lator can move the pendulum from the perpendicular, when it is at rest..

My Time-keeper's balance is more than three times the weight of a largefized common watch balance, and three times its diameter; and a common watch balance goes through about fix inches of fpace in a fecond, but mine goes through about twenty-four inches in that time: fo that had my Time-keeper only thefe advantages over a common watch, a good performance might be expected from it. But my Time-keeper is not affected by the different degrees of heat and cold, nor agitation of the ship; and the force from the wheels is applied to the balance in fuch a manner, together with the shape of the balance-Spring, and (if I may be allowed the term) an artificial cycloid, which acts at this fpring; fo that from thefe contrivances, let the balance vibrate more or leis, all its vibrations are per formed in the fame time; and therefore if it go at all, it must go true. So that it is plain from this, that fuch a Timekeeper goes entirely from principle, and

not from chance."

"We must refer those who may defire to fee a minute account of the construction of Mr. Harrifon's Time-keeper, to the publication by order of the Commiffioners of Longitude...

We thall here fubjoin a fhort view of the improvements in Mr. Harrison's watch, from the account prefented to the Board of Longitude by Mr. Ludlam, one of the gentlemen to whom, by order of the Commiffioners, Mr. Harrifon difcovered and explained the principle upon which his Time-keeper is constructed. The defects in common watches which Mr. Harriton propofes to remedy, are chiefly thefe: 1. That the main spring acts not conftantly with the fame force upon the wheels, and through them upon the balance: 2. That the balance, either arged with an unequal force, or meeting with a different refiftance from the air, or the oil, or the friction, vibrates through a greater or lefs arch: 3. That thefe une qual vibrations are not performed in equal times and, 4. That the force of the balance-fpring is altered by a change

of beat.

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"To remedy the first defect, Mr. Harrifon has contrived that his watch shall be moved by a very tender fpring, which never unrolls itfelf more than one-eighth part of a turn, and acts upon the balance through one wheel only. But fuch a fpring cannot keep the watch in motion a long time. He has, therefore, joined another, whose office is to wind up the

firft fpring eight times in every minute, and which is itself wound up but once a day. To remedy the fecond defect, he ufes a much stronger balance-fpring than in a common watch. För if the force of this fpring upon the balance remains the fame, whilft the force of the other varies, the errors arifing from that variation will be the lefs, as the fixed force is the greater. But a stronger spring will require either a heavier or a larger balance. A heavier ba lance would have a greater friction. Mr. Harrison, therefore, increases the diameter of it. In a common watch it is under an inch, but in Mr. Harrifon's two inches and two-tenths. However, the methods already defcribed only leffening the errors, and not removing them, Mr. Harrifon ufes two ways to make the times of the vibrations equal, though the arches may be unequal: one is to place a pin, fo that the balance-spring preffing against it, has its force increased, but increased lefs when the variations are larger: the other to give the pallets fuch a fhape, that the wheels prefs them with lefs advantage, when the vibrations are larger. To re medy the laft defect, Mr. Harrifon ufes a bar compounded of two thin plates of brafs and fteel, about two inches in length, riveted in feveral places together, fastened at one end and having two pins at the other, between which the balance-fpring paffes. If this bar be ftraight in temperate weather (brafs changing its length by heat more than steel) the brafs fide becomes convex when it is heated, and the fteel fide when it is cold and thus the pins lay hold of a different part of the Spring in different degrees of heat, and lengthen or fluorten it as the regulator does in a common watchi

A

"The principles on which Mr. Arnold's Time-keeper is constructed, The balance is unconare thefe: nected with the wheel work, except at the time it receives the impulse to make it continue its motion, which is only whilft it vibrates 10° out of 380°. which is the whole vibration; and during this fmall interval it has little or no fric tion, but what is on the pivots, which work in ruby holes on diamonds. It has but one pallet, which is a plain furface formed out of a ruby, and has no bil on it. Watches of this conftruction, Tays Mr. Lyons, go whilst they are wound up they keep the fame rate of going in every polition, and are not affected by the different forces of the fpring; and the compenfation for heat and cold is abfo Tutely adjustable,

AUTO.

"AUTOMATON, a feemingly felf-mov*ing machine; or ane fo conftructed, by means of weights, levers, pullies, fprings, &e. as to move for a confiderable time, fas if it were endued with animal life: And according to this defeription, clocks, watches, and all machines of that kind, are automata.

