fortresses. He died of grief in 1099, on learning that his relative and comrade in arms, Alvar Fañez, had been vanquished by the Moors, and that the army which he had sent to his assistance had been defeated near Alcira. After the Cid's death, his widow held Valencia till 1102, when she was obliged to capitulate to the Almoravides, and flee to Castile, where she died in 1104. Her remains were placed by those of her lord in the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña, near Burgos. The Cid had a son, who was slain by the Moors in a battle near Consuegra. He also left behind him two daughters, one of whom was married to the Count of Barcelona, the other to the Infante of Navarre, through whom the kings of Spain claim kindred with "Mio Cid el Campeador." Relics of the 'Blessed Cid,' as he is still called in Spain, such as his sword, shield, banner, and drinking-cup, are still held in great reverence by the populace. The numerous Cid romances that were first published in the Sixteenth Century contain the most romantic improbabilities concerning the life and deeds of the Cid. Consult Silva de varios romances (1550), and Romancero general (1604). These romances were taken from the ancient cantares (national songs) and poemas, most of which are entirely lost. The most important of modern works on this subject are: Dozy, Recherches sur l'histoire politique et littéraire de l'Espagne pendant le moyen âge (3d ed., Leyden, 1881); Huber, Geschichte des Cid, etc. (Bremen, 1829), and Southey, Chronicle of the Cid (London, 1808). Consult also Willemaers, Le Cid (Brussels, 1873).

CID, LE. A famous tragedy by Pierre Corneille (q.v.).

CID'ARIS. A genus of sea-urchins (q.v.). CIDER (from OF. cidere, from Lat. sicera, from Gk. σikepa, sikera, from Heb. shēkār, strong drink, from shakar, to be intoxicated). The fermented juice of apples, which is extensively prepared in Gloucestershire and in other parts of England, in Ireland, in the northern dis

tricts of France, and in North America.

The

apples are first ground or grated in a mill, and the pulp is then made into a cheese by mixing with straw to hold it in shape, or in some cases is placed in forms made of reedgrass. It is then subjected to pressure, and yields a dark-colored sweet liquid. The pomace remaining is sometimes wet and pressed again, yielding an inferior cider. Green or rotten apples should not be used; the former make cider deficient in sugar and turbid from the suspended particles of starch, while rotten fruit is sure to impair the flavor of the cider. Early apples make a much poorer quality of cider than do fall and winter apples, as the latter contain about 2.5 per cent. more of sugar. Fresh cider contains 85 to 88 per cent. of water, 12 to 15 per cent. of total solid matter, consisting mostly of sugar, and a little malic acid, the natural acid of the apple. The 'working' or fermentation of cider, by which alcohol is produced, is due to certain kinds of yeasts, which decompose the sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid, the latter passing into the air. In some countries pure cultures of yeasts are, with advantage, now employed for the fermentation. After the first or main fermentation the clear liquid is racked off into clean casks, which are placed in a

cool cellar for the second or still fermentation. An acetic fermentation may take place by which acetic acid is produced and the cider becomes 'hard,' or quite sour, unless properly handled. The fermented cider contains only 2 or 3 per cent. of solids (instead of 12 to 15 per cent. as in the apple-juice), and from 4.5 to 7 per cent. of alcohol. By again racking off the cider, after the second fermentation, and placing it in casks tightly bunged or in closely stoppered bottles, it can be kept for a considerable time without souring.

Cider brandy, or applejack, is a product derived by distillation from fermented cider. It contains very much more alcohol. For cider vinegar, see VINEGAR.

used in the Southwest for swamp (q.v.). CIÉNEGA, sê-ã'nâ-gå, Sp. pron. the-. A name CIENEGA (lagoon), or SAN JUAN DE LA CIE

NEGA.

A town in the Department of Magdalena, Colombia, at the mouth of a lagoon on the northwest coast, 10 miles south of Santa Marta, with which it is connected by rail. Its inhabitants, estimated at 7000, are chiefly engaged in fisheries.

CIENFUEGOS, the'ân-fwa'gos (Sp., hundred fires), or JAGUA. A city of Cuba, in the Province of Santa Clara, situated on the southern coast, about 130 miles southeast of Havana (Map: Cuba, E 4). Cienfuegos has one of the finest harbors in the West Indies, and is of considerable commercial importance. The harbor

incloses an area of about 6 square leagues, with a depth of 27 feet at the anchorage. The city is well built and has many modern improvements. The streets are wide and straight, and one of the plazas is considered the finest in the island. Cienfuegos is lighted by gas and electricity, and has a good water supply. Its commerce is largely with sugar and tobacco. Cienfuegos is connected by rail the United States. The principal exports are with Havana and a few other important points. The harbor is supposed to have been visited by ment here was made by refugees from Santo DoColumbus during his first voyage. The settlemingo in 1819, Cienfuegos being one of the youngWar it was blockaded by Admiral Schley, then in est cities in Cuba. During the Spanish-American search of Cervera's fleet. Population, in 1899, 30,038.

