befriended and educated by Chiron, among others Achilles, Actæon, Alcon, and even Apollo. He was acquainted with the art of healing, and was considered the inventor of the lyre. the manus. CHIROPTERA, ki-rōp'tê-rå (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. xelp, cheir, hand +πтероv, pteron, wing). An order of mammals, the bats, characterized by the possession of membranous wings (patagia) supported upon the highly modified bones of all limbs, and extended by the greatly prolonged metacarpals and phalanges of (For details, see BAT.) This order is regarded as an ancient offshoot of the Insectivora, to which it is allied in dentition and many features of internal structure; it is also allied to the Primates in dental characters, and especially in the structure and external characteristics of the generative organs. Hence it is usually classified in a linear arrangement next to the Insectivora. It is divided into two suborders-Frugivorous Megachiroptera, or fruit-eaters, and Animalivorous Microchiroptera, or insecteaters. Geologically the history of the order begins in the Eocene Age. CHI ROTHE'RIUM. See CHEIROTHERIUM. CHIR PHEASANT, chẽr fěz'ant. A crested pheasant (Catreus Wallichi) of the middle ranges of the Himalaya, which varies from the true pheasants in lacking the bright metallic plumage, and in other details. CHI'RU (Hind., from Tibetan). An antelope (Panthalops Hodgsoni) inhabiting the pine forests and elevated plains of Tibet. It is about 32 inches in height, pale fawn in color, with a black face in the bucks, and these alone have long, gazelle-like horns. They sometimes gather in autumn into great herds, and always tax the stalker's patience by their watchfulness. CHISELHURST, chiz'l-herst, or CHISLEHURST. A parish in Kent, England, 11 miles southeast of London. It was here, at Camden House, that the exiled Napoleon III. fixed his residence in 1871, and died January 9. 1873. Chiselhurst remained the residence of the Empress Eugénie until 1880. Population, in 1901, 7400. CHISELMOUTH. A large, blackish chub (Acrocheilus alutaceus) of the Columbia River, also called 'hardmouth' and 'squaremouth,' in reference to the blunt, fleshy mouth, the lower lip of which is covered with a firm, sharp-edged cartilaginous plate. It is occasionally eaten. CHISHOLM, chizom, Mrs. CAROLINE (JONES) (1808-77). An English philanthropist. She established at Madras an industrial school for the daughters of poor soldiers, and in 1838 went with her husband to Australia. She founded at Sydney homes for the reception of female colonists, and aided many wives and children of liberated convicts to leave England and join their husbands and parents, establishing therefor the Family Colonization Loan Society. CHISHOLM, WILLIAM WALLACE (1830-77). An American official, born in Morgan County, Ga. As a Union sympathizer he was elected sheriff by the negroes after the war, and reëlected in 1873. He proved himself an able leader, and succeeded in making the county the chief rallying point of the Republican Party in the State. He was arrested in the spring of 1877, on the charge of having murdered John W. Gully, a Democratic leader, who had been shot near Chisholm's dwelling. His family, consisting of his wife, three sons, and a daughter, voluntarily accompanied him to jail. On the morning following his arrest the doors of the jail were demolished by the mob, which probably consisted largely of members of the Ku-Klux Klan. Chisholm's son, a boy of thirteen, was shot; a daughter of eighteen mortally wounded; and Chisholm himself was fatally injured. of complicity in the murder of Gully existed against Chisholm, the origin of the massacre has been traced to the fact that, being in a position to control the favor of the Republican Party, Chisholm had incurred the animosity of the Democrats of the district, who refused to accept the existing conditions. The episode of Chisholm's death suggested a very powerful chapter in Tourgée's A Fool's Errand. As no evidence CHISHOLM vs. GEORGIA. A noteworthy case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1793, and reported in 2 Dallas Reports, 419. In 1792 Alexander Chisholm, a citizen of South Carolina, sued the State of Georgia in the Federal courts, but the State refused to make an appearance in the suit. The Supreme Court, when the case came before it, took occasion to review the origin and nature of the Union, and decided that a State could properly be made a party defendant to such a suit