***It is faid, that Archytas of Tarentum, 400 years before Chrift, made a wooden apigeon that could fly; that Archimedes allo made fuch-like automatons; that Regiomontanus made a wooden eagle that flew forth from the city, met the Emperor, faluted him, and returned; alfo that he made an iron fly, which flew out of his hand at a feast, and returned again after flying about the room that Dr. Hook made the model of a flying chariot, capable of fupporting itself in the air. Many other furprising automatons we have been eye-witnesses of, in the prefent age: 1. thus, we have feen figures that could write, and perform many other actions in imitation of animals. M. Vaucanfon made a figure that played on the flute : the fame gentleman alfo made a duck, which was capable of eating, drinking, and imitating exactly the voice of a natural one; and, what is ftill more furprifing, the food it fwallowed was evacuated in a digefted ftate, or confiderably altered on the principles of folution; alfo the wings, vifcera, and bones were formed fo as ftrongly to refemble thofe of a living duck ; and the actions of eating and drinking fhewed the strongest resemblance, even to the muddling the water with its bill. M. Le Droz of la Chaux de Fonds, in the province of Neufchatel, has alto executed fome very curious pieces of mechanilin: one was a clock, prefented to the King of Spain; which had, among other curiofities, a fheep that imitated the bleating of a nutural one, and a dog watching a basket of fruit, that barked and fnarled when any one offered to take it away; befides a variety of human figures, exhibiting motions truly furprifing, But all thefe feem to be inferior to M. Kempell's chefs-player, which may truly be conâdered as the greatest maiter-piece in mechanics that ever appeared in the world.

of the Mathematical and Philofophical Dictionary, I observed under the article Automaton, the following But all thefe feem to be inferior to M. Kempell's chefs-player, which may truly be confi dered as the greatest master-piece in mechanics that ever appeared in the world;" (upon which Mr. Collinfon obferves) So it certainly would have been, had its scientific movements depended merely on mechanism.

"Being flightly acquainted with M. Kempell when he exhibited his chefsplaying figure in London, I called on him about five years fince at his houte at Vienna, another gentleman and myself being then on a tour on the centinent. The Baron (for I think he is fuch) fhewed me fome working models which he had lately made among them, an improvement on Arkwright's cottonmill, and alfo one which he thought an improvement on Boulton and Watt's laft fteam-engine. I alked him after a piece of fpeaking mechanifm, which he had fhewn me when in London. It spoke as before, and I gave the fame word as I gave when I first faw it, Exploitation, which it diftinctly pronounced with the French accent. But I particularly noticed, that not a word paffed about the chefs-player; and of course I did not afk to fee it. In the progress of the tour I came to Drefden, where becoming acquainted with Mr. Eden, our envoy there, by means of a letter given me by his brether Lord Auckland, who was Ambaffador when I was at Madrid, heobligingly accom panied mein feeing feveral things worthy of attention. And he introduced my compa nion and my felf to a gentleman of rank and talents, named Jofeph Freidrick Freyhere, who feems completely to have discovered the Vitality and foul of the chefs-playing figure. This gentleman courteously prefented me with the treatife he had published, dated at Drefden, Sept. 30, 1789, explaining its principles, accompanied with curious plates neatly coloured. This treatife is in the German language; and I hope foon to get a tranflation of it. A well-taught boy, very thin and fmall of his age (ufficiently fo that he could be concealed in a drawer almoft immedi ately under the chefs-board), agitated the whole. Even after this abatement of its being ftrictly an autoinaton, much in genuity remains to the contriver. This difcovery at Drefden accounts for the fi lence about it at Vichina; for Lunderstand, by Mr. Eden, that Mr. Freyhere had fent a copy to. Baton. Kempel though he

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fetas unwilling to acknowledge that Mr. F. has completely analyzed the whole. "I know that long and uninterefting letters are formidable things to men who know the value of time and fcience; but As this happens to be upon the subject, forgive me for adding one very admirable piece of mechanifin to thofe you have touched upon. When at Geneva, I called upon Droz, fon of the original Droz of la Chaux de Fonds (where falfo was). He fhewed me an oval gold inuffbox, about (if I recollect right) four inches and a half long, by 3 inches bread, and about an inch and a half thick. It was double, having an horizontal partitions fo that it may be conLidered as one box placed on another, with a lid of courfe to each box-one contained, fnuff-in the other, as soon as the lid was opened, there rofe up a very fall bird, of green enamelled gold, fitting on a gold ftand. Immediately this minute curiofity wagged its tail, fhook its wings, opened its bill of white enamelled gold, and poured forth, minute as it was (being only three quarters of an inch from the beak to the extremity of the tail) fuch a clear melodious fong as would have filled a room of 20 or 30 feet fquare with its harmony. Droz agreed to meet me at Florence and we visited the Abbé Fontana together. He afterwards joined me at Rome, and exhibited his bird to the Pope and the Cardinals in the Vatican palace to the admiration, I may ay to the astonishment, of all who faw and heard it.".

