labors into the upper territory. To carry this object into effect, Father Junipero Serra, a very energetic and zealous member of the order, was, in 1768, appointed President of all the Missions to be established in Upper California. This holy man, who was the real founder of civilization in the territory now owned by the State, in company with sixteen monks from the convent of San Fernando, in the City of Mexico, proceeded to carry out the objects of the Viceroy, which were to establish missions at Monterey, San Diego, and San Buenaventura. Expeditions were at once arranged to take possession of the country, both by sea and land; the ships to be used to carry all the heavy materials and supplies, and the land party to drive the flocks and herds. The first vessel, the San Carlos, in command of Don Vicente Vilal, left Cape St. Lucas (Lower California) on the 9th of January, 1769, bound for San Diego, and was followed by the San Antonio, commanded by Don Juan Perez, on the 15th of January. A third vessel, the San José, was dispatched from Loretto, on the 16th of June.

The sufferings of the "pioneers" on board these vessels afford a striking contrast to the security, comfort and rapidity enjoyed by the voyagers to and from California in the present day. The San Carlos arrived at San Diego on the 1st of May, with the loss of all her crewexcept the officers, cook, and one sailor-through scurvy, thirst, and starvation. The San Antonio arrived on April 11th, with the loss of eight of her crew by scurvy. The San José was never heard of after leaving Loretto.

The land expedition was formed into two divisions. Don Gaspar de Portala, who had been appointed Military Governor of the new territory by Don José de Galvaez, the special agent of the King of Spain, appointed Captain Rivera y Moncado to take charge of the first; the Governor himself taking charge of the second. Rivera and his party, consisting of Father Crespo, twenty-five soldiers, six muleteers, and a party of Indians from Lower California, started from Villacata on the 24th of March, 1768, and arrived at San Diego on the 14th of May. This was the first white settlement in Upper California.

Father Begart, a German Jesuit, who lived for many years in Lower California, on the expulsion of his Order from that territory, returned to Manheim, his native place, where, in 1773, he published an "Historical Sketch of the American Peninsula of California," in which he states that no white man had ever lived in Upper California until the year 1769.

The second division, accompanied by Father Junipero, started from Villacata on the 15th of May, and arrived at San Diego July 1st.

The worthy father organized the mission on the 16th of July; and the first native Californian was baptized on the 26th of December.

On the 14th of July, Governor Portala, accompanied by Fathers Juan Crespi and Francisco Gomez, and fifty-six white persons, including Captain Rivera, a sergeant, and thirty-three soldiers, Don Miguel Constanzo, engineer, a party of emigrants from Sonora, and a number of Indians from Lower California, started out to find Monterey, for the purpose of founding the mission there. By some means or other, they did not find the bay of Monterey; but, continuing their wanderings to the north, they, on the 25th of October, 1769, discovered the gem of the Pacific-the bay of San Francisco, one of the finest harbors in the world, so securely land-locked and sheltered that none of the keen explorers who had been within a few miles of it, had succeeded in discovering its entrance. Having given the bay the name of San Francisco-the titular saint of the missionaries-the party returned to San Diego, which they reached on the 24th of January, 1770, after an absence of six months and ten days.

Some writers credit Father Junipero Serra with the discovery of this beautiful bay; but there are no good reasons for believing that he ever saw it for nearly six years after its discovery. His name is not included in the list of those who accompanied Governor Portala, whose party made the discovery. On the contrary, it is distinctly stated by Father Palou, the chronicler of the missions, that "Father Junipero, with two other missionaries and eight soldiers, remained behind at San Diego."

It was discovered soon after their return, that the provisions on hand were only sufficient for a few weeks, with little prospect of relief, unless a vessel, then several months overdue, should make her appearance. It was decided that, if she did not arrive before the 20th of March, the party would return to the missions in the lower territory, and abandon the upper one. The arrangements were completed for this purpose when, on the 20th, the San Antonio made her appearance, or California would have been abandoned, and the most important events in her history would never have been written.

Scarcely any importance appears to have been attached to the discovery of the grand bay in which the ships of all nations have since found wealth and safety. It was upwards of six years before any attempt was made to found a mission on its shores.

THE CHANGES IN ITS BOUNDARIES.

As explained in a preceding portion of this chapter, the name California, was originally applied either by Grixalva to the peninsula of Lower California, under the supposition that it was an island, or by Bernal Diaz, to a bay in the same vicinity. Through causes which do not come within the province of our purpose to explain, in the course of the century succeeding its adoption, this mysterious name of California, which has since attracted the attention of the whole civilized world, had spread to such an extent that it embraced the entire continent to the north, as far as the arctic circle, as well as a considerable portion of the territory on the south of both the points to which it is claimed to have been originally applied.

In 1536, we find it applied by the Spaniards to the southern portion of the great peninsula which extends on the western side of North America, and to the whole Pacific Coast, from the 32d degree of north latitude to the limit of the frigid zone. Subsequently, they caused it to include that portion of the continent northwest of Mexico, and extending east to Canada; claiming the whole country by right of a Pope's bull.

