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cat tribe he is particularly successful in giving vivacity and vitality to the rapid furtive advance of the leopard or tiger. His principal works are 'Leopard Running'; 'The Prodigal Son'; 'Lioness defending her Cubs'; 'Polar Bears Swimming'; 'A Dead Hero'; 'The Jaguar'; 'Puma and Macaw (1900) Wounded Leopard'; 'Tigers 'Tigers Drinking, owned by Henry Frick, New York; Ceylon Leopards. In 1905 he was made a Royal Academician. Consult Baldry, J. M. Swan, R.A. (New York 1905).

SWAN, Joseph Rockwell, American jurist: b. Westernville, N. Y., 28 Dec. 1802; d. Columbus, Ohio, 18 Dec. 1884. He removed to Columbus, Ohio, in 1824 and was there admitted to the bar. He was prosecuting attorney in 1830-34, and judge of the Court of Common Pleas (1834-45). In 1854 he became judge of the Supreme Court and 1859 rendered his most important decision. The United States District Court in Ohio had sentenced a prisoner for violating the Fugitive Slave Law. Under a writ of habeas corpus the Supreme Court of the State sought to set aside the sentence, but it was sustained by Judge Swan, who declared that the State could not reverse the decisions of the United States courts. His publications include Treatise on Justices of the Peace and Constables in Ohio' (1836); 'Statutes of Ohio' (1841); 'Manual for Executors and Administrators (1843); 'Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law in Ohio and Precedents in Pleading' (1845); Swan's Pleadings and Practice' (1851); Commentaries on Pleadings under the Ohio Code' (1860).

SWAN, SIR Joseph Wilson, English inventor: b. Sunderland, 31 Oct. 1828; d. 1914. He invented the carbon process of making autotypes, and with Woodbury introduced Woodburytype. To him also is due the invention of the dry plate, which has revolutionized photography. His name is, however, best known in connection with a form of incandescent electric lamp devised by him, which was the earliest in date of the many electric lamps now in use. His other inventions include a miner's electric safety-lamp, and various improvements in photo-mechanical printing and electro-metallurgical deposition. He was a knight of the Legion of Honor, and in 189899 he was president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. He was knighted in 1904. SWAN, a sub-family (Cygnine or Olorida) of the duck family, characterized by great size and length of neck. The swans have the leg's (tarsi) short and reticulated, the front toes being strongly webbed, while the hind toe is not webbed, and has no lobe; and the loral region (between the eyes and the bill) is naked.

In the water the swans are the type of grace and beauty of figure, the long arched and flexible neck, the elevated wings, and their buoyancy and skill in turning and gliding over the surface, all contributing toward this effect. On land, however, the very posterior position of the legs renders them awkward and slow. Unlike the fussy ducks and geese there is a calmness and dignity about the behavior of swans which has always excited admiration and has caused these birds to figure much in poetic literature. Swans are generally quiet birds

and some appear to be constitutionally mute, but most of them possess the most powerful and sonorous voices, though none of the musical ability attributed by poets to their death song. These great vocal powers are due to the sounding apparatus developed by the coiling of the greatly elongated trachea within the sternum, much after the fashion of the same organ in certain cranes (q.v.). Not over 10 clearly marked species of true swans are known the world over and nearly every part of the world has its one or more species, for these birds are strong of wing and wide ranging. No species, however, breeds in Africa. They are arranged in four or five genera.

The North American swans belong to the genus Olor, distinguished from the typical Cygnus by purely technical characters. The two species, the whistling swan (O. columbianus) and the trumpeter swan (0. buccinator) are much alike in appearance, being chiefly white, but the latter is the larger, attaining a length of five feet and a spread of eight feet. And the tail contains 24 quill feathers, whereas the whistling swan has but 20. The former is the more widely distributed and the one usually seen on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, while the trumpeter swan is most characteristic of the Mississippi Valley, up and down which it migrates, breeding in the upper parts and wintering along the Gulf coast. The whistling swan breeds only in the far north entirely beyond the limits of the. United States. It winters in considerable numbers in Chesapeake Bay and the sounds of North Carolina. They associate with wild geese and like these feed largely upon water plants. On account of their large size they are considered great prizes among gunners, but the younger birds, distinguished by the duskiness of their plumage and their less brazen voices, are preferred for table use. The nests are on the ground and are lined with dried grass and down. The two to five eggs are about four and one-half inches long and of a yellowish-white color. Except for the differences resulting from its distribution and fresh-water habitat the habits of the trumpeter swan are essentially similar.

