Campo-Formio, Italy, a town 66 miles northeast of Venice, famous for the treaty of peace between Austria and France which was signed in its neighborhood, 17 Oct. 1797. Its chief provisions were that Austria should cede the Belgian provinces and Lombardy to France, receiving in compensation the Venetian states.

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Campo Santo ("holy field"), the name given to a burying-ground in Italy, best known as the appellation of the more remarkable, such are surrounded with arcades and richly adorned. The most famous Campo Santo is that of Pisa, which dates from the 12th century, and has on its walls frescoes of the 14th century of great interest in the history of art. Among more modern Italian cemeteries, that of Genoa is distinguished for its magnificence.

Campo Santo of Dissenters, Bunhill Fields burying-ground, in London; so named by Southey, and with good reason. Among those who lie buried there are John Bunyan; George Fox, the founder of the Quakers; Dr. Thomas Goodwin, who attended Cromwell on his deathbed; Dr. John Owen, who preached the first sermon before Parliament after Charles I. was executed; Susannah Wesley, the mother of John Wesley; Dr. Isaac Watts; William Blake, the painter and poet; Daniel De Foe, and Horne Tooke. On a remnant of land in the neighborhood the Friends have built a coffee tavern and memorial hall.

Campoamor y Campoosorio, Ramon de, rä mōn dā käm-pō-a-mōr' ē käm-pō-ōso're-o, Spanish poet: b. Navia, 24 Sept. 1817; d. 11 Feb. 1901. He studied medicine at Madrid for a time, but gave it up for literary work. He also entered political life, was governor of Alicante and Valencia and became state counselor

under King Alfonso XII. in 1874. In politics he was a Conservative, and his views are expressed in 'Polémicas con la Democracia. His chief work was in poetry, and he is considered one of the greatest Spanish poets of the 19th century; his attitude of thought is distinctively modern, and the interest of his best writings centres in modern life and problems. His bestknown and most characteristic poems are the 'Doldras (1856), a collection of short pieces which he himself defines as "dramas taken direct from life"; Los Pequeños Poemas (1887), dealing with the "little things" of life; and the Humoradas (1890), a collection of epigrams. He has written also two long narrative poems, Colon (1853) in 16 cantos, and 'El Drama Universal, and shorter narrative poems which are much more successful, among which are: 'Los Buenos y los Sabios'; 'El Amor y el Rio Piedra'; 'El Trén Express'; 'La Nina y el Nido'; 'Los Grandes Problemas. His latest poems are 'Licenciado Torralba (1892); and Nuevos Poemas' (1892). He also wrote dramas, which did not prove successful on the stage. These include Dies Ira (1873); 'El Honor' (1874); and (Cuerdos y Locos' (1887). Among his prose writings are 'La Filsofía de las Leyes (1846); 'El Personalisimo) (1850); 'Lo absoluto (1862), giving most fully his philosophical system; El Idealismo) (1883); and 'La Poetica (1883), summarizing his theory of poetry.

Campobel'lo, New Brunswick, an island, eight miles long, in Passamaquoddy Bay, Char

lotte County. It is noted as a summer resort. Though copper and lead ores exist, the inhabi tants are chiefly engaged in the herring, mackerel, and cod fisheries.

Campodea, a wingless insect of the order Thysanura. Owing to its very primitive features it has been regarded by Brauer and by Packard as being the form nearest related to the probable ancestor of all insects. It is a little white insect living under stones. The body is long and narrow, each thoracic segment equal in size, the antennæ long and narrow, while the body ends in two very large, slender, manyjointed appendages. It is very agile in its movements and might be mistaken for a young centipede (Lithobius). Though allied to the bristle-tail (Lepisma) it is still more primitive. The mouth-parts have undergone some degeneration, being partly withdrawn within the head. It has a pair of short vestigial legs on the first abdominal segment. This and other features suggest its origin from some form with several pairs of abdominal appendages, similar to Scolopendrella. It is a cosmopolitan, and this, as well as its structure, suggests that it is an ancient form which has persisted to the present time.

