moderator. He was also the originator of the sustentation fund, out of which the ministers of that body are principally supported. Having vacated at the Disruption his professorial chair in the Edinburgh University, he was appointed, on the establishment of a new college in connection with the Free Church, to the offices of principal and primarius professor of divinity in that institution. The energy which made Chalmers remarkable as an orator was infused into all his practical undertakings; and in the social and religious movements which he inaugurated he has left his mark in the history of his country. His published works are very numerous, embracing sermons, tracts, essays, works on political economy, the parochial system, church establishments, etc. They exhibit the energy of conviction, together with a breadth and profundity of view, which, though many of his theories have not been accepted by other thinkers, will always make them a rich mine of suggestion and instruction to inquirers into the complicated relations of human society. See Lives,' by Hanna (1849-52); Fraser (1881); Mrs. Oliphant (1893); Blaikee (1897).

same

Châlons-sur-Marne, shä-lôn sür märn, France, a city and capital of the department Marne (Champagne), 107 miles east of Paris. It lies on the right bank of the Marne, here crossed by a stone bridge of three arches, built in 1787. Low walls now supply the place of the old ramparts, the entrance being by six gates, which open to six main roads. The principal public buildings are the cathedral, restored by Louis XIV. after having been destroyed by fire in the 13th century; the church of Notre Dame, of the 12th and 13th centuries, and since restored; the Hotel de Ville, built in 1772; the Hotel de la Prefecture, built in 1764, one of the finest buildings of the kind in France; public library, containing 30,000 volumes; museum, hospital, etc. There is a promenade, occupying about 18 acres, formerly planted with superb elm trees, which the Germans cut down for fuel during the Franco-Prussian War. Chalons is the seat of a bishopric, and of one of the schools of arts and trades, where 300 pupils are maintained and instructed at the public expense. There are manufactures of woolen and cotton goods; cotton mills, tanneries, etc. Châlons was fortified and embellished by the Romans. Christianity was preached here about the year 250. In 451 Attila was defeated before its walls. From the 10th century it formed a kind of independent state, governed by its bishops, till 1360, when it was united to the crown. A celebrated camp was established by Napoleon

III. at the distance of about 18 miles from

Châlons for the purpose of training the French troops. In 1870 the town was occupied by the Germans after MacMahon's withdrawal. Pop.

about 27,000.

Châlon-sur-Saône, sür son, France, a town in the department of Saône-et-Loir, 33 miles north of Macon, at the commencement of the Canal du Centre. It is situated on the Saône, here crossed by a bridge of five arches, communicating with the suburb of St. Laurent. It is irregularly built, and is surrounded by a wall and the remains of ancient fortifications. The public buildings include the church of St. Vincent, built in 1386-1440, a library with 22,000

CHALYBEATE WATERS

volumes, a gallery of painting, etc. Châlon is the seat of a tribunal of first resort and of commerce, and has a communal college. There are foundries, dye-works, manufactories of leather, cloth, glass, etc., and a considerable trade in grain, flour, and wines. The Saône becomes navigable for steamboats here, and there is steamer connection with Lyons. Cæsar had grain magazines at Châlon, and it became the capital of Burgundy under Gontran. In 1273 Edward I. of England, being invited to a tournament here on his return from Palestine, attended with 1,000 men-at-arms; and some disputes having arisen, the English attacked the French, killed a great number, and left the tilting-ground strewed with the dead. This event is known as "the little war of Châlon." The town suffered considerably from the civil wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, and from the invasion of the allies in 1814. Pop. about 26,630.

which contain salts of iron in sufficient quantity Chalybeate (ka-lib'e-āt) Waters, those to give them a special value in the treatment of cases of anæmia, etc. Iron or steel waters are not the only mineral waters in which some form of iron is found. Indeed in nearly all this ingredient exists, but in very many in such small quantity, while other ingredients are so conspicuous, that the character of the water can hardly be supposed to be affected by that metal. Those springs most successfully resorted to contain from one third to nine tenths of a grain of iron, in the form of carbonate, Some springs are classed as in 16 ounces. iron springs which contain barely one fifth of a grain in 16 ounces of water. called pure iron springs are those which contain but a few grains of dissolved solids, a salt of iron existing to some appreciable amount; compound iron springs contain moderate quantities of other salts, such as Epsom and Glauber's salts, common salt, sulphate of lime, besides being rich in carbonic acid gas. The reason for the use of iron waters is that iron is a necessary ingredient of the blood, and in certain conditions promotes the formation of

blood.

What are

Small doses only should be employed, as excess may irritate the stomach and bowels and produce constipation. It has been found most useful in cases that iron springs are of poverty of blood quickly produced, for example, by loss of blood by bleeding from the nose, or from wounds; by drain occurring from the blood, owing to diarrhoea, suppuration, and other profuse discharges; in cases of chlorosis in young girls; and in poverty of blood dependent on acute disease, in which cases they materially promote convalescence. Iron springs are also used in disorders of menstruation, espeand poverty of blood due to residence in tropicially in its suppression; in malarious conditions cal countries; and in neuralgia, sterility, and impotency due to enfeebled conditions of general health. In such cases as these last the improvement is not so rapid, and is often best promoted by waters which, besides the iron, contain marked quantities of other ingredients, like common salt. It is chiefly in the form of carbonate that the iron exists, and this is the best form for administration. The presence of carbonic acid gas in the water keeps the carbonate of iron in solution, and when the water

versity, Worcester, Mass. He has written The Child and Childhood in Folk-Thought (1896); 'The Child; a Study in the Evolution of Man' (1900); and many essays on similar topics.