under the grant to the Federal courts, in the Constitution, of judicial power over cases "between a State and citizens of another State." The agitation incident to such a decision, apparently invading the sovereignty' of each State, led shortly thereafter to the adoption of the eleventh amendment to the Constitution, providing that the Federal judicial power should not extend to any suit brought against a State by a citizen of another State or of a foreign State. Later, efforts were made to circumvent this prohibition by a citizen assigning his claim to the State of his domicile, and by then having the suit brought in the name of the assignee State; but it was held that this could not be done, in New York vs. Louisiana, 108 United States Reports, 76. CHISTOPOL, che'sto-pôl'. See TSCHISTOPOL. CHISWICK, chiz'ik (sandy bay). A suburb of London, seven miles west-southwest of Saint Paul's, on the left bank of the Thames. Around Chiswick are many fine villas, extensive market gardens for supplying London, and the gardens of the London Horticultural Society. The churchyard contains the grave of Hogarth. The Duke of Devonshire's beautiful villa, Chiswick House, is situated here. Population, in 1901, 29,800. CHITAL, che'tul, or CHITRA, chẽ trà. The axis-deer. See AXIS. CHITIN, kitin (from Gk. XITV, chitōn, tunic). The chief chemical constituent of the skeleton of insects and crustaceans. It differs from the horn substance by being insoluble in alkalies. It may be prepared from the body of articulata by extracting with dilute hydrochloric acid and alkali, then boiling with water, alcohol, and ether. When pure, it is a white, amorphous substance usually retaining the skeleton form. Its exact chemical composition is unknown. Boiling concentrated acids transform it chiefly into glucosamine, CH, NO. CHITON. 671 CHITON, kiton (Lat., from Gk. xrv, Ionic Kibwv, kithon, probably a loan-word from Heb. kétōneth, coat). In ancient Greece, a sort of shirt or undergarment, worn next the skin by In Homeric times it was both men and women. worn by men alone, the peplos being the women's underdress of this period. The Homeric chiton was a close-fitting garment of linen, which, being closed at the sides, was drawn on over the head, while the peplos was a long, loose woolen garment, open at one side and fastened with a In later times the brooch at the shoulder. chiton came into use for both sexes, and was of two general forms. That of the men resembled the earlier Homeric chiton, being a short, close-fitting garment, sewed at the sides and provided with short sleeves or mere armholes; while that of the women, the so-called Ionic chiton, was long and loose, and was sewed at the sides and provided with sleeves. The earlier peplos, however, was still used, being especially favored by the Spartan women, whence it reLater still there ceived the name of Dorian. came into use a sleeveless chiton for women. The chiton was sometimes worn girded and sometimes not, and it was of various colors and cuts. Consult Amelung, in Pauly-Wissova, Realencyklopädie. CHITON. A group of mollusks, the mailshells, constituting an order (Placophora) in The shell is composed the class Amphineura. of eight narrow, transverse, calcareous pieces, overlapping each other in a row along the back, and strongly attached to the mantle, which is remarkably fleshy and fibrous. Chitons have the power of rolling themselves up into a ball like the armadillo (q.v.), thus exposing nothing but the hard shell. The organ of locomotion is an oval foot, extending the whole length of the CHITON, OR MAIL-SHELL. 1, attitude in life; 2, detail of shell and integument, dorsal view. animal, by means of which chitons cling to rocks the shell plates, but in one or two genera the are said to "eat the large chitons, which are CHITRALI, chê-trä'lê. The natives of Chi- CHITTAGONG (corrupted from Chatgoan), or ISLAMABAD (city of Islam). (The second name was conferred by Aurungzebe, who captured it toward the close of the Seventeenth Century.) A city of eastern Bengal, India, capital of the district of the same name, situated on several small but steep hills on the Karnaphuli, 7 miles from its mouth, in latitude 22° 20' N. and longitude 91° 54' E. (Map: Burma, A 2). Its cliAn important commercial mate is malarious. centre under the Portuguese, it came into possession of the British, with Bengal proper, in 176065. But having originally formed part of Arakan, it was claimed, after a lapse of sixty years, by the