CIENFUEGOS, NICASIO ALVAREZ DE (17641809). A Spanish poet. He was born in Madrid, was educated at Salamanca, and published his first collection of poems in 1798. The editorship of the Government journals El Mercurio and La Gaceta was granted him, and subsequently he obtained an appointment in the Foreign Office. For participation in the popular demonstration against the French at Madrid on May 2, 1808, he was deported to France, where he died. His dramas are to later taste stilted and ill-contrived. His lyric verse, however, is still read. An edition of his Obras poéticas appeared at Paris in 1821 (2 vols.).

CIESZKOWSKI, tse'âsh-kov'ské, AUGUST, Count (1814-94). A Polish philosopher and political economist, born at Sucha, Podlachia, and educated at the University of Berlin. He was one of the founders of the Biblioteka Warszawska, and in 1847 settled in Posen, whence he was for years sent as a deputy to the Prussian Chamber of Deputies. He was president of the Society of the Friends of Science in Posen,

and repeatedly, but vainly, endeavored to secure the establishment of a university in that city. His works, written in German, French, and Polish, include the following: Prolegomena zur Historiosophie (1838); Gott und Palingene sie (1842); Du crédit et de la circulation (2d ed., 1847); Ojcze-Nasz (1848), a philosophical exposition of the Lord's Prayer.

CIEZA, thêã thả. A town of Spain, in the Province of Murcia, situated on the left bank of the Segura, 26 miles northwest of Murcia (Map: Spain, E 3). It lies in a fertile region, amid olive-groves, and contains a large number of churches and monasteries. In its vicinity are the ruins of an old Roman fortress. Population, in 1900, 13,590.

CIEZA DE LEÓN, thê-a'thà dâ lâ-ōn', PEDRO DE (1518-60). A Spanish soldier and historian, born in Llerena. He accompanied Pizarro, and up to 1552 fought much and traveled widely. He wrote a Crónica del Perú (in four parts), a valuable authority on the geography and early history of Peru, as well as on Peruvian civilization under the Incas. Parts I. and II. of his narrative have been translated into English by Sir Clements R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society.

CIGAR, CIGARETTE. See TOBACCO.

CIGARETTE-BEETLE. A small ptinid beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), closely related to the death-watch, which attacks stored tobacco. It is a great pest in tobacco warehouses in both Europe and America. See TOBACCO PESTS.

CIGAR-FISH. See SCAD.

CIGNANI, chê nyänề, CARLO, Count (16281719). An Italian painter, born in Bologna. He was the pupil of Francesco Albani, and, in the eyes of many critics, his equal. His first important works were two large paintings in the Palazzo Pubblico, representing "The Entrance of Pope Paul III. into Bologna" and the passage of Francis I. through the city. These were executed under the direction of Cardinal Farnese. But Cignani's masterpiece is the painting of the interior of the dome of the Chapel of the Madonna del Fuoco in the cathedral at Forlì, with the assumption of the Virgin as the subject. This is said to have taken him twenty years. He has been compared to Guido Reni and Carracci; and while he is not really the equal of these artists, his work is always rich in color and satisfactory in design. The women and children in his pictures are particularly charming.

CIGNAROLI, chế nyi-rolề, lê, GIAMBETTINO (1706-70). An Italian painter, born in Verona. He was a pupil of Balestra and Santo Prunati at Verona, and pursued further studies at Venice. His works, including altar-pieces at Pisa, Parma, and Verona, and "Madonna Enthroned, with Saints" (Museum of the Prado, Madrid), place him among the minor Veronese artists. He is better known as the founder of the Academy of Painting at Verona.

CIGOLI, chê-go'lê, LUDOVICO CARDI DA (15591613). An Italian painter and architect. He was born in Cigoli, and was a pupil of Allessandro Allori and of Santo di Titi, but in style imitated Correggio, and is sometimes called the Correggio of Tuscany. He was employed by Pope Paul V. in various works in Rome, and painted for Saint Peter's a fresco which is now destroyed,

but which was considered to compare with those of Raphael. Cigoli was painter, sculptor, poet, musician, and architect. He decorated the city of Florence for the marriage of Henry IV. of France and Maria de' Medici. Some of his best works are: "Martyrdom of Saint Stephen," Uffizi Gallery; "Saint Francis," Pitti Gallery; "Flight into Egypt;" "David with the Head of Goliath;" "Tobias:" and "The Marriage of Saint Catharine," in the Hermitage in Saint Petersburg.

