Saint Mary, Aldermanbury, London. He now entered warmly into the controversies of the time, and became noted as a leading man on the side of the Presbyterians. He had a principal share in the composition of Smectymnuus, a work intended as a reply to Bishop Hall's Episcopacie by Divine Right (London, 1640), and one of the most able and popular polemics of the day. Like the mass of the Presbyterian clergy, he was monarchical and not republican in his political opinions. He disapproved, therefore, of the execution of Charles, and the Protectorate of Cromwell, and did not hesitate to avow his attachment to the royal cause. He was one of the deputies appointed to meet Charles II. in Holland and congratulate him on his restoration. His services were recog nized by the offer of a bishopric, which he refused from conscientious scruples. He took part in the Savoy Conference (1661), but was ejected from his living by the Uniformity Act (1662); for venturing to preach in his church (December 28, 1662), he was cast into prison, but Charles II. secured his release. He died in London October 29, 1666. Two of his sons were educated for a religious profession; the one, Rev. Dr. Benjamin Calamy, became a High Churchman, and wrote A Discourse About a Scrupulous Conscience; the other, Edmund Calamy, was ejected for non-conformity, and had a son, also named Edmund