other southern counties contain as many, but there are a number of rancherias in each. There are also several reservations provided by the United States government for the protection of those who reside in counties in which the settlers object to their locating. The Superintendents of these reservations report the natives residing on them as being cheerful, contented and obedient, performing all the labor required of them in a satisfactory manner. Seven hundred and fifty of them, residing on the Tule River Reservation, in 1866, cultivated and gathered a crop of 10,000 bushels of wheat, 50,000 pounds of barley, and a large quantity of vegetables; dug a ditch five miles long, of sufficient capacity to convey water to irrigate the entire reservation; made a wagon road twenty-five miles in length, besides performing other less important labors in the neighborhood.

On the Round Valley Reservation, seven hundred of them raised 6,318 bushels of wheat, 1,127 bushels of barley, 8,000 bushels of corn, 2,150 bushels of oats, 1,500 bushels of potatoes, besides large quantities of vegetables, hay, etc. They also made 30,000 fence rails, with which they inclosed 2,700 acres of land; erected a barn, 70x60, with sheds on either side, 12x70; and two frame granaries, 40x60-cutting all the lumber for the same by hand.

On the Hoopa Valley Reservation, about six hundred of them raised a valuable crop of wheat and barley.

On the Smith River Reservation, about five hundred of them raised sufficient to maintain themselves.

There are other reservations in Los Angeles, Tehama, Klamath, Mendocino, and Fresno counties-each containing about 25,000 acres.

The above results would seem to prove, that under judicious management, these reservations may be made self-sustaining, while the Indians on them would be far more comfortable than when permitted to roam through portions of the State, where they can obtain subsistence by no other means than the charity of the inhabitants.

Having traced the condition and characteristics of the aborigines of California, from their discovery by the Spaniards, till they fell under the protecting care of the United States, it will be pertinent to the subject to make a few remarks concerning their origin, which is really the most remarkable chapter of their history, as well as that of the State.

The investigations of ethnologists and philologists who have studied the Hindoo, Chinese, and Japanese annals during the present century, have brought to light such a chain of evidence as to place beyond doubt that the inhabitants of Mexico and California, discovered by the Spaniards, were of Mongolian origin.

There is no real cause for surprise at such a discovery, when we remember that the Greeks and Romans-the compilers of our records of the world's early history-knew nothing of the countries west of the shores of Africa, or on the east, beyond the 120th degree of longitude west of Greenwich. It was not until the thirteenth century that Marco Polo discovered Japan, and more than a century after that event, before Columbus discovered America-literally a new world to the chroniclers of that history.

It was not until Magellan, on the 21st of October, 1520, made a passage through the straits that now bear his name, that the spherical form of the earth was demonstrated to the savans and philosophers of Europe. If they knew so little about the earth itself, it is not surprising that they knew so little about its inhabitants, as to compel us to seek for information concerning the early history of the aborigines of California, in countries which were ancient and civilized when Europe was inhabited by savages.

The Hindoo, Chinese, and Japanese annals all correspond in recording the fact, that about the year 1280, Genghis Kahn, a great Mongul Chief, whose name was a terror in Europe, at the same time, invaded China with hordes of barbarians from Tartary, and subjugated its people, whom his descendants hold in subjection at the present time. Having accomplished this object, he fitted out an expedition consisting of 240,000 men, in 4,000 ships, under command of Kublai Kahn, one of his sons, for the purpose of conquering Japan. While this expedition was on the passage between the two countries, a violent storm arose, which destroyed a great part of this fleet, and drove many of the vessels on to the coast of America. (The writings of Marco Polo contain much information concerning this event.)

Grotius says, "the Peruvians were a Chinese colony, and that the Spaniards found at the entry of the Pacific Ocean, on coming through the straits of Magellan, the wrecks of Chinese vessels."

There are proofs clear and certain, that Mango Capac, the founder of the Peruvian nation, was the son of Kublai Kahn, the commander of this expedition, and that the ancestors of Montezuma, of Mexico, who were from Assam, arrived about the same time.

But for the fanaticism of the Spanish priests, who destroyed all the Mexican records, when Cortes captured the city, there would be less obscurity on this interesting subject than exists at present.

Every custom of the Mexicans, described by their Spanish conquerors, proves their Asiatic origin. They had no written language, but kept their records by means of quipos-bundles of strings, with knots of

various colors-precisely similar to those used by the Chinese at that period. Their ceremonies-civil, military and religious-their music, weapons, names of their deities, food, ornaments, toys, their system of notation, and method for calculating time, their agricultural implements -even to the making of adobes-all were identical with those of China. The strange hieroglyphics found in so many places in Mexico, and from California to Canada, are all of Mongolian origin. Similar figures exist in Siberia, at Nepaul, in India, and in Thibet, which are known to have been made by the Mongolians. They were the usual signs made by that race to mark their subjugation of a country. Humboldt, many years ago, conjectured that these hieroglyphics were of Tartar origin. It is now positively known that they are.

But, by far the most interesting feature of these recent revelations about the ancient history of California and Mexico, is the strange fact that many of the Tartar invaders of these countries were Christians.