CILIA OF PLANTS (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. cilium, eyelid). The cilia of plant-cells are exceedingly delicate protoplasmic fibrils, whose rapid vibratile movement in the water propels the body. Some of the lowest unicellular algæ are provided with cilia, generally a pair for each cell, throughout the entire vegetative life of the organism. But in the higher algæ and some fungi this motile condition is only present during the reproductive periods, when asexual swarm-spores (zoospores, q.v.) are to be formed, or motile sex-cells (gametes) are developed. The ciliated cell is represented in groups above the algae and fungi (thallophytes) only by the motile sperms, characteristic of the mosses and ferns. It makes its last appearance in the cycads and certain other primitive gymnosperms.

Cilia are developed from cytoplasmic elements in the protoplasm (see CELL), and in some types are known to be formed by a definite protoplasmic body termed a 'blepharoplast' (q.v.), which is probably related to the structure generally called a 'centrosphere.'

a, Sperm of Alga; b, sperm of Chara; e, sperm of Marsilea; d, spore of Edogonium; e, sperm of fern; f, male cell of cycad.

CILICIA, să-lish'i-à (Lat., from Gk. Kikia, Kilikia, Assyr. Khilakku). An ancient country occupying the southeastern portion of Asia Minor. The Taurus range, which separated it from Cappadocia and Lycaonia, bounded it on the north, the Gulf of Issus and the Cilician Sea (between it and Cyprus) on the south, while the Amanus Mountains and Pamphylia bounded it respectively on the east and west. It was watered by the Pyramus, Sarus, and Calycadnus. The eastern portion of Cilicia was fertile in grain, wine, etc.; while the western and more mountainous portion furnished inexhaustible supplies of timber to the ancients. The passes into Syria are easy of access, but those through the Taurus are very difficult, the easiest being the 'Cilician Gates,' through which Cyrus the Younger

and Alexander the Great entered the country. The chief city was Tarsus.

The early inhabitants of Cilicia appear to have been of Semitic stock. At the time of the rise of the Persian monarchy, the country was ruled by the native dynasty of Syennesis. The Cilician princes became vassals of the Persian kings. In the period of Greek rule in the East, Cilicia became the seat of dreaded pirates. Having carried on their depredations too close to the shores of Italy, the Roman arms were turned against them, and they were subdued by Pompeius (B.C. 67). and Cilicia was made a Roman province, though the mountainous western portion was never thoroughly subjugated.

CILICIAN (si-lish'an) GATES. The an cient name of a pass through the Taurus from Cappadocia to Cilicia, referred to by Xenophon as exceedingly difficult. The city of Tyana was situated at the northern foot of the Taurus, at the Cappadocian opening of the pass.

CILLI, tsillê. The capital of a district in Styria, Austria, picturesquely situated amid hilly scenery on the Sann, 38 miles northeast of Laibach (Map: Austria, D 3). The town is of

great antiquity, and with the remains of its fortified walls and castle, gabled houses, a Roman esque church, Gothic chapel, and fourteenth-century parish church, retains a medieval aspect. The municipal museum contains numerous Roman antiquities and relics of the town's early history. It is an increasingly popular summer resort, owing to its warm river baths. Coal and iron mines, smelting furnaces, and chemical works are among its chief industrial establishments, and there is an extensive trade carried on in coal, iron, timber, cereals, cattle, leather, and wine. The Roman Claudia Celeja, mentioned by Pliny the Elder, was taken by the Emperor Claudius B.C. 15, and subsequently formed part of Aquileia. It was the capital of the Slavonian District of Zellia from 1146 to 1331, and from 1339 to 1456 of the county of Cilli. Population, in 1890, 6264; in 1900, 6743.

CIMA, chẽ má, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, called DA CONEGLIANO (c.1460-1517). An Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He is supposed to have been a pupil of Giovanni Bellini, and his pictures have the same religious feeling and serenity. His favorite subject was the 'Madonna,' with saints. Although a serious and conscientious artist, and the best draughtsman of the Bellini school, his work lacks originality, the types being taken from his master's.