Campos, Arsenio Martinez, är-sā'nē-o märte'neth käm'pōs, Spanish military officer: b. Segovia, Spain, 14 Dec. 1834; d. 3 Sept. 1900. He was graduated at the Military Staff School in Madrid and appointed a lieutenant in the army in 1858; served on the staff of Gen. O'Donnell and became chief of the battalion in the Morocco campaign of 1859; was on duty in Cuba with the rank of colonel in 1864-70; took part in suppressing the Carlist insurrection and was promoted brigadier-general in 1870; opposed the republic after the abdication of King Amadeus, and was imprisoned as a conspirator. Under a plea for permission to be allowed to serve as a private, he was released and given command of a division in the 3d Army Corps in 1874. In the next two years he was constantly fighting the Carlists, distinguishing himself at Las Munecas and Galdames and causing the noted siege of Bilboa to be raised. With Gen. Jovellar, he called Alphonso XII. to the throne; was made commander-in-chief of the Catalonia district, and crushed Don Carlos at Pena de la Plata in 1876. For these services he was promoted captain-general. In 1877 he was appointed commander-in-chief in Cuba, and brought the revolution to a close chiefly by means of concessions which, as minister of war and premier in 1879, he endeavored unavailingly to carry out. He was minister of war in 1881 and 1883, commander of the Army of the North of Spain in 1884-5, president of the Spanish senate in 1885; and captain-general of New Castile in 1888. In April 1895 he was appointed governor-general and commander-in-chief in Cuba, and in January 1896 he was recalled to Spain. He found the insurrection more formidable than he had anticipated, and his failure to pursue a vigorous war policy caused much dissatisfaction in Spain. On his arrival in Madrid he repeated his belief that the trouble in Cuba could only be ended by granting reforms.

Cam'pra, An'dra, French composer: b. Aix, Provence, 4 Dec. 1660; d. Versailles, 29 July 1774. He ranks among the most distin

guished composers of operas, his themes being classical love stories, notably The Triumph of Love'; The Amours of Mars and Venus'; 'Hippodamia'; etc.

Cam'pus Mar'tius (known also as Campus, merely) was a large place in the suburbs of ancient Rome, consisting of the level ground between the Quirinal, Capitoline, and Pincian hills, and the river Tiber. From the earliest times it seems to have been sacred to the god Mars, from which circumstance it received its name. It was originally set apart for military exercises and contests, as also for the meetings of the comitia by tribes and by centuries. In the later period of the republic, and during the empire, it was a suburban pleasure-ground for the Romans, and was laid out with gardens, shady walks, baths, etc.

Cam'pus Scelera'tus, a name given to a spot within the walls of Rome, and close by the Porta Capeña, where those of the vestal virgins who had transgressed their vows were entombed alive, from which circumstance it took its

name.

Camuccini, Vincenzo, vin-chěnt-zo kämoo-che'nē, Italian historical painter: b. Rome, about 1775; d. 1844. He followed the pseudo-classical style, and his pictures are of large size. Among his best-known works are 'Death of Cæsar'; 'Death of Virginia); (The Incredulity of Thomas'; 'Horatius Cocles'; and 'Death of Mary Magdalene.' He also excelled in portraits.

Camus, Armand Gaston, är-män gås-ton, French revolutionist: b. Paris, 2 April 1740; d. 2 Nov. 1804. A zealous and ascetic Jansenist, and a master of ecclesiastical law, he was elected advocate-general of the French clergy, and in 1789 member of the States-General by the people of Paris. He now appeared as the resolute foe of the ancient régime, gained possession of and published the so-called 'Red Book,' with its details of expenditures so disadvantageous to the court and its ministers. He was absent in Belgium during the king's trial, but sent his vote for death. He was made member, and afterward president, of the Council of Five Hundred, but resigned in May 1797, and devoted his time to literature.

Cam'wood, Barwood, or Ringwood, a red dye-wood (Baphia nitida) obtained in Brazil and also in Africa. It once was common in the neighborhood of Sierra Leone, and was also found in Tonquin and other parts of Asia.

This wood is of a very fine color, and is prin cipally used in turnery for making knife-handles and other similar articles. The dye, mordanted with alum and tartar, obtained from it is brilliant, but not permanent.

Ca'na of Galilee, a town in Palestine, at no great distance from Capernaum, remarkable chiefly as having been the scene of our Lord's first miracle. It was there he turned water into wine (John ii. 1). It was also the city of Nathanael, and the place where Jesus was applied to by the nobleman from Capernaum on behalf of his dying son, and with a word effected the cure. A long-established tradition has identified it with a village bearing the name of Kefr Kenna, which lies about four miles northeast from Nazareth; but this has been disputed.

Canaan, kā'nān, the ancient name of the and the Land of Canaan, after one of the sons country west of the Jordan, called also Chanaan, of Ham. The Greeks applied the term Cana to the entire region between the Jordan and the Mediterranean up to Sidon, afterward termed by them Phoenicia, a name which by degrees came to be confined to the north coast district, or Phoenicia proper. Canaan is generally considered equivalent to the Land of Israel or Palestine. The term is so used in the Pentateuch, and in the early history of the Hebrews it was synonymous with the "Land of Promise." In certain passages in the Prophets the word seems to be restricted in meaning to the maritime plain of Palestine.

heathen peoples (Jebusites, Hittites, Amorites, Ca'naanites, the general name for the etc.) whom the Israelites found dwelling in Canaan (q.v.), west of the Jordan, and whom latterly they utterly subdued, though the subjugation was not quite complete till Solomon's time. They are believed to have been, in part at least, of kindred race with the Israelites; and some authorites find traces of their descendants

among the present inhabitants of Palestine. The name Canaanites was also applied in a more restricted sense to one of these peoples.

