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CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
SPAIN AND CIVILIZATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
General View-Transition from the Old to the New Civilization-His-
torical Sketch of Spain-Spanish Character-Spanish Society-
Prominent Features of the Age-Domestic Matters-The New
World-Comparative Civilizations and Savagisms - Earliest Voy-
ages of Discovery...
CHAPTER II.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
1492-1500.
PAGE.
Early Experiences-The Compact-Embarkation at Palos-The Voy-
age-Discovery of Land-Unfavorable Comparison with the Paradise
of Marco Polo-Cruise among the Islands-One Nature Everywhere-
Desertion of Pinzon-Wreck of the Santa María-The Fortress of
La Navidad Erected-Return to Spain-Rights of Civilization—The
Papal Bull of Partition-Fonseca Appointed Superintendent of the
Indies--Second Voyage-Navidad in Ruins-Isabela Established—
Discontent of the Colonists-Explorations of the Interior-Coasting
Cuba, and Discovery of Jamaica-Failure of Columbus as Governor-
Intercourse with Spain-Destruction of the Indians-Government
of the Indies-Diego and Bartolomé Colon-Charges against the
Admiral--Commission of Inquiry Appointed-Second Return to
Spain Third Voyage-Trinidad Discovered-Santo Domingo
Founded-The Roldan Rebellion-Francisco de Bobadilla Appointed
to Supersede Columbus-Arbitrary and Iniquitous Conduct of
Bobadilla Columbus Sent in Chains to Spain....
CHAPTER III.
DISCOVERY OF DARIEN.
1500-1502.
Rodrigo de Bastidas-Extension of New World Privileges-The Royal
Share-Juan de la Cosa-Ships of the Early Discoverers-Coasting
1
155
Darien
The Terrible Teredo-Wrecked on Española - Spanish
Money-Treatment of Bastidas by Ovando-Accused, and Sent to
Spain for Trial-He is Immediately Acquitted-Future Career and
Character of Bastidas-The Archives of the Indies-The Several
Collections of Public Documents in Spain-The Labors of Muñoz
and Navarrete-Bibliographical Notices of the Printed Collections
of Navarrete, Ternaux-Compans, Salvá and Baranda, and Pacheco
and Cárdenas..
183
CHAPTER IV.
COLUMBUS ON THE COASTS OF HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
1502-1506.
The Sovereigns Decline either to Restore to the Admiral his Government,
or to Capture for him the Holy Sepulchre-So he Sails on a Fourth
Voyage of Discovery-Fernando Colon and his History-Ovando
Denies the Expedition Entrance to Santo Domingo Harbor-Colum-
bus Sails Westward-Strikes the Shore of Honduras near Guanaja
Island-Early American Cartography-Columbus Coasts Southward
to the Darien Isthmus-Then Returns and Attempts Settlement at
Veragua-Driven thence, his Vessels are Wrecked at Jamaica-
There midst Starvation and Mutiny he Remains a Year-Then he
Reaches Española, and finally Spain, where he shortly afterward
Dies-Character of Columbus-His Biographers......
CHAPTER V.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE INDIES.
1492-1526.
....
Columbus the Rightful Ruler-Juan Aguado-Francisco de Bobadilla-
Nicolás de Ovando-Santo Domingo the Capital of the Indies-
Extension of Organized Government to Adjacent Islands and Main-
land-Residencias-Gold Mining at Española-Race and Caste in
Government-Indian and Negro Slavery-Cruelty to the Natives-
Spanish Sentimentalism-Pacification, not Conquest-The Spanish
Monarchs always the Indian's Friends-Bad Treatment due to Dis-
tance and Evil-minded Agents-Infamous Doings of Ovando—
Repartimientos and Encomiendas-The Sovereigns Intend them as
Protection to the Natives-Settlers Make them the Means of Indian
Enslavement-Las Casas Appears and Protests against Inhumani-
ties-The Defaulting Treasurer-Diego Colon Supersedes Ovando as
Governor-And Makes Matters Worse-The Jeronimite Fathers
Sent Out-Audiencias-A Sovereign Tribunal is Established at
Santo Domingo which Gradually Assumes all the Functions of an
Audiencia, and as such Finally Governs the Indies-Las Casas in
Spain-The Consejo de Indias, and Casa de Contratacion-Legislation
for the Indies..