CIMABUE, che'må-boo'â, GIOVANNI (c.1240c.1302). The first great painter of the Revival in Italy. He was born in Florence and belonged to a noble family, but of his studies nothing definite is known. Vasari believes that he learned painting of some Byzantine artists established in Florence. While he certainly felt the Byzantine influence, then paramount in Italy, it has recently been discovered that he resided for a while in Rome (1272), which was the centre of an Italian artistic revival. (See COSMATI.) Cimabue was the first Italian-at least, the first Tuscan--to give individual life, grace, and movement to his figures; to soften the lines of drap ery, while maintaining a dignity and religious feeling often absent from the work of his successor, Giotto. Two remarkable pictures in Florence are usually attributed to him, both of

them representing the Madonna and Child enthroned, attended by angels; one at Santa Maria Novella, the other in the Belle Arti. Vasari relates that the former excited so much admiration that King Charles of Anjou visited the artist's studio and the picture was carried in triumphal procession to the church. The National Gallery in London has a picture, and the Louvre in Paris has another, attributed credibly to this master; but they are not so important as those in Florence, or as the fifth picture of the same subject (a fresco) in Assisi. It was in his extensive series of frescoes in Saint Francis, Assisi, that Cimabue developed his powers to their fullest, having left behind him his stiff early manner of the Belle Arti work, and even his second Sienese manner of the Santa Maria Novella picture, for the softer and more classic style learned in Rome from such works as the San Clemente and other later frescoes. The Church of Saint Francis was the Mecca of early the beginning of the Revival: the best Roman, Italian painters. It is there that we can study Umbrian, and Tuscan painters of the second half of the thirteenth century covered both the Upper and Lower churches with an unparalleled left his best works, in the Upper Church. Accycle of religious compositions. Here Cimabue cording to Vasari, Cimabue was Giotto's master; but this, like so many of his statements about carly artists, cannot be relied upon. Consult: Strzygowski, Cimabue und Rom (Vienna, 1888); of Christendom (London, 1877). Forbes-Robertson, "Cimabue" in Great Painters

CIMAROSA, che'må-rō'zå, DOMENICO (17491801). An Italian composer of operas, born as the son of a poor mason, at Aversa, near Naples. He studied music at the Conservatory of Santa Maria di Loreto, under Manna, Sacchini, Fenaroli, and Piccinni. His first opera, Le stravaganze del conte (1772), achieved fair success, and in two years he had a reputation in all the leading theatres of Italy, having composed half a dozen operas, and surpassing in popularity all composers then living, Paisiello and Mozart among them. In 1779 his L'Italiana in Londra was given in Rome, and other operas followed in rapid succession. He accepted a call to go to Saint Petersburg as composer, and conductor of the Italian opera, but the severe climate compelled him to leave this lucrative post after three years (1789-92). Vienna received him with distinguished honors, and Il matrimonio segreto, produced there, had remarkable success. In Naples it had an unprecedented run of sixty-seven nights in 1793. Of the operas written subsequently, the most famous was Le astuzie feminili (1794). In 1799 he joined a secret revolutionary society in Naples; the plot was discovered, and Cimarosa was sentenced to death, but this decree was comHe died suddenly in Venice, muted to exile. and his friends accused the Government of poisoning him. However, an autopsy proved the allegation unfounded. In all, he wrote about eighty operas, of which number Il matrimonio still holds the stage. The greater number are comic operas, which picture the light-heartedness and gayety of life of the last quarter of the eighteenth century. In his serious operas, such as Gli Orazi e Curiazi and Artaserse, Cimarosa displays some power of characterization, coupled with original orchestral effects, masterly handling

of dramatic situations, and tragic force, fully equal to his rich vein of comedy.

CIM/BRI: An ancient warlike tribe, which, with the Teutones, were the first Germans that forced their way into the Roman territory. We hear of them first in B.C. 113, when they moved south through the German forests, joined with other northern tribes, and wandered through Noricum and Illyricum. The Romans sent against them the consul Papirius Carbo, but he met with a signal defeat at Noreia, and the road to Italy was left open to the enemy. Fortunately for Rome, the Cimbri chose to migrate to the Rhine, which they crossed, and proceeded southward to Gaul. By the year 109 they were again on the Roman boundaries, and Junius Silanus, who was sent against them, also suffered a defeat. His successors were no more fortu

no

nate, and the Romans met with a great disaster at Arausio (Orange) in 105, when they lost fewer than 80,000 troops. The news of this disaster created a panic in Rome. The Constitution was disregarded, and Marius, the successful general in Africa, was made consul for five years, in the hope that he might crush the 'Gallic' invaders. While he was gathering great forces, the hordes of Cimbri and Teutones poured into northern Italy. The skillful generalship of Marius now put an end to their depredations. The Teutones were crushed at Aquæ Sextiæ (Aix) in Gaul (B.c. 102), and in the following year a fearful battle was fought with the Cimbri in the Campi Raudii, near Vercellæ (Vercelli), and the entire nomad race was annihilated. The men were killed or captured, and the women slew themselves and their children (B.c. 101). The name Cimbric Chersonese was given by the ancients to the peninsula of Jutland.

