with many facets, and other things being equal, the greater the number of facets, the more valuable is the diamond. The lapidaries of the east, however, sometimes multiply facets to hide imperfections of the stone. Rose diamonds have a flat base, above which are two rows of triangular facets, the six up. permost uniting in a point. Rose diamonds are made of those stones which are too broad in proportion to their depth, to be cut as brilliants. Stones still thinner are cut as tablediamonds. The art of sawing diamonds, when too thick in proportion to their surface, was invented by a Dutchman named Dalbeck in the beginning of the 19th century.

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The value of diamonds is variously estimated. The rule generally given is to square the number of carats the diamond weighs, and then to multiply by the price of a single carat. Thus, a rough diamond of 12 carats weight, one carat being estimated at £2, would cost 12 x 12 x 2 £288. The value of a diamond is much increased by its being cut, although the actual weight is diminished. Beyond a certain weight, no rule of calculation can be applied, owing to the limited number of purchasers, and the most fabulous values have been assigned to famous dia- 1, monds. The price of diamonds varies according to the supply and changes in fashion, and is now lower than formerly.

10

Diamonds.

the Koh-i-noor; 2, Regent or Pitt diamond; 3, Grand Duke; 4, 5, vertical and lateral appearance of the brilliant diamond; 6, 7, vertical and lateral appearance of the brilliant diamond before being recut; 8, 9, vertical and lateral appearance of rose-cut diamond; 10, 11, the table-cut diamond.

There is a way of falsifying diamonds by joining an under part of some other stone to an upper part of genuine diamond. Some varieties of sapphire, hyacinth, and topaz, are often passed off for diamonds. The first two may be distinguished by their greater specific gravity, the latter by its becoming electric when heated. Rock-crystal, and glass or "paste" imitations, are lighter than true diamonds, and less hard and brilliant. The best test of a genuine diamond is hardness. Care must be taken, however, to avoid breaking off its angles, in testing it by scratching other substances with it, as, though hard, it is somewhat brittle.

Some particular diamonds, from their unusual magnitude, or from circumstances of their history, are of such interest as to entitle them to notice. The collection of the late emperor of Brazil is said to contain an uncut diamond-the Braganza diamond-of the enormous weight of 1680 carats, or about 12 ounces; but it is suspected to be only a fine colorless topaz.-Among the largest diamonds known is that belonging to the rajah of Mattan, weighing 367 carats. It is egg-shaped, with an indented hollow near the smaller end. Many years ago, the governor of Borneo offered for it $500,000, two war-brigs fully equipped, a number of cannon, and a quantity of powder and shot. But the rajah refused to part with it, the fortunes of his family being supposed to be connected with it, and the Malays ascribing to water in which it has been dipped the power of healing all diseases. Perhaps the most famous diamond is the Koh-i-noor (q.v.), once a boasted possession of the great Mogul, and Low belonging to the queen of Great Britain. It is said to have weighed 900 carats in the rough; but now, after various cuttings, weighs 106 carats. The Orloff diamond, belonging to the Russian emperor, and which was once the eye of an Indian idol, is said to have weighed, when rough, 779 carats, but is now cut egg-shaped, and weighs 1943 carats.-The Regent diamond, or Pitt diamond, which weighs in its cut state 136 carats, is unrivaled in its limpidness and its form, its diameter and depth being nearly equal. It was found in Golconda, was brought from India by an English gentleman named Pitt, the grandfather of the first earl of Chatham, and by him sold to the duke of Orleans for £130,000. It decorated the hilt of the sword of state of the first Napoleon, was taken by the Prussians at Waterloo, and now belongs to the king of Prussia.-The Sanci diamond, weighing 106 carats, has a still more interesting history. It belonged to Charles the bold, duke of Burgundy, who wore it in his hat at the battle of Nancy, where he fell. A Swiss soldier found it, and sold it to a clergyman for a gulden. It passed into the possession of Anton, king of Portugal, who was obliged to sell it, the price being 100,000 francs; and it shortly afterwards became the property of a French gentleman named Sanci, whose descendant being sent as ambassador to Soleure, king Henry III. required the diamond as a pledge; but the servant who was carrying it to the king was attacked by robbers on the way and murdered, not, however, till he had swallowed the diamond. His master, fully confident of his faithfulness, caused his body to be opened, and found it in his stomach. This diamond came into the possession of the crown of England, and James II. carried it with him to France in 1688. Louis XV. wore it at his coronation.

Diaper.

In 1835, it was purchased by a Russian nobleman for half a million of rubles (£80,000). The Sanci diamond is said to have been the first diamond which was cut in Europe. See adjoining illus.