Burmese Emperor, as a dependency of that territory-a claim which constituted one of the grounds of the War of 1824. It has ship-building industries, and a considerable export trade in rice, jute, gunny, and tea. The United States is represented by a consular agent. Population, 24,100. CHITTAGONG WOOD. The wood of Chicka native of the mountainous countries to the rassia tabularis, a tree of the order Cedrelaceæ, east of Bengal. In some parts of India it is called cedar or bastard cedar; names, however, which are also given to other kinds of wood. is used for all purposes for which mahogany is Chittagong wood is much valued in India, and It makes beautiful and used in Great Britain. weather. Beautifully veined and mottled pieces light furniture, but is apt to warp in very dry are occasionally met with, and are highly valued. CHIT TENDEN, RUSSEL HENRY (1856-). He was born in New An American chemist. Haven, Conn., February 18, 1856; graduated at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University in 1875; became instructor in chemistry at Yale in 1876; studied in Heidelberg, Germany, in 1878-79; took his doctor's degree at Yale in 1880; and has been professor of physiological chemistry there since 1882. Since 1898 he has also been lecturer on physiological chemistry at Columbia University, New York. He is a member of numerous scientific bodies, and has been president of the American Physiological Society since 1895, and director of the Sheffield Scientific School since 1896. Dr. Chittenden has carried out several important researches in physiological chemistry, and has written Digestive Proteolysis and numerous scientific papers. CHITTENDEN, THOMAS (1730-97). The first Governor of Vermont. He was born in East Guilford, Conn., but emigrated to the so-called New Hampshire Grants (now Vermont) in 1774. Here he took an active part in the controversy with New York, and was a member of the convention which declared Vermont a State (1777), and of the State Constitutional Convention of 1778. He was then Governor from 1778 to 1789, and again from 1790 to 1797. Consult Chipman, A Memoir (Boston, 1849). CHITTIM, kit'tim. See KITTIM. CHITTUR, chit-toor'. A town in the native Rajput State of Udaipur, India, 270 miles southwest of Agra (Map: India, B 4). It is remarkable for the fortress which occupies the summit of an isolated rock, nearly 6000 yards in length and 1200 yards in breadth. The rock is scarped all round to a depth of 80 or 100 feet, about a fourth part of the entire altitude of 500 feet. Within the inclosure, formed by a wall 12 miles in circuit, are several temples, tanks, a palace, commemorative pillars, and an inner citadel. Population of adjacent town, 7000. CHITTY, JOSEPH (1776-1841). An English lawyer and writer on law. He was a successful practitioner at the bar, and enjoyed a great reputation for legal learning. His writings became the text-books of the generation succeeding his own, their accuracy and systematic character rendering them peculiarly suitable for the purposes of law students. Among his principal works are: Treatise on Parties to Actions and to Pleadings (1808); Treatise on the Law of Nations Relative to the Legal Effects of War on the Commerce of Belligerents and Neutrals, and on Orders in Council in Licenses (1812); Treatise on Criminal Law (1816); Synopsis of Practice in the King's Bench and Common Pleas (1831-32); Treatise on Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes (1799); and an edition of Blackstone's Commentaries (1832). CHIUN, kiun. A deity mentioned by the prophet Amos (v. 26), who reproaches the Israelites for having carried "the tabernacle of your Moloch [marg. better; Siceuth, your king], and Chiun, your images, the star of your God." The latter idol, Chiun, is now generally recognized to have the Babylonian name of the planet Saturn-Kaiwan, as the Syrians, Mandeans, and Persians called him. The assertion that there is an Egyptian god Ken, who may be identified with Chiun, is quite unfounded. CHIUSI, kyoo's. A town of central Italy, in the Province of Siena, 37 miles southeast of Siena, with a population of 5000. It stands on an eminence in the Val di Chiana, not far from the lake of the same name. In ancient times, under the name of Clusium, it was one of the twelve cities of Etruria, and the residence of Porsena (q.v.). When Italy was overrun by the barbarians, Chiusi fell into decay, the whole valley was depopulated, and became the pestilential pool described