79. The means of fablistence, peculiar to the Catriya, are bearing arms, either held for ftriking or miffile; to the Vaifya, merchandize, attending on cattle, and agriculture: but, with a view to the next life, the duties of both are alms-giving, reading, facrificing.

80. Among the feveral occupations for gaining a livelihood; the most commendable refpectively for the facerdotal, military, and mercantile claffes, are teaching the Veda, defending the people, and commerce, or keeping herds and flocks. 81. Yet a Brahmen, unable to fub hft by his duties juft mentioned, may live by the duty of a loldier; for that is the next in rank.

"82. If it be asked, how he must live, fhould he be unable to get a fubfiftence by either of thofe employments; the answer is, he may fubfift as a mercantile man, applying himself in perfon to tillage and attendance on cattle.

83. But a Brábmen and a Gshatriya, obliged to fubfift by the acts of a Faia, muft avoid with care, if they can live by keeping berds, the bufinels of tillage, which gives great pain to fentient crea tures, and is dependant on the labour of others, as bulls and fo forth.

84. Some are of opinion, that agriculture is excellent; but it is a mode of fubfiftence which the benevolent greatly blame; for the iron-mouthed pieces of wood not only wound the earth, but the creatures dwelling in it."

In Chapter the Eleventh, concerning Penance and Expiation, the following inHances prefent themfelves of the punish ments which await the guilty Brahmen in his future transmigration.

"24. Let no Bráomen ever beg a gift from a Sutrafor, if he perform a facrifce after fuch begging, he thall, in the next life, be born a Chandala.

“25 The Brahmen who begs any articles for a facrifice, and difpofes not of them all for that purpose, shall become a kite or a crow for a hundred years." The fucceeding claufe is cunningly devised to protect sacred property.

26. Any evil-hearted wretch, who, through covetouthefs, fhall feize the property of the gods or of Brabmens, thaib feed in another world on the orts of vul tures.

The following articles, in the fame Chapter, are whimsical and ridiculous : "481g8ome evil-minded perfons, for fins committed in this life, and fome

for bad notions in a preceding state, fuffer a morbid change in their bodits

49. Aftealer of gold from à Brab men has whitlows on his nails; a drinker ร

51. A ftealer of dreffed grain, dyspepa stealer of holy words, or an unaus thorised reader of the fcriptures, dumb. nefs; a ftealer of clothes, leproty; a horfe-ftealer, lameness ;

'52. The stealer of a lamp, total blindnefs; the mifchievous extinguisher of it, blindness in one eye; a delighter in hurting fentient creatures, perpetual illnets; an adulterer, windy fwellings in his lineos;

53. Thus, according to the diversity of actions,are born mendefpifed by the good; ftupid, dumb, blind, deaf, and deformed.

54. Penance, therefore, mult invari ably be performed for the fake of expia tion; fince they, who have not expiated their fins, will again fpring to birth with difgraceful marks."

In many of thefe cafes of punishment we may difcover an allufion, more or lefs remote, to the offence committed; and the fecond inttance, in the 48th article, relating to the Drinker of Spirits, feldom fails to take place, even in the present condition of the delinquent.

The following inftances of penance have fomething in theth of the terrible and fublime:

86 73. Ita Brábmen have killed a man of the facerdotal clafs, without malice prepenfe, the flayer being far fuperior to the flain in good qualities, he must himself make a hut in a foreft and dwell in it twelve whole years, fubfifting on alms for the purification of his foul, placing near him, as a token of his crime, the full of the flain, if he can procure it, or, if not, any buman skull. The time of penance for the three lower classes must be tzventy, four, thirty fix, and forty-eight years.

"74. Or, if the layer be of the military class, he may voluntarily expofe himself 28 a mark to archers, who know his is tention; or, according to circumftaners, may call himfelf head long thrice, or even till he die, into blazing fire

79. If the flayer be unlearned, his hair being thorn, he may dwell near a town, or on pafture ground for cows, or in fome holy place, or at the root of a facred tree, taking pleature in doing good to cows and to Brabmen's.