Another extract from a fecond letter upon the fame subject, by Mr. Collinfon, is as follows: "Permit me to speak of another Automaton of Droz's, which feveral years fince he exhibited in England; and which, from my perfonal acquain

tance, I had a commodious opportunity of particularly examining. It was the figure of a man, I think the fize of life. It held in its hand a metal ftyle; a c card of Dutch vellum being laid under it. A fpring was touched, which releafed the internal clock work from its top, when the figure immediately began to draw. Mr. Droz happening once to be lens for in a great hurry to wait upon fome confiderable perfonage at the Welt end of the town, left me in poffeffion of the keys, which opened the recelles of all his machinery. He opened the drawing-malter himself; wound it up; explained its leading parts; and taught me how to make it obey my requirings, as it had obeyed its own. Mr. Droz then, went away. After the firit card was finished, the figure refted. I put a fecond, and se on, to five feparate cards, all different fubjects: but five or fix was the extent of its delineating powers. The first card contained, I may truly fay, elegant portraits and likenelles of the king and queen, facing each other and it was curious to obferve with what precifion the figure lifted up his pencil, in the tranfition of it from one point of the draft to another, without making the leaft ilur whatever for inftance in paffing from the forehead to the eye, note, and chin; or from the waving curls of the hair to the ear, &c. I have the cards now by me, &c. &c."

We must not omit to mention the numerous Tables on divers fubject matters which will be of excellent ufe to the cai-: culator. Upon the whole then, we feck no difficulty to pronounce this Dictionary equal to its defign, and as well worthy the attention of the young student as the veteram proficient. L.E.

and to the community at large. To publications of fuch general utility, every channel of recommendation should be opened, more especially when their fuccefs, as in the prefent inftance, is cal.. culated to answer the most benevolent purposes; and every improvement in fuc ceffive editions ought to be duly noticed by affiduous reviewers. Imprelled with

this

this idea, and rejoiced to find that the opinion given of the merit of the whole plan, in our copious reviews of the artt edition, has been confirmed by the public; our readers will not be difpleafed at our giving a fhort account in the Author's own modeft words of the progrets of the work, previous to our examination and difcuffion of the new materials he has introduced.

"The very general approbation manifelted by the rapid demand for this Trea tife, and the circumftance of the whole impreffion being fo foon out of print, while it has gratified the author in a particular degree, has alfo urged him to proceed in the completion of his original de, fign, by prefenting to the public a new edition, very much enlarged, and alfo improved in every inftance where imperfections have either been difcovered by himself, or pointed out by others. But while his anxiety thus to obey the calls of the public in haftening forward, the fecond edition, has encouraged him to hope that the remedies he has fuggefted for the many exifting evils may be ipeedily adopted; and while he has written with a view not only of fuggefting the means of relieving the metropolis from preifures of great magnitude but allo, of allotting the whole emolument to purposes connected with this immediate object, he ftill looks with confidence for the tarne indulgence which he formerly experienced, fince the work has unavoidably been again ushered into the world, under difadvantages which may render it still liable to fomé imperfection."

Since the publication of the fir edition, the author has felt great fatisfaction in receiving the most unqualined approbation communicated by feveral of the highest characters, as well as fome of the ableft and beft-informed men in the metropolis, bearing teftimony to the propriety and practicability of the remedies he has fuggefted for removing the very alarming evils which have been detailed in this Treatife.

It is now high time to gratify the eu riouty of thote who may wish to know to whom the public ftands indebted for fuch a valuable collection of useful infór mation, and falutary advice; and who, with uncommon liberality,not onlydevotes his literary labours to the public fervice, but generously affigns over the profits of this and the former edition in aid of two humene inftitutions, which appear to be indifpenfably neceffary, but which hitherto

See our Magazine for June, Vol. XXIX.

have not been noticed, but are now filt recommended to men of opulence and philanthropy, as proper objects for their pri vate munificer.ce.

The firft is, the establishment of an afylum or place of industry for poor, indigent male outcasts difcharged from gaols after punishment, and who are willing to work, but unable to obtain the means of fubfitence on account of the lofs of character; for the Police of the Country has not provided any place of industry, in which those who were difpofed to reform might find subfiftence in return for labour---Difcharged from a prifon or from the hulks, thrown at large upon the world, without triends, without food or raiment, and with the conftant calls of nature upon them for both, without a home, or any afylum to fhelter them from the inclemency of the weather, what is to become of them? From dire neceffity, it is to be feared that many return to their old courfes. And thus it is, that through the medium of thefe miferable outcafts of Society, erimes are increafed, and become a regular. trade, because they can make no other election."

The fecond is the establishment of an afylum or place of induftry for poor, indigent female outcalts, difcharged from gaols; and miferable, forlorn proftitutes, who are willing to work for their subfift ence, but unable to find employment on account of lofs of character; " and when it is confidered that (including the vari ous clafles), above fifty thousand females are fuppofed to live chiefly by preftitution in this great metropolis; a ftrong impulfe muft arife in the mind favourable to an institution which would afford' the means of reforming the morals of at least a part of these unfortunate and miferable beings."