Canace, kǎn'ă-sē (1) In Greek mythology, a daughter of Eolus and Enarete, who was punished by death because of her unlawful passion for her brother; she is mentioned in Gower's Confessio Amantis,' and in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale. (2) In Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale' the daughter of King Cambuscan.

1. Canada, Dominion of. Outline History and Political Development (1534 to 1910). When the Dominion of Canada came into existence in 1867 the word "Canada" received a wholly new signification. Its origin is doubtful but it was applied loosely in the early time to the regions occupied by France on the Saint Lawrence, called by the French themselves New France. When in 1763 France surrendered her North American territory to England the term "Canada" was commonly used for the new British dominions. In 1774 these dominions, including part of the Canadian Northwest and what is now the northern tier of western American States, were officially called the "Province of Quebec." Canada does not appear technically until 1791, when the name was used in a constitution given to Upper and Lower Canada, practically the Quebec and Ontario of the present time. Later these Provinces were known as Canada East and Canada West. Not until 1867 did Nova Scotia and New Brunswick become a part of Canada. In considering the history of Canada as we now understand the word, it is important to remember that it includes a separate record of detached provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower Canada, Upper Canada, etc., until 1867.

In the succeeding articles the epochs in Canadian development are treated in detail. It is sufficient here to outline the chief phases of Canada's history. The first of these, the age of discovery in the 16th and early 17th centuries, has received much attention, but there is still great obscurity as to the range of French effort on the Saint Lawrence. Jacques Cartier (q.v.) and Champlain (q.v.) are the most honored names in this pioneer work. Though few details are known, an extensive fur trade and fishing industry existed in the Saint Lawrence region long before the end of the 16th century. Early in the 17th century French trading companies were fighting for the monopoly of this trade.

The second epoch is that of French colonization and exploration until the final struggle with Britain for the country. When the first pioneer efforts were over France undertook the serious work of colonization, with Quebec as her centre of influence. Her aim was to transplant French social life to North America. Huge grants of land were given to seigniors who were to play the parts of lords in Canada, with vassals looking to them for light and leading and paying rent for the land which they occupied. The system was wholly uncongenial to the new world, but it survived during the whole period of French supremacy and is a picturesque and interesting if not a successful feature of French colonization. See CANADA-SEIGNIORIAL TEN

URE.

The first permanent settlement apart from

trading posts occupied only in the summer was at Port Royal, now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia. Here the French planned really to till the soil and develop the country. From the first the colony had a terrible struggle for life. In 1614 the English from Virginia destroyed it and after it was restored to France in 1632, the adjacent American colonies were always planning to drive out the French. After a chequered history they at last succeeded in 1710, during the reign of Anne, in taking final possession of the Colony, and it became Annapolis. The quiet village of the present day was thus the object of strife between two nations for well nigh one hundred years.

Samuel de Champlain was one of the pioneers at Port Royal, but in 1608 he turned to the Saint Lawrence and made the beginnings of Quebec (q.v.), long the centre of political and commercial life in Canada. By instinct Champlain was an explorer. Like others of that and a later time he hoped that the Saint Lawrence would in some way lead to a water route to China. To Lake Huron and Lake Ontario Champlain penetrated, but the obstacles were enormous. The Iroquois Indians were hostile to the French from the first, and it is hardly strange that with their menace added to the natural difficulties Champlain could do but little to lift the veil from the North American interior.

Nor was he left free from European rivals. The English followed the French to the Saint Lawrence. Quebec they attacked and captured in 1629, and over it the English flag floated for three years. When in 1632 France recovered the place the fortunes of Canada were committed to a great commercial company. This Company of "One Hundred Associates" was to be lord of the land and to have in its hands the work both of trade and of settlement. In France it had the powerful support of Cardinal Richelieu, but when at Quebec in 1635 Champlain died, New France lost its ablest leader, and the Company the most effective exponent of its interests. In the end it failed. Both in India and in America in the 17th century the French commercial companies failed where their English and Dutch rivals succeeded.

After 1635 Canada was the scene of varied activity. It was an age of religious zeal in Europe, and the Jesuit and other missionaries planned to convert and control the savage native tribes of the country. In what is now Northern New York, in Ontario, and in Quebec the missionaries did heroic work. Since the French missionaries were the friends of the Huron tribe, the relentless Iroquois bent on destroying the Hurons, pursued the French too. By 1649 the Huron settlements and the French missions were alike destroyed, and the French were driven back for a time to their base at Quebec. They had founded Montreal in 1640,