80. There, for the prefervation of a cow or a Brahmen, let him inftantly aban don life; free the preferver of a cow or a Brahmen atones for the crime of killing a priest?

90. Such is the atonement ordained for killing a priest without malice's but for killing a Brabmen with malice prepenile, this is no expiation; the term of twelve

twelve years must be doubled, or, if the cafe was atrocious, the murderer mut actually die in flames or in battle."

The veneration paid by the Gentoos to Cows, appears allo ftrikingly in the fol lowing articles:

"" 109. He, who has committed the fmaller offence of killing a cow, without malie, mult drink, for the first month, barley-corns boiled soft in water; his head must be thaved entirely; and, covered with the hide of th flain cow, he must fix his abode on her late pasture ground.

"110. He may eat a moderate quantity of wild grains, but without any factitious falt, for the next two months at the time of each fourth repaft, on the evening of every fecond day regularly bathing in the urine of cows, and keeping his members under controul:

"111. All day he must wait on the berd, and ftand quaffing the duft railed by bir boofs; at night, having fervilely attended and stroked and faluted them, he muit furround them with a fence, and fit near 10 guard them :,

112.1

Pure and free from paffion, he muft ftand, while they ftand; follow them, when they move together, and lie down by them, when they lie down.”

In the 166th article, the five pure things produced by a cow are thus enumerated milk, curds, butter, urine, dung. The following obfervations on Devotion contain a confiderable portion of fublimity.

236, Devotion is equal to the performance of all duties; it is divine knowledge in a Brabmen it is defence of the people in a Cbarivu; devotion is the bufinels of trade and agriculture in a Vaisya; devotion is dutiful fervice in a Sudra.

237, Holy fages, with fubdued paffions, feeding only on focd, roots, and air, by devotion alone are enabled to survey the three worlds, terrefivial, ethereal, and celehal, peopled with animal creatures, locomotive and fixed.

"238. Perfect health, or unfailing medicines, divine learning, and the various manfions of deities, are acquired by devotion alone: their efficient caule is devotion, 239. Whatever is hard to be traverfed, whatever is hard to be acquired, whatever is hard to be vifited, whatever is hard to be performed, all this may be ac, complished by true devotion; for the difficulty of devotion is the greateft of all,

"240. Even finners in the highest de gree, and of courfe the other offenders, are ablolved from guilt by auftere devotion well practifed,,

3241, Sauls that animate worms, and infects, ferpents, moths, beats, birds, and vegetables, attain, heaven by the power of devotion.

242. Whatever fin has been conceive ed in the hearts of men, uttered in their fpeech, or committed in their bodily acts, they speedily burn it all away by devotion, if they preferve devotion as theis beft wealth.

"243. Of a prieft, whom devotion has purified, the divine fpirits accept the facrifices, and grant the defires with ample increase.".

The following paffages occur in the concluding Chapter, which treats of Tranfmigration.

"40. Souls endued with goodness, attain always the state of deities; thofe filled with ambitious paffions, the condi tion of men; and thofe immerfed in darknefs, the nature of beafts; this is the triple order of tranfmigration.

"41.Each of thofe three tranfmigrations, caufed by the feveral qualities, muft alfo be confidered as three-fold, the lowest, the mean, and the higheft, according to as many distinctions of acts and of knowledge.

42. Vegetable and mineral fubftances, worms, infects, and reptiles, fome very minute, fome rather larger, fish, fnakes, tortoifes,cattle, thakals,are the low, eft forms to which the dark quality leads

43. Elephants, hortes, men of the fervile clafs, and contemptible Mitch'has, or barbarians, lions, tigers, and boars, are the mean ftates procured by the quality of darkness:

"44. Dancers and fingers, birds, and deceitful men, giants and blood-thirsty favages, are the highest conditions to which the dark quality can afcend."

66

70. If any of the four claffes omit, without urgent neceflity, the performance of their feveral duties, they fhall migrate in to finful bodies, and become flaves to their foes.

