of immigration estimates the true average at $150 per capita, making the amount received from the 250,000 immigrants arriving at the port of New York in 1869 to be $37,500,000. It is not at all improbable that the aggregate contribution to the cash capital of the nation since the inauguration of our naturalization policy will reach a thousand millions of dollars.

But the money brought into the country by the immigrant is a small part of the financial value he has added to the country. This question of the economic value of the immigrant has been treated with considerable ingenuity by late writers. An intelligent and comprehensive estimate is found in the able treatise of Dr. Eugel, of Berlin, director of the Prussian Statistical Bureau, on the price of labor. This writer distinguishes three periods in the economic life of man, two unproductive and one productive.

The first comprises the years of childhood and education up to the fifteenth year. The productive period of fifty years, from fifteen up to sixty-five, is fraught with the economic results of the entire lifetime. The subsequent period brings but small additions to these results. The accumulations of the active period, in a true adjustment of the economic forces of society, should be sufficient to meet the expenses of the prior state of pupilage, to maintain the productive power of the physical and intellectual machinery by a proper outlay, and, finally, to accumulate a sufficient surplus to meet the wants of the period of decline. The writer referred to estimates that in Germany the cost of raising a manual laborer for the first five years of his life is 40 thalers per annum; for the next five years, 50 thalers per annum; and for the next five years, 60 thalers per annum; amounting to 750 thalers. Mr. Kapp, in applying these estimates to America, considers that in this country the aggregate cost is about double what it is in Germany, making the average expense of raising and educating an American unskilled laborer 1,500 thalers, almost equal to $1,500 in currency. The cost of the female laborer he places at about $750, or one-half the cost of the male. The value of the immigrants, then, is to be estimated at the cost of raising native laborers.

About one-fifth of the immigrants are under fifteen, but this deficiency is more than compensated by the immense preponderance of the males over the females. But averaging the cost, by equalizing the proportion of males and females, we have a final estimate of $1,125 as the average economic value of immigrants to this country; and we can easily arrive at the conclusion that the additions of value created by foreign immigration amount to at least five billions of dollars, or more than double of what remains of our national debt. The total annual immigration being about 300,000 per annum, the aggregate resulting benefit is not less than $400,000,000, or a million of dollars per day. In the report of last year were presented statistics to show that at least one fourth of the present population is due to the influx of foreigners. The readiness with which they have adapted themselves to the requirements of our democratic civilization is an ample justification of the policy of naturalization.

But a feature of the case which should not be neglected in an estimate of its advantages is found in the wonderful progress which has been made in the disposal of the public domain-a progress which could never have been realized had the increase of our population been confined to the excess of births over deaths from the commencement of our history.

The grand total area of our public domain from its organization is

1,834,998,400 acres. Of this amount there had been disposed of under the land laws, up to June 30, 1870, 447,266,190.16 acres, leaving still in possession of the Government 1,387,732,209.84 acres. The rate of annual disposal is increasing, and must increase still more rapidly as the public surveys are extended to enable claimants to designate the legal subdivisions located upon the soil. Of the 198,165,794.67 acres which will inure to railroads and wagon roads, under the various grants of Congress, title had passed to only 23,430,270 acres up to the 30th of June last, leaving 174,735,524.67 acres which will soon be demanded by the beneficiaries. If twenty years should elapse before the last of these donations be certified or patented this item alone will require an annual disposal of public lands fully equal to the entire operations of the land offices and of this office at present. When we take into consideration the swelling tide of immigration and the increased rapidity, in all other departments, of appropriation of the public lands, we can reasonably anticipate a large increase over the present annual rates.

THE NATIONAL DOMAIN-HISTORICAL OUTLINE.

The term public domain is generally used in its widest sense, embracing the total area of the public-land States and Territories, the jurisdiction of which, as well as the title to the soil, once resided in the General Government.

According to the statement in the foregoing, and heretofore reported, the aggregate area of the public lands of the United States on the 30th of June, 1870, was 2,867,184.74 square miles, or 1,834,998,400 acres. This, however, embraces only that portion of the public domain coming under the jurisdiction of the General Land Office. The territory now included within the limits of Tennessee, according to the terms of the above definition, was as substantially a portion of said domain as Ohio or Indiana, yet the public lands in Tennessee were not disposed of under the direction of the executive department of the General Government, and hence have not been embraced in our annual reports. If the area of Tennessee, 45,600 square miles, or 29,184,000 acres, were added to the areas of the public lands officially reported, the aggregate actual surface would be 2,912,784.74 square miles, or 1,864,382,223 acres.

