tions of untrained persons, it will never replace the more subtle methods of psychology. BIRLIOGRAPHY. Preyer, The Mind of the Child: I. The Senses and the Will (New York, 1888); II. The Development of the Intellect (New York, 1889); Perez, First Three Years of Childhood (Syracuse, 1899); Oppenheim, The Development of the Child (New York, 1898); Chamberlain, The Child: A Study in the Evolution of Man (London, 1900); Shinn, Notes on the Develop ment of the Child (New York, 1893). CHILDREN, SOCIETIES FOR. In modern charitable work, great emphasis is laid upon work for the children, as they stand in the greatest need of protection and assistance, and can be most easily influenced for the better. The children's aid societies and foundling hospitals care for the dependent children and find homes for them, while the Humane Association and Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children shield them from abuse. Juvenile offenders are trained in industrial schools and reformatories. There are homes for crippled children, special hospitals for the sick, crèches for those whose mothers must work, schools for the deaf and dumb, the blind and feeble-minded. Boys' and girls' clubs are found in all cities. Home libraries bring books within easy reach. In some States boards of children's guardians become responsible for those left destitute. See DEPENDENT CHILDREN; PENOLOGY. CHILDREN IN THE WOOD, THE. A British ballad, better known under the title of "The Babes in the Wood." According to Ritson, it "appears to have been written in 1595, being entered that year on the Stationers' Books." Bishop Percy considers the subject to have been derived from an old play by Robert Yarrington (1601), which tells of "a young child, murthered in a wood by two ruffins with the consent of his unkle." As the scene of the latter piece, however, is laid in Padua, not in Norfolk, Percy's reasons for a later date are by no means conclusive. As a matter of fact, nothing is definitely known of the authorship or date of the poem. A black-letter copy, very old, was contained in Pepys's collection, and bore the title, The Children in the Wood, or the Norfolk Gentleman's Last Will and Testament; to the tune of Roger. CHILDREN OF THE MIST. In Scott's Legend of Montrose, a wild race of Scotch Highlanders, a branch of the MacGregors. Landseer has painted a picture with the same title. CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY. An association for rescuing neglected, wayward, and de pendent children. The first was started in New York City in 1853, by Charles L. Brace. Its objects are to rescue neglected and dependent children, train them, and find situations and homes, chiefly in country districts. These and similar societies, under various names, are found in all cities, and have done a valuable work. See DEPENDENT CHILDREN. CHILDREN'S CRUSADE, A disastrous expedition, undertaken in 1212, by large bands of children from France and Germany to recover the Holy Sepulchre The movement was begun by itinerant priests, who promised the children divine assistance and miraculous intervention. It is said that 50,000 boys and girls took part in the fatal journey. The German division, after great hardship, reached Genoa, where, disappointed in the expected miracle of a dry path through the sea, they dispersed, some remaining and being absorbed in Genoese families, while the remainder with difficulty made their way home. The French army, after similar experiences, reached Marseilles, where some traders offered to convey them free of charge in seven ships to the Holy Land. Two of the vessels foundered on the voyage; two others reached Alexandria, where the traders sold all the children into slavery and none were returned. An American publisher and philanthropist. He was CHILDS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1829-94). born in Baltimore, entered the navy in 1842, and spent fifteen months in the service. He then became a clerk in a bookstore in Philadelphia, but established an independent business in 1847, and in 1849 became a partner in the publishing house of Childs & Peterson. In 1864 he purchased the Philadelphia Public Ledger, one of which under him attained a wide circulation and the earliest cheap newspapers of the country, influence. His public gifts were munificent, including a memorial window in Westminster Abbey to Cowper and George Herbert; one in Saint Margaret's, Westminster, to Milton; a reredos in Saint Thomas's, Winchester, commemorating Bishops Ken and Andrews; a monument at Kensal Green to Leigh Hunt; a memorial fountain at Stratford-on-Avon; and in the United States, the presentation to the Typographical Society of Philadelphia of the printers' cemetery, 'Woodlands,' in that city; the erection of monuments over the graves of Edgar A. Poe and Richard A. Proctor; the erection of a stone cross on the site of the first Christian service on the California coast, at Point Reyes; and a subscription that made possible the erection and endowment of the Home for Union Printers at Colorado Springs. His benefactions to private persons also were large. Childless himself, he educated as many as eight hundred boys and girls. He constantly had a number of aged literary workers on his private pension list, and made many gifts and loans to struggling authors. He frequently bought up an entire edition of some book of an author whom he wished to aid. In 1885 he published Recollections of General Grant, and in 1890 a volume of Personal Recollections. CHILD-STUDY. See CHILD PSYCHOLOGY. CHILE, che'lå, or CHILI, che'lê (an Indian name whose origin has not been satisfactorily explained, no less than six derivations having been suggested; perhaps from the Quichua chiri or chili, cold, referring to the perpetual snow on many of the mountains). A republic in South America, occupying the