DIAMOND BEETLE, Curculio imperialis, a beetle or coleopterous insect of the tribe to which the name WEEVIL is generally appropriated, but remarkable for the splendor and exquisite beauty of its colors, in which it is thought to be unrivaled even among coleopterous insects. It is of a golden-green color, with two black longitudinal bands on the thorax, and several rows of depressed spots on the elytra (wing-covers), which exhibit a beautiful and sparkling green with intervals of black. It is a native of warm parts of South America.

DIAMOND HARBOR, the port of Calcutta for large ships, is situated on the left side of the Hoogly, about 30 m. below the capital, with which it is connected by an excellent road and by electric wires. As the adjacent country is swampy and unhealthy, the spot is marked only by a few native huts. The commercial value of the locality, however, is likely to increase.

DIAMOND NECKLACE, THE, a wonderful piece of jewelry, made in Paris about the year 1775, and intended for Madame Du Barry, the favorite of Louis XV. She, however, was excluded from court on the death of Louis (1774), and before the necklace was finished. After being made, this beautiful ornament, adorned with 500 diamonds, was discovered to be so costly that no one could purchase it. It was valued at 1,800,000 livres, which in present sterling money is equal to about £80,000.

The prince-cardinal de Rohan, a wealthy, vain, and profligate man, persuaded by a woman named De Lamotte, who waited about court, that the queen (Marie Antoi nette) regarded him with an eye of favor, became so infatuated with the idea that he was ready to do anything, however extravagant, in order to preserve this feeling in the queen. De Lamotte had stated to the cardinal that the queen was desirous of obtaining this glorious necklace, and that not having sufficient money just then, she would sign an agreement to purchase it if the cardinal would become security. The cardinal consented. The agreement was approved of and signed with the royal signature, as also with that of the cardinal, who, on the 1st Feb., 1786, carried off the treasure to Versailles, where it had been agreed the queen should send for it. On the following day, a person dressed in the uniform of one of the court valets, entered the apartments of the cardinal, and repeating as he entered the words, de par la reine, "in the name of the queen," he advanced to the table whereon the casket containing the treasure lay, and bore it away. In a few days De Lamotte, her husband, and the soi-disant valet, having all disappeared from Paris, were busily engaged separating the diamond necklace into portions, and selling them. The whole transaction had been a trick; the messages from the queen, verbal and written, were without foundation, the latter, indeed, being forged by the "valet," who was skilled in imitating handwriting. The plot was discovered by means of the maker of the diamond necklace, who, not receiving any money when the period of the first installment had arrived, went to court, demanding to know if the necklace had been delivered to the queen. In a few months the cardinal found himself in the Bastile, where those by whom he had been duped were already sent. In May, 1786, the trial of the prisoners was brought to a close. De Lamotte was branded on each shoulder with the letter V (for voleuse, thief), and was sentenced to be imprisoned for life. All the others were acquitted. The queen was falsely supposed by the populace of Paris to have been implicated in the plot, and the odium resulting from it was cast upon her, even at the last hour of her life.

DIAN'A, a Roman goddess, corresponding in most of her attributes to the Grecian Artemis. According to the myths, she was the daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and the twin-sister of Apollo. She was born, along with her brother, on Mt. Cynthus, in the isle of Delos, which till then had been a floating island, but was fixed by Neptune in its present place, that Latona might there give birth to her children in peace and safety from the persecutions of the jealous Juno. D. was worshiped by Greeks and Romans alike, as both a destroying and a preserving goddess. In the former capacity, she was represented as a full-grown virgin, armed with bow and arrows, with which she avenged herself on her enemies; as a preserving deity, she watched over the sick, and helped the unfortunate. Young girls, and women in childbirth, were the objects of her special care. She was herself beyond the allurements of love; and the ministers of her worship were vowed to lives of the strictest chastity. As sister of the sun-god Apollo, D. was regarded as the goddess of the moon; hence her Greek name Selene, and her Latin names Lucina and Phabe. Her worship was conducted with splendid rites in different cities. Her temple at Ephesus was one of the seven wonders of the world. In Tauris (the Crimea), she was propitiated with sacrifices of human victims; and before her statue at Sparta, the public scourging of the Lacedæmonian youth used to take place. In Arcadia, she was looked upon as the special patron of hunting and all sylvan sports, and as such was represented in Greek works of art as a tall and handsome maiden, with long hair floating down her neck, drawing an arrow from her quiver with one hand, and with the other holding in a struggling deer. As goddess of the moon, she wears a long robe reaching to her feet, and bears on her brow a crescent moon. See illus., MYTHOLOGY, vol. X., p. 352, fig. 13.

Diaper.