Such are the propofitions of PATRICE COLQUHOUN, ESQ. one of the Ma giftrates prefiding at the office in Worhip-street, Finsbury Square, which is one of the feven Public Offices established by the Police Act of the 32d, and conti nued by a fubfequent Act of the 36th of his prefent Majefty, paffed in May 1796. And he is of opinion, that with proper management fuch beneficial works might be introduced as would nearly, if not wholly, cover the expence in both establish-" ments. It was in contemplating thefe charitable plans in particular, and the extenfive line of acting mentioned in the title-page of the prefent edition, which p. 383. and for July, Vol. XXX. p. 41.

muf

must have given him uncommon experi ence and information, that we judged it peceflary, (without permiffion) to infert our author's name in the prefent review; for many respectable perions may wish to confult him, upon very interesting fubjects, and to afft him in promoting and carrying into execution the laudable improvements and reforms in our imperfect fyftem of Police, pointed out in the courie of hiselaborate Treatife; and as he appears in every page of it to be the friend, as far as justice will permit, of unfortunate criminals of every clafs, wh muft dilcover in his character the mild, beneficent, and merciful magiftrate, we can align no proper motive for withholding his name from the title-page and advertisements of future editions; to which we think it would give additional weight and authority.

The principal improvements of the prefent enlarged edition fhall now be pointed out in the order in which they are introduced, and as concifely as poffi ble, as they are intended chiefly to recommend and promote its general circulation, and thus to accelerate the public demand for another impreffion, the profits being as we have teen fo charitably appropriated.

In the addrefs to the Reader, immediately following the title-page, a new and interefting view of the prefent depraved ftate of the morals of the metropolis is introduced it is difcovered that acts of delinquency, and the corruption of manners, have uniformly kept pace with the increase of the riches of the Capital; and this is more clearly elucidated by a melancholy-eftimate of perfons who are fup. pofed to fapport themselves in and near the metropolis, by purfuits either criminal, illegal, or immoral. They are claffed under 24 different heads (amongst which we find Lottery Infurance Swindlers, of whom we mult take further notice hereafter), and, dreadful to relate, the total amounts to 115,000 perfons. "It opens," fays our author, a wide field for doing good, to men of opulence, talents and virtue-to patriots, and philanthropists, who love their Country, and glory in its profperity. Such men will Ipeedily difcover, through this medium, that like the Roman government, when enveloped in riches and luxury, the nas tional profperity may be of thort duration, hazarding the faune calamities wherever. public morals are neglected, and no effectual meatures adopted for the purpose either of checking the alarming growth of depra vity and crimes, or of guarding the

rifing generation against the evil examples which are exhibited in the metropolis, perhaps in a greater degree than was ever before experienced, particularly among the lower ranks of fociety.

In tracing and enumerating the causes of the increase of crimes in the metropolis, very material fresh information will be found in Chapter I. We notice particularly the incrcafe of the lower order of the Jews, reared under the influ ence of evil examples, and bred to no profeffion that can render them useful to the country.

The immenfe temptations held out to the different claffes of dishonest perfons, is deduced from a general view of the vast magnitude and proud height to which the commerce of the metropolis has ad vanced: the information, fupported by authentic documents, upon this subject, is amply detailed in Chapters III and XV. and we hope the following fummary will excite an irrefiftible defire in all perfons who are interested in commercial property to perufe and profit by thofe details as they are ftated in the work, to which we refer them. It appears then, “ that 13,500 fhips and veffels, and 40,000 waggons (including their repeated voyages) annually bring and carry away a moving property eltimated at One Hundred and Twenty Millions; and if to this fhall be added, the merchandize, provifions, bank notes, and money depofited, and in conftant tranfit within the metropolis' in the course of a year, they may be estimated at Fifty Millions more, forming together, the astonishing fum of One Hundred and Seventy Millions of property, continually expofed to depredations in ten thousand different ways." The various modes of carrying on, and accomplishing these depredations on the River Thames, and on fhore, are diftinctly pointed out the proper remedies are likewife fuggefted; and we are pleafed to find, that the for mation of Docks, and the building of quays, or wharfs, and warehouses, properly inclofed, where goods could be immedi ately conveyed from the fhips into the repofitories of the merchants, is recom mended by our author, as the grand remedy against river plunder, and the thefts. committed in landing goods from fhips and other veffels.

Much uteful, knowledge may be ac quired by thop keepers, publicans, and other retail dealers, by referring to Chapter VI, on the coinage and circulation of bafe money. But above all we recom-mend to the notice and ferious attention

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