We have already shown the connection between the ancient Peruvians and Mexicans, and we must again refer to this connection to trace this fact. It is recorded by Vega, the best historian of Peru, that among the booty obtained by the Spaniards from the palace of the Incas, was a beautiful jasper, or marble cross, highly polished, three fourths of an ell in length, and three fingers in breadth, which was kept in the sacred chamber of the palace, and held in great veneration. (Vega-vol. ii: chap. 3.)

To account for this extraordinary discovery: Marco Polo says, there were many Nestorians in the service of Genghis Kahn, and it is probable that in the expedition sent to conquer Japan, a part of the troops were commanded by Nestorian officers. The mother of Kublia Kahn's brother, (the Kahns had many wives), who was uncle to Mango Capac― the first Inca of Peru-was a Christian. It is known that she had in her employ an English goldsmith of great skill, named William Bouchier, who made many of the gold and silver articles which fell into the hands of the Spaniards.

Humboldt refers to the Mexicans having some confused idea of Christianity-the origin of such ideas is here explained.

The New York Herald, in November, 1866, contains a communication from Mexico, concerning a discovery made by a person named Lyon, about three hundred miles to the north-east of Jalapa, of ruins of Christian places of worship, which had been abandoned before the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards. Among these ruins were found a statuette of a man, with the emblems of Christianity-the cross, lamb, etc.-carefully carved.

Grixalva, who was in Yucatan in 1518, states that there were many great stone crosses in the country at that time, and that the people The Spaniards, under Cortez, found many such

worshipped them. crosses in Mexico.

In the Odd Fellows' library at San Francisco, there is an old book, published at Loraine, in 1579, which contains many strange stories about this country-then called Quivera. This curious book, written in Latin, contains the following remarkable passage, when referring to the efforts made at that time to find the straits of Anian: "The soldiers of Vasquirus Coronatus, having found no gold in Vivola, in order not to return to Mexico without gold, resolved to come to Quivera (California); for they had heard much of its gold mines, and that Tatarraxus, the powerful king of Quivera, was amply provided with riches, worshipped the Savior's cross, and the memory of the Holy Virgin."

In the museum at St. Petersburg, there is a great collection of gold, silver, copper, and stone articles, obtained from the tumuli of the ancient Moguls, in Siberia, which are identical in design, workmanship, and materials, to similar articles found under like circumstances in Peru, Mexico, and California.

The observations of the expedition to Alaska, in 1867, revealed the fact that the inhabitants of the Alutian islands are of unquestionable Mongolian or Japanese origin-thus substituting verity for conjecture as to the probable origin of the aborigines of the Pacific coast.

The curious casas grandes, or large stone houses which are known to exist near Culiacan, Mexico, and along the Gila river, the cause of so much astonishment to all Americans who had seen them, are the very counterparts of buildings erected by Mongolians in Thibet, where they remain at the present time.

The armor belonging to Montezuma, which was obtained by Cortez, and is now in the museum at Madrid, is known to be of Asiatic manufacture, and to have belonged to one of Kublai Kahn's generals.

We could furnish an almost endless number of facts to support the belief, that the Indians whom the Spaniards found in California, were of Asiatic origin; but, as our work is not published as a history, we are compelled to restrict our remarks on this point. We hope, however, that we have furnished sufficient detail to excite the interest of the reader in the subject.

The Chinese, who have become so numerous in California since the discovery of gold, bear a striking resemblance to the Indians, and are known to be able to converse with them, in their respective languages, to an extent that cannot be the result of mere coincidence of expres

sion. This also furnishes a strong confirmation of what we have stated above.

In 1857, a gentleman named Henley-a good Chinese scholar, who acted as interpreter in the courts of this State for some time-published a list of words in the Chinese and Indian languages to show that they were of the same origin. From this list we make an extract as supporting our remarks :

Ti-yam, in the Indian language, is night. Ti-yam, in the Chinese, means the God of the moon, or night. Hee-ma, in Indian, is the Sun. Hee-ma, in Chinese, means the God of the Sun, or day. Wallae is a word commonly used among the Indians to designate a friend; it also means man. Walla, in the Hindostanee, means a man. Numbers of other words could be given, but the above are sufficient for our purpose. "Alta," the prefix which distinguishes Upper from Lower California, is a word of Mongolian origin, signifying gold.

In 1813 the British brig Forester, bound from London, England, to the Columbia River, fell in with a dismasted Japanese junk of about seven hundred tons burden, some one hundred and fifty miles off this coast, near Queen Charlotte's Island. There were three persons on board of her alive, who stated they had been eighteen months drifting about, during which time they had been in sight of the American continent, but were driven off by the winds and currents. In 1833, another Japanese junk drifted into the harbor of one of the Hawaiian Islands, having four of her crew alive, after being at sea for eleven months.

The early settlers in Oregon found the remains of a Chinese junk imbedded in the mud of the Columbia River, several miles from the coast. The Indians had a tradition about this junk-that it came "filled with strange men," many years previously, but nobody knew whence they came, or where they went.

These instances of Chinese and Japanese vessels reaching this coast so recently, is certainly a proof that they may have done so in earlier