"76, Multifarious tortures await fen fual fouls, indulging themselves in forbidden pleasures: they shall be inangled by ravens and owls; fhall fwallow cakes boiling hot; fhall walk over inflamed fands, and fhall feel the pangs of being baked like the veffel of a potter." ..

Here we clofe our extracts (which, we flatter ourselves, the purchaters of our Mifcellany will not think too copious and particular) from this original and fine gular Code of Laws. We cannot, however, but recommend to our readers the perufal of the entire work, as we altoge ther accede to the character that has been given of it at length by the very learned and judicious tranflator. Though there. be fome folly in it, fuperftition, and abfurdity, few pages will be found that da not allo difplay fome fentiment of the fublimer ethics, or fome fubject of very curious fpeculation.

R. R

nounced likely to laft even fix hundred years before the monied market would be overstocked by the amount, or the paperitfelf experience a material depreffion. "I will, however, view its probable fability in another light; for you have certainly prefumptuoully afferted that the Britifh fyftem of credit is to that of Ame. rica and France, as twenty to one; but in this I widely differ, and give as a reafon, that in the courfe of the hundred years of the funding fyftem no more than fixty millions of Bank paper have accumulated, yet upwards of three hundred and fixty millions of intereft have been paid in the public funds, therefore if we proceed in the fame proportion, if even we liquidate no more of the principal, and continue increafing the national debt with the fame rapidity we have hitherto done, the ftability of the British credit is to that of America and France, not as twenty, but as an hundred and twenty to one.

Confequently, even according to Paine's analogy, the British fyftem might extend to fix hundred years!

Put the following obfervation on the revenue of our country, addrefied to Paine, is ftill more important, and equally new. You allow that taxes can always be railed to the amount of a quarter of the circulation, whether that circulation confifts of fpecie, or of paper, provided the paper is not, depreciated.-Permit me here then to eftimate, that as in an hundred years our taxes have increafed twenty millions, fo in the fame proportion it will be fix hundred years from the commencement of the funding fyftem before the taxes will amount to a quarter of the then circulation."

With refpect to the fuppofed infolvency of the Bank, our readers will find nearly the fame argument in Mr. Wakefield's refutation of Paine, as we have already ftated in our review of Broome's Obfervations. But the following argument, adduced to fhew that a temporary ceflation of payment, as applied to the Bank,

would not occafion infolvency, carries more weight, and has more intrinfic merit, than any thing that has been offered to the public by any other writer.

If then, from any unforeseen cause, if from any arts of our enemies, credit was to be fhaken and confidence baniflied, do you imagine that infolvency muft enfue? Certainly not; for allowing your own exaggerated eltimate, that the Bank has iffued fixty millions of paper; that pri vate paper amounts to one hundred and fifty millions; and that the circulating is only twenty millions; there remains one hundred and ninety millions unpaid; and, as you would wish to have it be liev, without property & fecurity, in either capital or land, to answer it, how erroneous would this conclufion be! for was it not eftimated last year in the Houfe of Commons, that the national capital was thirteen hundred millions. Trifing indeed must be the confidence exifting between individuals, and fmall the credit enjoyed by the Bank of England, if a capital of thirteen hundred millions will not fupport the credit of an emiffion of no more than two hundred and ten millions of paper!" A more fatisfactory allurance of the folvency of the British fyftem of Public credit could not poflibly be given; and with it we fhall conclude, ftrongly recommending the whole Letter; and at the fame time taking the liberty to advife the author, to be very correct in his political remarks, in future that his zeal, even in a good caufe, may not leffen that reputation as a Politician, which he will acquire as a Financier This admonition is occafioned by the following palage concerning the prefent war

a war which for extent of opera tion and greatness of exertion on our part has never before been equalled!" The picture he draws of the deplorable state of. France fhews his talent for political delineations, which thould be drawn with the niceft accuracy.

CHAPTER XI. compofed entirely of new materials,prefents a general view of the Criminal Law of England, compared with the antient and modern laws of other Countries, ftating the defects and See our Magazine for

The