202
247
THE GOVERNMENTS OF NUEVA ANDALUCÍA AND CASTILLA DEL ORO.
1506-1510.
Tierra Firme Thrown Open to Colonization-Rival Applications-Alonso
de Ojeda Appointed Governor of Nueva Andalucía, and Diego de
Nicuesa of Castilla del Oro-Hostile Attitudes of the Rivals at Santo
Domingo Ojeda Embarks for Cartagena-Builds the Fortress of San
Sebastian-Failure and Death-Nicuesa Sails from Veragua-Parts
Company with his Fleet-His Vessel is Wrecked-Passes Veragua―
Confined with his Starving Crew on an Island-Succor--Failure at
Veragua-Attempts Settlement at Nombre de Dios-Loss of Ship
Sent to Española for Relief-Horrible Sufferings-Bibliographical
Notices of Las Casas, Oviedo, Peter Martyr, Gomara, and Herrera-
Character of the Early Chroniclers for Veracity.
CHAPTER VII.
SETTLEMENT OF SANTA MARÍA DE LA ANTIGUA DEL DARIEN.
1510-1511.
289
Francisco Pizarro Abandons San Sebastian-Meets Enciso at Cartagena-
He and his Crew Look like Pirates-They are Taken back to San
Sebastian-Vasco Nuñez de Balboa-Boards Enciso's Ship in a Cask-
Arrives at San Sebastian-The Spaniards Cross to Darien-The River
and the Name-Cemaco, Cacique of Darien, Defeated-Founding of
the Metropolitan City-Presto, Change! The Hombre del Casco Up,
the Bachiller Down-Vasco Nuñez, Alcalde-Nature of the Office-
Regidor-Colmenares, in Search of Nicuesa, Arrives at Antigua-He
Finds Him in a Pitiable Plight-Antigua Makes Overtures to
Nicuesa Then Rejects Him-And Finally Drives Him Forth to
Die-Sad End of Nicuesa.... 321
CHAPTER VIII.
FACTIONS AND FORAGINGS IN DARIEN.
1511-1513.
The Garrison at Nombre de Dios-Subtle Diplomacies-Vasco Nuñez
Assumes Command-Enciso, his Life and Writings-The Town
and the Jail-Rights of Sanctuary-Valdivia's Voyage-Zamudio's
Mission-Expedition to Coiba-Careta Gives Vasco Nuñez his
Daughter-Ponca Punished-Jura, the Savage Statesman-Visit of
the Spaniards to Comagre-Panciaco Tells Them of a Southern
Sea-The Story of Valdivia, Who is Shipwrecked and Eaten by
Cannibals-Vasco Nuñez Undertakes an Impious Pilgrimage to the
Golden Temple of Dabaiba-Conspiracy Formed by the Natives to
Destroy Antigua-Fulvia Divulges the Plot-Darien Quieted-
Vasco Nuñez Receives a Royal Commission-Serious Charges—
Vasco Nuñez Resolves to Discover the Southern Sea before He is
Prevented by Arrest.....
337
CHAPTER IX.
DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
1513.
Departure of Vasco Nuñez from Antigua-Careta's Welcome-Difficulties
to be Encountered-Treacherous Character of the Country-His-
torical Bloodhounds-Ponca Reconciled-Capture of Quarequá—
First View of the Pacific from the Heights of Quarequá-The
Spaniards Descend to Chiapes-Take Formal Possession of the South
Sea-Form of Taking Possession-The Names South Sea and Pacific
Ocean-Further Discoveries-Perilous Canoe Voyage-Gold and
Pearls in Profusion-Tumaco Pacified-The Pearl Islands-The
Return-Teoca's Kindness-Ponca Murdered-Pocorosa Pacified-
Tubanamá Vanquished-Gold, Gold, Gold-Panciaco's Congratula-
tions-Arrival at Antigua..
CHAPTER X.
PEDRARIAS DÁVILA ASSUMES THE GOVERNMENT OF DARIEN.
1514-1515.