CIMICIDÆ, si-mis'i-de (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. cimex, bug). The family of bugs represented by the bedbugs (genus Cimex) (q.v.). CIMICIFUGA, si'mi-sif't-gå (Neo-Lat., from Lat. cimex, bug + fugare, to rout, from fugere, to flee), or BUGBANE. An herb of the order Ranunculaceæ. Black snakeroot or black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) is found in all the Northern United States, and is much used in rural districts as a medicine, chiefly in the form of a decoction. It contains a crystalline principle, two resins and tannin, and has strong alterative and sedative properties. It is sometimes used in cases of dyspepsia, bronchitis, amenorrhea, and certain other diseases. The medicinal dose of the officinal extract of cimicifuga is from one to five grains. See Plate of BLOODROOT, under SANGUINARIA.

CIMMEʼRIANS (Gk. Kuμépioi, Kimmerioi, from Heb. Gōmer, clay, in allusion to their subterranean huts; Assyr. Gimirrai, Arm. Gamir, Cappadocia). (1) In Homer, a mythical people, living in the far west, on the shores of the ocean, where the sun never shines and perpetual darkness reigns. (2) An historical people, whose country lay along the northern shore of the Black Sea. including the Tauric Chersonese. These latter at an early period made inroads into Asia Minor, and laid waste the country. There were presumably several such incursions, but the accounts are confused. It was probably in the seventh century B.C. that they were driven from their homes by the Scythians and overran Asia Minor. They on this occasion plundered

Sardis and destroyed Magnesia, but failed in an attempt on Ephesus, and were finally driven back by Alyattes of Lydia.

In

CIMOLITE, sim'o-lit. See FULLER'S EARTH. CIMON, si'mon (Lat., from Gk. Kluwv, Kimōn) (?-B.C. 449). An Athenian commander, the son of Miltiades, the conqueror at Marathon. conjunction with Aristides, he was placed over the Athenian contingent to the allied fleet, which, under the supreme command of the Spartan Pausanias, continued the war against the Persians (B.C. 477). He effected the important conquest of Eïon, a town on the river Strymon, then garrisoned by the Persians. Later (c.466 B.C.), when commander-in-chief of the fleet, he encountered a Persian fleet of 350 ships at the river Eurymedon, destroyed or captured 200, and defeated the land forces on the same day. He succeeded likewise in driving the Persians from Thrace, Caria, and Lycia, and expended much of the money which he had obtained by the recovery of his patrimony in Thrace upon the improvement of the city of Athens. this period he appears to have been the most The hereditary influential of the Athenians. enemy of Persia, he made it his policy to advocate a close alliance with Sparta; and when the Helots revolted, he led an army upon two occasions to the support of the Spartan troops; but on the second occasion, having lost the confidence of his allies, he was ignominiously dismissed. After his return to Athens, his policy was opposed by the democracy, headed by PeriHe was recalled in the fifth year of his exile, and cles, who procured his banishment by ostracism. was instrumental in obtaining a five years' armistice between the Spartans and the Athenians. He died in the year B.C. 449, while besieging the Persian garrison of Citium in Cyprus.

At

chona, from the Countess del Chinchón, wife of CINCHONA, sin-kō'nå (Neo-Lat., prop. Chinthe Viceroy of Peru). An important genus of trees of the order Rubiacea. They yield the bark, so much valued in medicine, known as Peruvian bark, Jesuits' bark, china bark, quina, quinquina, cinchona bark, etc., from which the important alkaloids quinia or quinine (q.v.) and cinchonia or cinchonine (q.v.) are obtained. The properties of the alkaloids are astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifugal. The species of this genus are sometimes trees of considerable size; but, an after-growth springing from their roots when they have been felled, they often appear only as large shrubs, and some of them in the highest mountain regions in which they are found are low trees with stems only 8 or 10 feet in height. They exist naturally only in South America, between latitudes 20° S. and 10° N., and chiefly on the eastern slope of the second range of the Cordilleras. All the cinchonas, of which there are about fifty species, are evergreen trees, with laurel-like, entire, opposite leaves, stipules which soon fall off, and panicles of flowers which, in general appearance, are not unlike those of lilac or privet. The flowers are white, rose-colored, or purplish, and very fragrant. The calyx is small and five-toothed; the corolla tubular with a salver-shaped five-cleft limb. In the true cinchona, the capsule splits from the base upward.

Great difficulty has been found in determining