This territory was acquired by the Government, first, by cessions from States in the Union, and, second, by treaty with foreign powers.

By the definitive treaty of peace with Great Britain, concluded September 3, 1783, our national territory was defined as extending westward from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and from a line on the north of the lakes to the thirty first parallel, and the south boundary of Georgia, embracing 830,000 square miles, or 531,200,000 acres. Of this area 341,756 square miles, or 218,723,840 acres, were included in the thirteen original States constituting the American Union. Kentucky, Vermont, and Maine were subsequently erected out of territory claimed respectively by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, by virtue of grants from the British Crown prior to the Revolution. These States embrace 82,892 square miles, or 53,050,880 acres. The remainder of our original territory, including 405,352 square miles, or 259,425,280 acres, was held by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, under grant from Great Britain, during their colonial condition. These territorial interests were surrendered to the general government of the Union by the last-named States at different times subsequent to July 4, 1776, and constituted the nucleus of our public domain. Those interests cover

ment tombe, la tête est séparée, jetée ensuite, le corps tout habillé, dans un vaste tombereau peint en rouge, où pêle-mêle tout nage dans le sang. Car c'est toujours de même. Quelle horrible boucherie! Comme le cœur bat! C'est à ce moment qu'on voudrait être loin; c'est à ce moment qu'on voudrait être près et monter tout de suite si on était préparé à paraître devant Dieu, tant la mort, atroce pour ceux qui restent, paraît douce et facile à ceux qui s'en vont bien disposés, quand on songe aux circonstances où il faut vivre. Combien j'ai regretté de n'avoir pas suivi ces victimes en pensant que plus on avance, plus on abuse des grâces divines qu'on reçoit!

La maréchale monte la troisième. Il fallut échancrer le haut de son habillement pour lui découvrir le col. Impatient de m'en aller, je voulais avaler le calice jusqu'à la lie et tenir ma parole, puisque Dieu me donnait la force de me posséder au milieu de tant de frissonnements. Six dames passent ensuite. Madame d'Ayen monte la dixième. Qu'elle me parut contente de mourir avant sa fille, et la fille de ne pas passer avant sa mère ! Montée, le maître bourreau lui arrache son bonnet; comme il tenait par une épingle qu'il n'avait pas eu l'attention d'ôter, les cheveux soulevés et tirés avec force lui causent une douleur qui se peint dans ses traits. La mère disparaît, et sa digne et tendre fille la remplace. Quelle émotion en voyant cette jeune dame tout en blanc, paraissant beaucoup plus jeune qu'elle n'était, semblable à un doux et petit agneau qu'on va égorger! Je croyais assister au martyre d'une de ces dignes et jeunes vierges ou saintes femmes, telles qu'elles sont représentées dans les tableaux de quelques grands peintres. Ce qui est arrivé à sa mère lui arrive. Même inattention pour l'épingle, même douleur, même signe, et aussitôt même calme, même..... mort!

Quel sang abondant, vermeil sort de la tête, du col! « Que « la voilà bien heureuse!» m'écriai-je intérieurement, quand on jeta son corps dans cet épouvantable cercueil. Je m'en vais, mais je suis arrêté un moment par l'air, les traits, la taille de celui qui venait après elle. C'était un homme de 5 pieds 8 à

Virginia proving failures, King James, in May 1609, granted a charter incorporating the London Company, under the title of "The Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of the City of London for the First Colony of Virginia." The territorial limits of the colony were extended to embrace the whole sea-coast north and south within two hundred miles of Old Point Comfort, extending "from sea to sea, west and northwest," and also "all the islands within one hundred miles along the coast of both seas of the precinct aforesaid," evidently meaning the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Under this enlarged charter the first permanent settlement was made in 1611. In 1624 this charter of the first colony of Virginia was vacated by the court of King's Bench and its government confided to a royal commission. The company was soon dissolved, sinking £120,000 in the enterprise. In 1625 Charles I issued a proclamation alleging the judicial repeal of the charter and transformed the colony into a royal province. The chartered limits of the colony were subsequently reduced by including successive portions of it in other colonies. The territory of Maryland, Delaware, and North Carolina, with parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, South Carolina, and Georgia, were originally included in the jurisdiction of the London Company. The residuum of the original territory of the first colony of Virginia was claimed by the State of Virginia at the breaking out of the revolutionary war.

For several years after the permanent settlement of the first colony, the second Plymouth Company was unsuccessful, and finally became discouraged in regard to the establishment of colonies within its chartered limits. In November, 1620, the King, James I, granted a new charter to this company, reiterating the grants previously made, and designating the extreme territorial limits as the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels," from sea to sea." This territory was named New England, and placed under the government of the "Council of Plymouth."