Chamberlain, Basil Hall, English Japanese scholar: b. Southsea 18 Oct. 1850. He is a grandson of Basil Hall (q.v.). He is emeritus professor of Japanese and philology at the Imperial University of Tokyo, and has published The Classical Poetry of the Japanese (1880); Translation of the Kojik (1883); A Romanized Japanese Reader) (1886); Language, Mythology, and Geographical Nomenclature of Japan in the Light of Aino Studies' (1887); Luchuan Grammar 1895); Handbook of Colloquial Japanese'; 'Things Japanese.'

Chamberlain, Daniel Henry, American lawyer: b. West Brookfield, Mass., 23 June 1835 d. 13 April 1907. He graduated at Yale in 1862, and at Harvard Law School in 1863. In 1864 he was commissioned lieutenant in the 5th Massachusetts colored cavalry, served in Maryland, Louisiana, and Texas, and was promoted captain. In 1866 he settled as a cotton planter in South Carolina. Upon the call for a constitutional convention, he was chosen a delegate, and was subsequently elected attorney-general, a position he held for four years. From 1872 to 1874 he practised law at Columbia, S. C. He was governor of the State 1874-7. Though renominated in 1876 and reinaugurated in January 1877, his election was contested by Wade Hampton, the Democratic candidate for governor. After the inauguration of President Hayes, both contestants were invited to a conference at Washington, which resulted in the U. S. troops (which had been sent to support_Chamberlain) being withdrawn from South Carolina, and Gov. Chamberlain withdrawing his claim to election. He resumed law practice in New York city until his retirement to West Brookfield, Mass. He has published several addresses and pamphlets, the latest of which is Charles Sumner and the Treaty of Washington' (1902).

Chamberlain, Henry Richardson, American journalist: b. Illinois 25 Aug. 1859. He engaged in journalism in Boston and New York, being managing editor of the New York Press in 1888, and of the Boston Journal in 1891, and since 1892 has been London correspondent for the New York Sun. He has published 'Six Thousand Tons of Gold' (1894).

Chamberlain, J. Austen, English politician, son of Joseph Chamberlain, (q.v.): b. 1863. He was educated at Rugby, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was Civil Lord of the Admiralty 1895-1900, financial secretary to the Treasury 1900-2, postmaster-general 1902-3

and since 1903 has been chancellor of the exchequer.

Chamberlain, Jacob C., American missionary: b. Sharon, Conn., 13 April 1835. He graduated at Western Reserve College 1856; studied at the Dutch Reformed Church theological seminary 1859, and also took a medical degree at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. In December 1859, he went as a medical missionary to southern India, and has resided in the Madras presidency ever since, with the exception of three visits to the

United States. He established a hospital and dispensary at Madanapalli 1868, and another at Palamanair 1872. He translated the Reformed Church liturgy into Telugu Madras 1873), and also 'Hymns for Public and Social Worship (1884). He has written 'The Bible Tested'

(1878; 7th ed. 1885); (Native Churches and Foreign Missionary Societies> (1879); Winding up a Horse; or Christian Giving) (1879); Break Cocoanuts Over the Wheels: or All Pull for Christ' (1885).

Chamberlain, Joseph, English statesman: b. London July 1836. He was educated at University College School, and entered his father's screw factory at Birmingham, from which, however, he retired in 1874. He had by this time acquired considerable celebrity as a Radical politician. In 1868 he was appointed a member of the Birmingham towncouncil, was mayor of Birmingham from 1873 to 1876, and chairman of the Birmingham school-board from 1874 to 1876. After unsuccessfully contesting Sheffield against Mr. Roebuck in 1874, he was returned for Birmingham without opposition in June 1876. He soon made his mark in Parliament, and on the return of the Liberals to power in 1880 was appointed president of the Board of Trade, with a seat in the cabinet. To Mr. Chamberlain's exertions was due the passing of the Bankruptcy Bill, but his efforts to amend the Merchant Shipping Acts were unsuccessful. Meanwhile his influence was increasing rapidly outside the House; he came to be regarded as the leader of the extreme Radical party, and enunciated schemes for the regeneration of the masses which were based on the doctrines of the "restitution" of land and the "ransom" of property. During the last hours of Mr. Gladstone's government he was understood to be opposed to the renewal of the Irish Crimes Act; and during the general election of 1886 he was most severe in his strictures on the moderate Liberals, and produced an "unauthorized" programme (in opposition to that of Mr. Gladstone), which included the readjustment of taxation, free schools, and the creation of allotments by compulsory purchase. He was returned free of expense by the western division of Birmingham. On 1 Feb. 1886 he became president of the Local Government Board, but resigned on 26 March, because of his strong objections to Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule measures for Ireland, and after the "Round Table" conference had failed to reunite the Liberal party he assumed an attitude of uncompromising hostility to his old leader's new policy, and was bitterly assailed by Home Rulers as a renegade. He became leader of the Liberal-Unionists when the Duke of Devonshire went to the Upper House. Lord Salisbury sent him to Washington as commissioner on the Canadian fishery dispute, and from 1895-1903 he was colonial minister in the Unionist Cabinet.

In that capacity his chief aim was to unite more closely the colonies with the mother country. During his tenure of office he had various difficult matters to handle, such as the negotiations concerning the "Jameson raid" on the Transvaal in December 1895, and the French claims in West Africa. On news of the "raid" being received, Mr. Chamberlain at once repudiated all connection with it on the part