DIANA, TEMPLE OF, at Ephesus, a magnificent structure built at the public charge, and recorded one of the seven wonders of the world. Chersiphron was the chief architect. According to Pliny, 220 years were spent before it was completed. It was 425 by 225 ft., covering more than two English acres, supported by 127 columns of white marble, 60 ft. high, each weighing 150 tons, and presented by as many kings. On the night of the birth of Alexander, it was fired by Erostratus, an obscure person, who did it solely to secure immortality for his name, and ever since "the aspiring youth who fired the Ephesian dome outlives in fame the pious fool who built it." Having been rebuilt, it was again destroyed by the Goths, 256 A.D.

DIANE DE FRANCE. See page 906.

DIAN'E DE POITIERS, 1499-1566; Duchess of Valentinois and mistress of Henry II. of France. When but 13 years of age she was married to the count of Maulvner, grand seneschal of Normandy, by whom she had two daughters. Her father was condemned to death for favoring the escape of the constable de Bourbon, but her tears and her beauty so prevailed with Francis I. that the father's life was spared. She was a widow 32 years old when she became the mistress of Henry (then dauphin), who was but 13 years old. At that time the duchess d'Etampes was the favorite of Francis, and the two women ruled the court; but when Henry became king, Diane was the real ruler, and at once sent her rival into exile. Notwithstanding the beauty and the rights of his wife, Henry was controlled by Diane during his whole reign. After his death she disappeared from public sight.

DIAN'O, a t. of southern Italy, in the province of Salerno, 45 m. s.e. of the town of Salerno. It occupies a beautiful situation on an isolated hill overlooking the river Calore, and in the fertile vale of Diano. The commune has a pop. of about 6000.

DIANTHUS. See PINK.

DIAPA'SON, a term in music by which the ancient Greeks designated the octave. In modern music, D. is used to denote the range, or compass of the voice, or of an instrument. The French use the term as equivalent to pitch. D. is also the English name given to certain stops of pipes in the organ, of 8 ft. pitch, which are considered the fundamental stops, of which there are generally two-a stopped D. and an open D. on each manual. See ORGAN-BUILDING.

DIAPA'SON REGULATOR. The French, who give the name of diapason to the tuningfork, have lately made attempts to use that instrument in connection with clockwork, partly as a means of counting very small intervals of time. M. Duhamel made an arrangement in which a cylinder, by means of a screw-tapped end, was made to advance a little in the direction of the axis; this cylinder was covered with blackened paper, and was rotated by means of clockwork. A diapason had a style or marker, made of a small bit of pointed spring, fixed to the end of one of the prongs. On the diapason being sounded in the usual way, and the spring placed lightly against the cylinder, the style traced a sinuous white line on the black paper. The sinuosities became visible representatives of minute intervals of time, the prongs vibrating possibly hundreds of times in a second. M. Lissajous devised an electrical apparatus to prolong the vibrating of the prongs; but it was too complexed for practical use. M. Breguet then proposed clockwork for this purpose, superseding the pendulum and the spiral spring by a diapason. The diapason regulates the rate of motion of the train of wheels by the equability of the vibration of the prongs, while the train of wheels tends to increase the time during which the prongs vibrate and sound. An index carried by an arbor round a dial, may be made to count or record the vibrations. Breguet's experiments have gone as far as instruments giving 200 simple vibrations (100 double or to-and-fro vibrations) per second. There are means of making the diapason more or less acute in sound, or with a greater or less number of vibrations in a second, by mechanical treatment of the prongs: it can, by a proper distribution of metal, be made to yield any required note within certain limits; and thus, with the aid of the style, the paper, and the cylinder, it may be made to give a kind of visible existence to excessively minute intervals of time, such as th part of a second. Fuller details are given in Breguet's description of the apparatus in the Revue Chronometrique.

DI'APER (Ital. diaspro), a term derived from jasper or diasper (see letter D), which stone being much used in ornamenting jewelry, originated the Mid. Lat. name diasprus, for a texture ornamented or variegated in an analogous way. In textile manufactures, the term is applied to fabrics with patterns of geometrical regularity, such as are produced by the kaleidoscope, woven in their texture, and produced with shafts and heddles, without the Jacquard machine. In architecture, DIAPER-WORK, OF DIAPERING, is a kind of decoration applied to plane surfaces, and consists of a small pattern either of flowers, leaves, or arabesques, carved or painted. The flower, or other object, is generally inclosed in a small frame, and these frames, which touch each other at the edges, constitute in themselves a sort of mathematical diapering. When the pattern is carved, it is generally sunk; and when painted, it consists of a darker shade of the same color as the plane surface, by which the effect of shadow is communicated to it. DIAPRE is applied in heraldry to fields and charges, relieved by arabesque and geometrical patterns. These patterns were generally of a darker shade of the same

tincture. This being merely an ornamental device, not affecting the heraldic value of the objects to which it was applied, was generally left to the fancy of the painter.