Nor were the Spaniards the only nation that aided in extending the dominion of the name of California. Jean Bleau, a famous Dutch geographer, published an extensive work on the geography of the Pacific coast, in 1662, at Amsterdam, in which he includes, under the name of California, the whole coast from the northern boundary of South America to Behring's straits, (then called the straits of Anian,) This application of the name was followed by many French, Spanish, English, German, and Russian writers on geography, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Until as recently as 1750, Kodiack, a portion of the late Russian territory of Alaska, was included in California, in many works published relating to the Pacific and northwest coast.

Yet, notwithstanding that it denominated so extensive a section of the North American continent, it was not until towards the close of the eighteenth century, that the name of California began to be generally known in Europe or the United States-being considered of so little importance as to be rarely mentioned, except by writers on geography.

In a map of the world, published in the year 1554, at Venice, a copy of which is in the Odd Fellows' Library at San Francisco, the continent of North America unites with Asia, the river Colorado is shown as having its source in the mountains of Thibet, and empties into the Gulf of California, after meandering through the continent for more than fifteen thousand miles.

On English maps, published as recently as 1750, California is represented as an island, extending from Cape St. Lucas to the forty-fifth degree of latitude. It was not until Father Begart's book on California was published at Manheim, in 1771, that California was known to be a portion of the American continent by geographers, and many years after it was still referred to as a peninsula.

Towards the close of the seventeenth century, the Spaniards had lost a considerable portion of their loosely held territory, by the encroachments of the British, Russians, and Americans, on its northern and northeastern borders, as well as by absolute abandonment, so that for nearly a hundred years, the boundaries of California proper, included only the peninsula known as Lower California, and the strip of country embraced within a line arbitrarily drawn from the head of the Gulf of Mexico to the shore of the Pacific Ocean, considerably to the south of the present harbor of San Diego.

After the settlement of the territory north of the peninsula, by the missionaries, in 1769, it being considered a portion of the same country, inhabited by the same race of people, it was again called California, but distinguished from the older territory by being called New, or Upper California. It had been recognized for several years previously as New Albion, a name given to it by Sir Francis Drake, who, while on an exploring expedition on the coast, in 1759, took possession of the country in the name of Queen Elizabeth of England. Many of the English writers described it as "Drake's Land, back of Canada." It is a portion of this Upper California, or New Albion, this land "behind Canada," which now forms the flourishing State of California.

The boundaries of the new territory thus re-acquired by Spain, through the services of the missionaries, was never very accurately defined until its purchase by the United States from Mexico, which had acquired it by the "right of revolution." The missionaries, from 1796 till about 1820, were literally "monarchs of all they surveyed"— no one questioning their pretensions. When La Pérouse visited the country, in 1786, the authority of the military governor of the two Californias extended over about eight hundred leagues. Although under

the control of a military officer, the territories were purely religious colonies. There were no settlements outside of the twenty-one missions which then existed at different points along the coast, none of which were located more than a few miles from the sea.

In 1835, according to Forbes, the British Consul on the coast at that time, the boundaries of Upper California, under the control of the missionaries and early settlers, were about five hundred miles in length

by an average breadth of about forty miles, forming an area of about twenty thousand square miles, or thirteen millions of English statute acres. No settlements had been attempted in the foot-hills at that date.

When the United States commenced negotiations for the acquisition of the territory, California was considered as including the peninsula and the territory extending from it on the Pacific coast, northward, as far as the southern limit of Oregon; Cape Mendocino, in latitude 40° 27′ being assumed by the United States as the extreme northern limit of the Mexican territory-though the government of that country claimed to a higher parallel of latitude, in accordance with a treaty made between the two governments in May, 1828. But the northern limit of the actual Mexican settlements in California, at that time, were San Francisco, in 37° 47′ north latitude, and longitude 122° 22′ west, and Cape St. Lucas, on the south, in 22°48' north latitude, and 109°47' longitude.

By the treaty between the United States and Mexico, of May, 1848, the territory obtained by the United States, extending eastward from the Pacific Coast was so extensive, and so little known, that the members of the Convention which assembled at Monterey in 1849 to frame a Constitution for the then embryo State of California, found it exceedingly difficult to decide how far they should extend the border of the new State into this terra incognita. The committee appointed for that purpose proposed to make the boundaries, the ocean on the west, Oregon on the north, Mexico on the south, and the 116th parallel of longitude on the east, which would have included about one half of the present State of Nevada, the territory of which, at that time, was supposed to be a barren, worthless wilderness. It was proposed by one member of the Convention to amend the report by adopting the line of separation between California and New Mexico, as marked on Fremont's map, which would have included a great portion of Utah, as well as the whole of Nevada. Another member proposed to amend the report by extending the eastern boundary to the 105th parallel of longitude, which would have included Nevada, Utah, and portions of Nebraska, as well as nearly the whole of Colorado. The matter, after considerable debate, was finally decided by adopting the following boundaries, which are those at present existing: "Commencing at the point of intersection of the 42nd degree of north latitude with the 120th degree of longitude west of Greenwich, and running south on the line of said 120th degree of west longitude until it intersects the 39th degree of north latitude; thence running in a straight line in a southeasterly