by Dante. Since the improvement of the course of the Chiana (q.v.), Chiusi has begun to flourish again along with the whole district. But it is in connection with the discovery of Etruscan antiquities that Chiusi is chiefly heard of, as the necropolises have yielded a long series of objects, representing Etruscan products and imports from Greece. The earliest graves show no Greek wares, and must reach well back into the Eighth Century B.C. Succeeding graves contain Greek vases of the Seventh Century, and from the beginning of the Sixth Century are found the chamber tombs, often richly decorated. The importance of the place is shown by the 5000 Etruscan inscriptions found in the neighborhood. The objects found in the graves are partly in the local museum and partly in Florence. Beneath the town is a series of underground passages which seems to belong to the old Etruscan system of drainage. Population, in 1881 (commune), 5017; in 1901, 6011. Consult Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, Vol. II. (rev. ed., London, 1878). CHIVALRY, shiv'al-ri (Fr. chevalerie, horsemanship, knighthood, from chevalier, horseman, knight, from cheval, horse, from Lat. caballus, horse). In the Middle Ages, the body of customs and ideals relating to the duties and privileges of knighthood. It owed its development at first to feudal usages, with which it had many relations, and later to the Church, which adopted and altered the customs of chivalry to probably had its origin in the ancient Germanic further its own control of society. Chivalry presence of the warriors. Tacitus refers to this custom of arming the youth solemnly in the usage, and it seems to have prevailed throughcord that Louis the Pious, at the age of thirteen, out the early Middle Ages. The chronicles rereceived his arms from Charles the Great, and that Charles the Bald, at the age of sixteen, received his arms from Louis. The cavalry, after most important part of the army, and as feuthe middle of the Eighth Century, grew to be the dalism developed there was a tendency to fix the customs for the assumption of the arms and to define the duties of the knight. The last were, to a great extent, the regular duties of a loyalty. The conception of knightly honor, vassal, which included bravery, fidelity, and which grew up slowly, was comparatively late. The Crusades and the intense interest in religious matters in the Twelfth Century tended to make chivalry more Christian. It was held to be the knight's duty to defend Christianity, to protect the Church, and to battle against the infidel. Lanfranc Cigala, a little later, wrote: "I do not hold him to be a knight who does not go with a willing heart and all his might to the aid of the Lord, who has so great need of him." According to the medieval conception of chivalry, no one was born a knight. The candidate for the honor was sent, at the age of about seven, to act as page or valet in the household of CHIVALRY. some knight. There he obtained his education, and when old enough might become a squire. The duty of the squire was to attend the knight in battle or in tournament, to care for his horse and weapons, and to act as his aid. In time, the squire might be made a knight. The distinction could be conferred in the earlier period by any knight; at a subsequent period, the monarchs claimed the sole right to confer knighthood. The age when the squire became a knight varied; there are cases where the honor was conferred on boys of ten or eleven, but later it was usual to defer it until the age of twenty-one or later. In fact, some squires never became knights, in order to avoid the expense of the ceremony. In France, in the Thirteenth Century, a royal order punished with a fine noble squires who had not become knights by the time that they were twenty-four years old. Ac 673 The ceremony of admission into knighthood, known as 'dubbing,' usually took place on a often made festival, although squires were knights on the battlefield, in recognition of deeds of bravery. Occasionally before a battle took place the dignity was conferred upon a considerable number. The essential parts of the dubbing in the early Twelfth Century were the collée, or accolade, a blow upon the neck or shoulder, and the running the quintaine-i.e. tilting on horseback against a figure stuffed with straw. Later there was a symbolical and mystical development, which made the process of initiation mainly a religious ceremony. cording to one ritual of the