How the Discovery of a South Sea was Regarded in Spain-The Ene-
mies of Vasco Nuñez at Court-Pedrarias Dávila Appointed Gov-
ernor-Departure from Spain and Arrival at Antigua-Arbolancha
in Spain-Pedrarias Persecutes Balboa-The King's Requirement
of the Indians-Juan de Ayora Sent to Plant a Line of Fortresses
between the Two Seas-Which Work He Leaves for Wholesale
Robbery-Bartolomé Hurtado Sent to Bring in the Plunder-Dis-
astrous Attempts to Violate the Sepulchres of Cenú-Expedition
of Tello de Guzman to the South Sea-The Site of Panamá Discov-
ered-The Golden Temple of Dabaiba Once More-Gaspar de Morales
and Francisco Pizarro Visit the South Sea....
CHAPTER XI.
DARIEN EXPEDITIONS UNDER PEDRARIAS.
1515-1517.
Gonzalo de Badajoz Visits the South Sea-What He Sees at Nombre de
Dios-His Dealings with Totonagua-And with Tataracherubi-
Arrives at Natá-The Spaniards Gather much Gold-They Encoun-
ter the Redoubtable Paris-A Desperate Fight-Badajoz Loses his
Gold and Returns to Darien-Pedrarias on the War-path-He Strikes
Cenú a Blow of Revenge-Acla Founded-The Governor Returns Ill
to Antigua-Expedition of Gaspar de Espinosa to the South Sea-
The Licentiate's Ass-Robbery by Law-Espinosa's Relation-A
Bloody-handed Priest-Espinosa at Natá-He Courts the Acquaint-
ance of Paris-Who Kills the Ambassadors-Hurtado Surveys the
Southern Seaboard to Nicoya-Panamá Founded-An Aboriginal
Tartarus-Return of Espinosa's Expedition.....
358
386
412
CONTENTS.
xix
CHAPTER XII.
THE FATE OF VASCO NUÑEZ DE BALBOA.
1516-1517.
Affairs at Antigua-Different Qualities of Pacification-Complaints of
Vasco Nuñez to the King-A New Expedition Planned-Vasco Nuñez
Made Adelantado and Captain-general of the South Sea-Pedrarias
Keeps Secret the Appointment-Reconciliation of Balboa and Pe-
drarias-Betrothal of Doña María-Vasco Nuñez Goes to Acla-
Massacre of Olano-The Municipality of Acla Established-Mate-
rials for Ships Carried across the Mountains-Difficulties, Perils,
and Mortality-Balboa at the Pearl Islands-Prediction of Micer
Codro, the Astrologer-Rumored Arrival of a New Governor at
Antigua-Meditated Evasion of New Authority-The Infamy of
Garabito-Vasco Nuñez Summoned by Pedrarias to Acla-His
Journey thither-Trial and Execution...
CHAPTER XIII.
DECLINE OF SPANISH SETTLEMENT ON THE NORTH COAST.
1517-1523.
Dishonesty the Best Policy-Pedrarias Stigmatized-His Authority Cur-
tailed-Quevedo in Spain-He Encounters Las Casas-The Battle of
the Priests-Oviedo Enters the Arena-Business in Darien-The
Interoceanic Road Again-Its Termini-Pedrarias and Espinosa at
Panamá - The Licentiate Makes another Raid-The Friars of St
Jerome have their Eye on Pedrarias-The Cabildo of Antigua Shakes
its Finger at Him-Continued Attempts to Depopulate the North
Coast-Albites Builds Nombre de Dios-Lucky Licentiate-Arrival
and Death of Lope de Sosa-Oviedo Returns and Does Battle with
the Dragon-And is Beaten from the Field..
CHAPTER XIV.
GIL GONZALEZ IN COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA.
1519-1523.
Andrés Niño and his Spice Islands-Fails to Obtain Authority to Dis-
cover-Applies to Gil Gonzalez Dávila-Agreement with the King-
Royal Order for the Ships of Vasco Nuñez-Pedrarias Refuses to
Deliver Them-Gil Gonzalez Transports Ships across the Moun-
tains-Embarks from the Pearl Islands-Gil Gonzalez Proceeds by
Land and Niño by Sea-Visit to Nicoya-And to Nicaragua-The
Captain-general Converts many Souls-And Gathers much Gold-
Fight with Diriangen-Nicaragua Apostatizes-The Spaniards Ter-
minate the Discovery and Hasten to their Ships-Niño's Voyage to
Fonseca Bay-Return to Panamá...
432
460
478