A number of Puritans, having been driven from England by the persecutions inflicted upon them during the reign of Elizabeth, had settled at Amsterdam, in Holland. Failing to obtain from James I a relaxation of the persecuting policy, they determined to seek an asylum in the wilderness of North America, and first directed their attention to the valley of the Hudson. After tedious negotiations with the London Company for a settlement within the limits of the first colony of Virginia, they finally obtained a patent for a tract of land, but without explicit assurance of security in the rights of conscience. After some hesitation, they embarked their first company of emigrants upon the Mayflower at Delft Haven, and in November, 1620, the Pilgrims were landed at the present site of Plymouth. The place of their landing being outside the limits of the first colony of Virginia, their patent from the London Company was useless, and they were compelled to settle upon the territory of the northern colony, trusting to circumstances for legal authority. From this settlement arose one of the noblest reorganizations of society by colonization that history records. Overcoming herculean difficulties of climate and soil, the colonists achieved within the following decade such a measure of success and substantial progress that the Plymouth Company was induced, in spite of aristocratic and ecclesiastical prejudices, to grant them a charter in January, 1630, covering a tract lying between the Cohasset and Narraganset Rivers, and extending westward "to the utmost bounds of a country in New England called Pokanoket, alias Sowamset." The grant embraced also a tract lying fifteen miles wide along each side of the Kennebec River, which was subsequently incorporated with the province of Maine.

In March 1628 the council of Plymouth sold to Sir Henry Roswell, Sir John Young, and four associates, a patent for that part of New England lying between the parallels passing through points three miles north of the mouth of the Merrimack and three miles south of the mouth of Charles River, extending westward to the Pacific. This territory, called Massachusetts, from the Indian name of a bay upon its coast, was settled by English Nonconformists, who purchased rights under the patent to the Massachusetts company. On the petition to this company, seconded by the influence of Lord Dorchester, Charles I, in March 1629, confirmed the grant of the Council of Plymouth to Roswell and his followers, with the assignments that had been made under it, in a charter incorporating the colony under the name of "The Governor and Company of Massachusetts." In 1684, during the brief tyranny of James II, the Court of King's Bench, upon a writ of quo warranto, vacated the charter of Massachusetts and the prior grant to Roswell and his associates, with all the assignments under which it had been made. But after the accession of William and Mary, October 1691, a new charter was issued, consolidating the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, New Plymouth, Maine, Arcadia, Nova Scotia, and the territory intervening between the two last mentioned, into a single colony under the name of Massachusetts Bay. The province of Arcadia was ceded to France by the treaty of Breda, in 1667, and the transfer acknowledged by the treaty of Ryswick, in 1697. On its restoration to England by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1712, it became a distinct province, with the line of the St. Croix for its western boundary, and it now constitutes the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

The history of Maine presents some remarkable variations of boundary. In 1622 the Council of Plymouth granted to Sir Fernando Gorges and Capt. John Mason, jointly, the lands lying between the Merrimack and Kennebec Rivers, under the name of Laconia. In November 1629 the Council of Plymouth gave to Captain John Mason a charter covering that portion of the above-described colony of Laconia situated between the two lines, each sixty miles long, traversing the entire length of the Merrimack and Piscataqua Rivers, and joined at their inland extremities by a straight line. In 1631 Gorges, Mason, and others obtained another charter to a portion of Laconia lying on both sides of the Piscataqua. At some period prior to the dissolution of the Plymouth Council in 1635, Gorges had obtained from it a charter covering all that part of Laconia lying east of the Piscataqua, which was confirmed by the King in 1639, four years after the dissolution of the council. The remaining area of Maine had been patented to two other parties in two separate tracts, thus dividing the entire province between three patents and consolidating a number of minor grants. No evidence is presented of any occupation of the soil under the patents of the two parties above referred to. The council had also, prior to its dissolution, consented to a grant by the King to Sir William Alexander, covering the territory east of the St. Croix and south of the St. Lawrence.

Gorges, engaging in the civil war on the royal side, was taken prisoner by the parliamentary forces, and thus compromised his rights under the republican régime that followed. The province suffered on the withdrawal of his authority, especially after his death in 1649, from the factious intrigues of ambitious demagogues. The loss and suffering thus entailed inclined the colonists to accept the claim of jurisdiction which Massachusetts began to urge, in 1652. This claim was founded upon a new interpretation of the limits of the grant from the Council of Plymouth to Roswell and his associates in 1628. The northern bound