the tribe, and ten dollars for each one engaged in farming or mechanical pursuits. Each head of a family was entitled to select one hundred and sixty acres of land, if he desired to hold in severalty, and in such case he was to receive one hundred dollars in seeds and implements the first year, and twenty-five dollars for each the second and third years. Buildings of the value of $11,500 were to be erected, and the Navajos pledged themselves to compel all their children between the ages of six and sixteen to attend school. A separate schoolhouse and teacher was to be provided for every thirty pupils; $150,000 was to be appropriated at once to the Indians, part of which was to be expended in the purchase of 15,000 sheep and goats and 500 cattle, and the remainder to be used for the expenses of their removal, and in such other ways as should appear most beneficial.

"Under this liberal treaty the tribe was removed in 1868, and since then there has been a continuous improvement in their condition. They had very bad luck with their crops for several years, but their herds increased steadily. By 1873, they were reported to have 10,000 horses and 200,000 sheep and goats. In 1872 an Indian police force was organized at the agency, on recommendation of Captain Bennett, and placed under control of Manuelito, their war chief, providing, for the first time in their history, for a control of offenders by tribal authority. It was discontinued in 1873 for a short time, but was soon put in force again, with beneficial results. A few years later the Indians abandoned it on account of the small pay given

to the policemen. About fifteen men are now employed, and they appear to be all that are needed. In 1876 the Navajos were reported as self-supporting, notwithstanding they had lost 40,000 sheep by freezing during the past winter. In 1878 their agent said: 'Within the ten years during which the present treaty with the Navajos had been in force, they have grown from a band of paupers to a nation of prosperous, industrious, shrewd and (for barbarians) intelligent people.' They were reported at that time as numbering 11,800, and owning 20,000 horses, 1500 cattle, and 500,000 sheep; they were tilling 9192 acres of land, and obtained ninety-five per cent of their subsistence from civilized pursuits. "In fact they were increasing so rapidly that there was an urgent call for more room, and, as there was desert land to spare in all directions, it was given to them. By executive order of October 29, 1878, there was added to their reservation the land between the northern line of Arizona parallel 110° of west longitude, parallel 36° of north latitude, and the western line of the reservation. Still there was a call for more land, and on January 6, 1880, they were given a strip fifteen miles wide along the eastern side of the reservation, and one six miles wide along the southern line. In the latter year, three windmill pumps and fifty-two stock pumps were put in at different points on the reservation, which have stopped much of their wandering in search of water, and added greatly to the value of their grazing lands. Their march of improvement has not stopped, and in 1884 the nation, estimated at 17,000, cultivated 15,000

acres of land, and raised 220,000 bushels of corn and 21,000 bushels of wheat; they had 35,000 horses and 1,000,000 sheep. In 1884 the reservation was extended west to 111° 30', and the northern boundary was made the Colorado and San Juan Rivers. By this addition, the reservation enclosed the Moqui Pueblo Reservation on two sides, and the agencies for the two have been consolidated. This order, increasing the reservation by 1,769,600 acres in Arizona and Utah, was supplemented by one taking away 46,000 acres in New Mexico; the reservation as now established includes 8,159,360 acres, mostly desert land."

The foregoing is taken from Dunn's "Massacres of the Mountains," published in 1886.

The Navajos, from the time they were restored to their old camping grounds, were never afterwards hostile to the whites, but were selfsupporting in every particular.

CHAPTER IX.

EARLY PIONEERS AND SETTLERS.

PAULINE WEAVER-FRIENDLY WITH INDIANS DISCOVERS GILA PLACERS, ALSO WEAVER DIGGINGS DEATH OF CHARLES O. BROWN -MEMBER OF GLANTON BAND-AT TUCSON AT TIME OF CONFEDERATE INVASION-HAD MONOPOLY OF SELLING LIQUORS AND GAMBLING BROUGHT FIRST SEWING MACHINE INTO TERRITORY, ALSO FIRST BABY CARRIAGE -BUILT CONGRESS HALL IN TUCSON-WROTE "HISTORY OF ARIZONA"-L. J. F. JAEGERRAN FERRY AT YUMA-ESTABLISHED TOWN OF SONOITA-FIRST AMERICAN STORE IN TUCSON-CHARLES D. POSTON PROSPECTS AND OPENS MINES-APPOINTED SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS PROMOTES IRRIGATION -HERMAN EHRENBERG-MINING ENGINEER

-TOWN OF EHRENBERG NAMED AFTER HIM-EARLY SETTLER AT LA PAZ-KILLED BY INDIANS-PETER KITCHEN-A SUCCESSFUL RANCHER-FORTIFIED HOUSES-FIGHTS WITH INDIANS DESCRIPTION OF HIS RANCH -HIRAM S. STEVENS BECOMES RICH IN ARIZONA-ELECTED DELEGATE TO CONGRESS -STORY OF HIS ELECTION JAMES PENNINGTON AND PENNINGTON FAMILY-HARASSED BY INDIANS STORY OF CAPTURE OF MRS. PAIGE BY INDIANS JAMES PENNINGTON AND SON KILLED BY INDIANS-W. H. KIRKLAND-RAISED FIRST AMERICAN FLAG

AT TUCSON-HE AND WIFE FIRST WHITE
COUPLE MARRIED IN ARIZONA-MINER AND
RANCHER.

There

Probably, the first white settler, if, indeed, a trapper at that time could be called a settler, was Pauline Weaver, a native of White County, Tennessee. Of his early history there is little known. His name is inscribed upon the walls of the Casa Grande with the date, 1833. He is credited with having explored the Verde, and also the Colorado River numerous times. was hardly a foot of the Territory of Arizona he was not conversant with. Differing entirely from the majority of the trappers of that day, he had no difficulties with the Indians, but was always free to enter their camps. He had the confidence of the Pimas, the Maricopas, the Yumas, the Wallapais, the Mohaves and the different tribes along the Colorado, speaking their languages fluently. He was never known to engage in any hostile expedition against them, but was frequently a peace messenger, arranging, as far as possible, any difficulties between the whites and the Indians, without resorting to

arms.

He discovered the placers along the Gila, and also the placers at Weaver Diggings near Antelope Creek in the southern part of Yavapai County, a full account of which is given in one of the succeeding chapters of this volume.

Weaver located a ranch in Yavapai County, where he lived for many years, and died at Camp Verde in the late 60's and is buried in the Government burial ground.