Fifteenth Century, the following were the details of the ceremony: After bathing, as a symbol of purity, the candidate 'watched' his arms for a whole night before the altar of some church or the grave of some saint, and in the morning he confessed, often aloud, attended communion and mass, and listened to a sermon on the duties of purity, fidelity, honesty, the protection of the Church, widows, orphans, ladies, and all who were oppressed. A priest then blessed his sword and other pieces of armor; a knight made him take oath to fulfill all his duties; then the accolade, which consisted of three strokes with the sword, was given solemnly, and the following sentence uttered: "In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, I make you knight." The knight who had given the accolade embraced the new knight, and girded him with his sword; the godfathers put on him the golden spurs, the symbol of knighthood; and the lords and ladies present assisted in clothing him with the other pieces of armor. Lastly, he mounted on horseback and ran la quintaine.' At the end of the Twelfth Century and later, chivalry was profoundly influenced by the popular romances of Arthur, Charlemagne, and other famous heroes. Manners became less brutal, and a spirit of knight-errantry grew up. It became the fashion to be rash, imprudent, and The Orlando of Ariextravagant in conduct. osto and Don Quixote have made the follies of declining chivalry familiar to all. Chivalry was at its best in the Twelfth Century, in the Fourteenth was declining rapidly, and in the Fifteenth was thoroughly decadent. Knight and squire gradually became mere titles of honor which might be hereditary. Consult: Gautier, La chevalerie (Paris, 1884); id., English translation by Firth (London, 1890); Sir Walter Scott, Essay on Chivalry (London, 1868); and ORDERS. CHIVALRY, COURT OF, or MARSHAL'S Court. An ancient military court of great dignity, which was formerly held by the Lord High Constable of England and the Earl Marshal. It had jurisdiction over civil matters affecting the naval establishments abroad, and of all military matters and infractions of the martial law both within and without the kingdom. The extension of the jurisdiction of the common-law courts and the transfer of the jurisdiction over purely miliby Parliamentary authority, has reduced the court tary offenses to modern courts-martial, instituted of chivalry to a purely honorary position at the English Court. During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries it played the rôle of a court of honor (see HERALD'S COLLEGE), but at the present time it has no legitimate function but that of "redressing encroachments and usurpations in matters of heraldry and coat-armor." If in fact it should exercise this authority, the Earl Marshal alone would act as judge of the court, the office of Lord High Constable having fallen into abeyance. Consult the commentaries of Blackstone and Stephen. The characteristic CHIVALRY, TENURE IN. form of land tenure under the feudal system, the vassal, as tenant in chivalry, holding his land of his feudal lord on condition of military ser vice. See the articles FEUDALISM; KNIGHT; TENURE. CHIVASSO, kê-vås'so. A city in north Italy, on the left bank of the Po, 18 miles northeast of Turin (Map: Italy, B 2). It markets grain and cattle. It was the residence of the dukes of Montferrat, and a stronghold until the fortifications were destroyed by the French in 1804. The sulphur baths of San Genesio, two miles south of the town, are frequented from May to December. Population, in 1881 (commune), 9930; in 1901, 9913. CHIVE, or CIVE (from Lat. cepa, onion) (Allium schoenoprasum). A plant of the same genus with the leek and onion (see ALLIUM), a perennial, one-half to one foot in height, with very small, flat, clustered bulbs, increasing by its bulbs so as to form a sort of tuft. The leaves are tubular, cylindrical-tapering, radical, nearly as long as the almost leafless flowering stem, which is terminated by a hemispherical, manyflowered umbel of bluish-red or flesh-colored flowers. The plant grows wild on the banks of rivers, and in marshy or occasionally flooded places in the middle latitudes of Europe and Asia, and on the northern borders of the United States. Chives are commonly cultivated in kitchen gardens, often as an edging for plots, and are used for flavoring soups and stews. Their properties are very similar to those of the onion. The part used is the young leaves, which