DIAPHAN'OSCOPE (Gr. diaphanos, transparent; skopeo, I see), a dark box, suitably constructed for exhibiting transparent photographs or other pictures. It may or may not be furnished with a lens.

DIAPHORE'SIS (Gr.), the cutaneous perspiration, whence

DIAPHORET ICS, remedies to excite the secretions of the skin. The simplest of all D. are baths, which may be either warm baths of water, or of vapor, either simple or medicated. See BATHS. The most powerful of all, however, as regards educing perspiration, is probably the so-called Turkish bath, which consists essentially in the use of a sweating process, by means of air heated to a temperature of 140°, or even more. The following remedies, used internally, are powerful D.: antimony, ipecacuanha, opium (these three either singly or in combination); ammonia, and the carbonate or acetate of ammonia (spirit of mindererus), sarza, guiacum, dulcamara, and sassafras. On most of these substances, special articles will be found. A favorite formula is Dover's powder, consisting of a grain of opium, and a grain of ipecacuanha in each ten grains of the powder. This in doses of from five to eight grains, followed by warm drinks and plenty of blankets in bed, usually produces copious perspiration, and is very soothing and useful in many commencing inflammatory and febrile complaints. James's powder, in doses of from 3 to 8 grains, is often added to the above in domestic prescriptions; but neither of these medicines should be used rashly, as in certain states of the system they may prove dangerous; and they should never be given to very young children.

DIAPHRAGM (Gr. diaphragma, a partition). This is the name applied in anatomy to designate the transverse muscle which, in man and the mammalia generally, separates the cavity of the thorax or chest from that of the abdomen or belly. In form, it is nearly circular; it is fleshy at its edges, tendinous in its center, and ending in a point below. In front, it is attached to the ensiform cartilage of the sternum, or breast-bone; laterally, to the inner surfaces of the six lower ribs; and posteriorly, to two tendinous arches on either side, termed the ligamenta arcuata, and to the anterior surface of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebræ on the right, and only the second and third on the left side; these origins from the vertebræ forming two large fleshy bellies (termed the crura), which ascend to join the central tendinous portion. The D. presents three principal openings: one quadrilateral, in the tendinous center, for the upward passage of the inferior vena cava; one of an elliptic shape, formed by the two crura for the oesophagus and pneumogastric nerves; and a third for the aorta, the azygos vein, and the thoracic duct.

The diaphragm is in relation superiorly with the pleure and pericardium, inclosing the lungs and heart; inferiorly, on the left side with the stomach and spleen, on the right with the convex upper surface of the liver; posteriorly, with the kidneys and supra-renal capsules and the duodenum; and by its circumference with the ribs and intercostal muscles, with the sternum, and with the vertebral column.

It is convex superiorly, and concave inferiorly. When it contracts, its upward convexity approximates to a plane surface, and the cavity of the chest being thus enlarged, air rushes in to fill the partial vacuum, and expands the lungs during the act of inspiration. It is thus an inspiratory muscle, and is the sole agent in tranquil inspiration. The enlargement of the thoracic cavity caused by the contraction of the diaphragm, must obviously be associated with a corresponding diminution of the abdominal space. Hence this muscle, by its action on the abdominal viscera, aids in the expulsion of the fæces and urine.

Spasmodic action of the diaphragm produces hiccough and sobbing; and in laughing, the alternate contractions and relaxations of this muscle occur with increased rapidity. Stoppage of the action of the diaphragm, whether from great external pressure or from paralysis, is very speedily fatal.

DIAPHRAGM, a partition with a hole in it, employed, not only in landscape and portrait lenses for photography, but also in telescopes, microscopes, and other optical instruments, for the purpose of cutting off the superfluous rays of light, and producing greater intensity or sharpness of the image, as well as to correct aberration.

DIAPHRAGM SHELL. See SHELL.

DIARBEKIR, a t. of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a vilayet of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Tigris, at a short distance from the river, the intervening space being occupied by rich gardens; lat. 37° 55′ n., long. 39° 52′ east. The town, which is circular in shape, covers a considerable area, and is surrounded by high strong walls, flanked with towers, and pierced by four gates. The streets are dirty, and the houses for the most part are built of rough stone, plastered with a composition of mud and straw, but some of the better class are of black basalt. It has numerous handsome mosques, khans, and bazaars, and five Christian churches. Extensive manufactures of silk, cotton, and other goods, affording, with an active commerce between Aleppo and Bagdad, employment to about 40,000 families, were at one time carried on here; but the manufactures and trade have now greatly declined, and the population of D. does not amount to more than 8,000 families, 6,300 of whom are Turkish, the rest being Greek,