western coast of the continent from the river Samu, 17° 57' S., down to boundary line in the southern part of the repubCape Horn. By the latest arrangement of the lic, all the territory south of latitude 52° S. belongs to Chile, with the exception of the eastern half of the Tierra del Fuego Territory and Staten Island, both assigned to Argentina. Chile is bounded by Peru on the north, Bolivia and Argentina on the east, and the Pacific on the south and west. Thus defined, Chile has a length of about 2700 miles, while its width varies from about 250 miles in the Province of Antofagasta to about 68 miles in its narrowest part, TOPOGRAPHY. The long coast rises nearly everywhere steeply from the sea. The region bordering it is called the Coast Cordillera. This is not a mountain range, but a diversified tableland rising at some points to 3300 feet, but usually much lower. It is composed of granite and mica-schists, skirted in some regions by Tertiary deposits which, in places, extend far inland. Older sedimentary rocks do not occur in the coast regions excepting a narrow strip of chalk skirting the shore. Chiloé and the smaller islands to the south have the characteristics of the Coast Cordillera and are a continuation of it. The topography of the country behind the Coast Cordillera may be divided into four parts. The most northern, extending from the northern border down to the neighborhood of Copiapo, about 27° 25′ S., is a fairly even plain falling steeply toward the sea and rising to the Bolivian plateau from 12,000 to 14,000 feet above sealevel. Here and there are terrace escarpments, and mountains rise in some places above the plateau; but there is no continuous range, and the numerous volcanoes, one of which, the Llullailaco, is higher than Chimborazo by about 100 feet, are completely isolated from one another. There are no east-and-west cordilleras in this part of Chile, which is crossed by the railroad from the port of Antofagasta to Bolivia with no zigzags and without a single tunnel, large cutting, or great embankment. The second division, between 27° 25' and 33° S., is marked by a number of transverse spurs running from the cordilleras which form the eastern boundary to the ocean and separating the river valleys from one another. These spurs, in traveling north or south, are crossed by passes which are often very steep. In the third section the mountainous coast lands are separated from the cordilleras by a longitudinal valley which extends without interrup tion from the transverse ridge of Chacabuco, north of Santiago, to Puerto Montt, sloping from an elevation of 2300 feet in the north to sealevel at Puerto Montt; continuing under the sea, it cuts off the island of Chiloé from the mainland. This central valley, about 600 miles in length, was originally a huge cleft that was gradually filled up by detritus washed down from the Andes and the Coast Cordillera. The drift and alluvial deposits form a layer fully 330 feet thick through which no well has yet been sunk. The soil is very rich, and as the valley is traversed and irrigated by numerous rivers from the Andes, it is the great agricultural region of Chile. In the northern part of the valley is Santiago, the capital. In the fourth section, south of Puerto Montt, the cordilleras approach the sea, and the mainland consists of nothing but the slopes of the mountains and a strip of country lying to the east between some of the highest elevations of the cordilleras and the water-parting between the two oceans. This strip has long been in dispute between Argentina and Chile. Their boundary treaty defined the boundary as the waterparting formed by the high cordilleras. When it was ascertained that the water-parting did not coincide with the line of greatest elevation, but was in large part east of it, the Chileans claimed all the country west of the water-parting, while Argentina insisted that the line of greatest elevation formed the frontier. The dispute, referred to the British Government, was settled by a compromise in 1902. The chain of the Andes is composed not only of volcanic products, but also of upheaved strata of the older Cretaceous and It continues straight to Jurassic formations. Cape Horn, forming a labyrinth of fiords, heading in glaciers, islands, and peninsulas. This configuration is similar to that of the Norwegian coast and of North America, north of Ïatitude 50°. The chief rivers run from the Andes straight to the sea through openings in the Coast Cordillera. Their principal tributaries, however, flow from south to north in spite of the slope southward of the central valley, a singular fact first observed by Dr. Peter Möller. The river Maule, which reaches the Pacific at about 35° S., is navigable from the central valley for light craft; farther south, the rivers Imperial, Biblio, Valdivia, and Bueno are navigated for some distance by small steamboats. Many rivers rise east of the Cordilleras and for a space run north or south until they find an opening in the range through A striking feature which they reach the ocean. of the southern part of the central valley is the existence of several large lakes at the western foot of the Andes. Most of the coast line is remarkably uniform and it is only in the region of the fiords, mainly south of the forty-second parallel, that excellent natural harbors are found; but commerce here is small and the harbors are little utilized. Valparaiso, the principal port of the west coast of South America, stands on a bay exposed to heavy seas, and vessels are wrecked in the harbor every year. The ports to the north are merely roadsteads, the most important being seven little towns from Arica to Taltal, known as the Nitrate Ports, because nitrate of soda, the leading export of the country, is shipped from them. The best shipping facilities south of Valparaiso are at |