bear repeated cuttings during the season. CHIV'ERY, JOHN. The son of a Marshalsea turnkey in Dickens's Little Dorrit. A town in the CHIVILCOY, chếvêl-kīề. Province of Buenos Ayres, Argentina, situated in a populous district west of Buenos Ayres The inhabitants, (Map: Argentina, F 10). among whom are many Italians and Basques, are engaged chiefly in the manufacture of brandy, ironware, and machinery. Population, 15,000. CHIVOT, she'vo', HENRI (1830-). A French writer of vaudevilles. He was born in Paris, where he brought out a large number of very successful vaudevilles, light comedies, and operettas, most of which were written in collaboration with Alfred Duru (died 1889). Among these may be mentioned: Le soldat malgré lui, operetta in two acts, music by M. F. Barbier (1868); Les cent vierges, operetta in three acts, music by M. Lecocq (1872), libretto written in collaboration with Clairville; Le pompon, music by M. Lecocq (1876); Madame Favart, operetta in three acts, music by J. Offenbach (1879), of which 200 performances were given in Paris; La mascotte, comic opera, in three acts, music by Audran (1881); La cigale et la fourmi, music by Audran (1886). CHLADNI, kläd'ne, ERNST FLORENS FRIEDRICH (1756-1827). A German physicist. He was born in Wittenberg, and studied law there and in Leipzig. He ultimately abandoned the legal profession in order to devote himself to physical science, and, being acquainted with music, was led to observe that the laws of sound were by no means so well established as those of other branches of physics. He therefore began to apply his knowledge of mathematics and physics to acoustics, and traveled for ten years (after 1802) through Germany, Holland, France, Italy, Russia, and Denmark, giving a series of successful lectures on the subject. He discovered the longitudinal vibration of strings and rods, and also produced the experiments since known by his name (see CHLADNI FIGURES), where the vibration of a plate is studied by means of sand figures. Using organ-pipes, he was able to determine the velocity of sound in gases other than air, and, in addition, was the inventor of many pieces of acoustic apparatus. Chladni's writings include Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges (1787); Akustik (1802); Neue Beiträge zur Akustik (1817); Beiträge zur praktischen Akustik und zur Lehre vom Instrumentenbau (1822). Chladni also wrote several essays on meteoric stones. Consult: Bernhardt, Dr. Ernst Chladni der Akustiker (Wittenberg, 1856); Melde, Chladnis Leben und Wirken (Marburg, 1888); Kohlschütter, Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (Hamburg, 1897). CHLADNI FIGURES. Figures produced by sand on a vibrating plate, forming designs more or less complex, and depending upon the vibrations of the plate. This important experiment is due to Chladni (q.v.), and illustrates the formation of nodes and segments in a vibrating plate. The plate used in the experiment may be either metal or glass, and in shape may be a disk, a square, or any other form whose vibrations it is desired to study. The plate is clamped to a stand at its centre, and its edge is rubbed with a violin bow and set into vibration. The point where the plate is clamped will of course be a point of rest or node, while the part of the plate in contact with the bow executes the maximum vibration and will be a ventral segment. When sand is strewn on the plate it will take a position along the nodes, being forced away from the points of vibrations to positions of rest. The figures formed by the sand take various forms, and indicate the vibra Brunswick, 1886), originally an adaptation of Pouillet, Eléments de physique, may be recommended. CHLAMYDOSAURUS, klam'i-do-sa'rus. See FRILLED LIZARD. CHLA'MYS (Lat., from Gk. xλauús). A form of cloak worn among the Greeks by huntsmen and horsemen, and the special garment of the Athenian ephebi. It was straight on one edge, but circular on the other, with two long side pieces, from which it was sometimes called the Thessalian wings.' It was clasped over one shoulder or the breast. As the regular dress of the cavalry it appears in a manifold variety of adjustments on the frieze of the Parthenon. It was not a woman's garment. The material was usually wool, and it seems often to have been of bright colors. CHLOË, klō'ê (Lat., from Gk. xλón, blooming, verdant). A pretty, sportive shepherdess in the Greek romance Daphnis and Chloë. She has become the stock idyllic heroine. The name |