The common domesticated white or mute swan (Cygnus olor) is a native of Europe, Asia and Africa. Those of Great Britain are all of the introduced domesticated variety. The swan has, from a very early date, been especially protected by both legal and regal interference. In Henry VII's reign the theft of a swan's egg was deemed an offense punishable by a year's imprisonment; and the theft of a swan itself was very severely punished. Swans at a prior date were declared to be exclusively "royal" or "king's" property; and no subject was entitled to hold possession of these birds, save under special favor from the sovereign. To such subjects as possessed the permission to keep swans a special "swan" mark was attached, and this mark was cut on the bill of the birds as a distinctive badge of ownership. The process of marking is known as "swan-upping" or "hopping," and the ceremony in the Thames on the part of the Crown and of the Dyer's and Vintners' companies takes place on the first Monday in August. At the present time but few swanneries remain, but in some places cygnets are carefully raised and bred for the market and a few of these birds are kept for

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ornamental purposes in most large parks. Several other wild species occur in the Old World and one true swan in South America. black swan (Chenopsis atrata) is an Australian species, first discovered in 1698; the general plumage is black, the bill being deep red, the primary wing-feathers white and the trachea does not enter the sternum. It is well known

in the United States as an ornamental bird. Consult Beebe, C. W., 'The Swans' (in Tenth Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society, New York 1906); Stejneger, Proceedings U. S. Nat. Mus.' (Washington 1882); Newton, Dictionary of Birds' (Vol. IV, London 1896); Grinnell, American Duck Shooting (New York 1901).

SWAN, Knight of the, according to a legend of the lower Rhine, a knight who comes from an unknown country in a boat drawn by a swan, delivers a prince's daughter from her hated suitor and marries her himself, and afterward is obliged to leave her since in spite of his forbidding her to do so she inquires and learns his origin, her ignorance of which is the sole condition of his remaining with her. This fable, which has parallel forms in the earliest mythologies, is varied in many ways by the poets and story-tellers of the Middle Ages. Thus in the French variant Roman du Chevalier au Cygne,' Godfrey de Bouillon is the hero of the story. This version is followed by the unknown author of the tale 'Lohengrin'; while Conrad of Würzburg in his poem, The Swan Knight,' places the incident in the days. of Charlemagne. Consult Hagen, 'Die Schwanensage (1845); Müller, 'Die Sage vom Schwanen'; Jaffray, Two Knights of the Swan' (New York 1910); Newell, W. W., 'Legend of the Holy Grail (Cambridge, Mass., 1902).

SWAN, Order of the, an order of knighthood created in 1440 by the Elector Frederick II of Brandenburg. Its headquarters were in a monastery on a hill near Brandenburg and in Ansbach. It was composed of members of the nobility and its object was to encourage more enthusiastic homage to the Virgin Mary, and perseverance in works of mercy. The order was abolished at the time of the Reformation, but was revived by Frederick William IV of Prussia 24 Dec. 1843 in the form of a free association of men and women of all ranks and creeds for the purpose of alleviating the moral and physical misery of others. Consult Hanle, 'Urkunde und Nachweise zur Geschichte des Schwanenordens' (1874).

SWAN MAIDEN, The. See VALKYRIES. SWAN RIVER. See AUSTRalia, West. SWANEVELT, svän'ě-felt, Hermann, Dutch painter: b. Woerden, 1618; d. Rome, 1690. He set out for Italy when very young, carefully studied the scenery of its beautiful districts and, captivated by the pictures of Claude Lorraine, became a scholar of this famous master. He equaled, or perhaps surpassed, his master in his figures both of men and animals, and will always hold a first place among the greatest of landscape-painters. His etchings, 116 in number, partly of subjects of his own invention and partly of actual scenery, are very much admired. His pictures, even during his lifetime, brought very high prices.

SWANK, James Moore, American economist: b. Westmoreland County, Pa., 12 July 1832; d. 21 June 1914. He founded the Johnstown Tribune, 1853; was chief clerk Agricultural Department, 1871-72; secretary American Iron and Steel Association 1873-85. He is the author of 'History of Iron in all Ages'; 'Iron Making and Coal Mining in Pennsylvania,' and over 50 tracts on the tariff question.

SWANSEA, swon'sē, or ABERTAWE, Wales, an important seaport, capital of the county of Glamorgan, on the right bank of the river Tawe, at its mouth in Swansea Bay, 35 miles west-northwest of Cardiff. The town contains a fine town-hall with a Corinthian façade; the Royal Institution of South Wales, including a library, museum, etc.; a large building in which are housed the public library, art gallery and schools of science and art; a grammar, technical and other schools; the general hospital, a deaf and dumb institution, a blind asylum, etc.; remains of an ancient castle dating in its present form from the 16th century, though first built in 1099; and several public parks. The harbor is an excellent one with ample modern docks. The staple industries are the smelting and refining of copper, gold, silver and pyrites, which are imported for the purpose from many countries, the manufacture of tinplate and the working of iron, steel, zinc, nickel, lead and other metals. Chemicals, patent fuels and alkali are also made in considerable quantity, and there are flour-mills, shipbuilding yards, etc. Swansea is also a leading seaport, its imports average annual value $22,000,000, being chiefly the raw material for its metallurgical industries, wheat and other grains, sugar and timber; and its exports average annual value $30,000,000, mainly coal, coke and patent fuel, iron and iron and steel manufactures, wrought and unwrought copper and chemical products (dyestuffs, sulphate of copper and carbide of calcium). The vessels annually at the port have an average total tonnage entered and cleared of about 5,000,000 tons. Swansea has municipal tramways worked by electricity, and the town is served by the Great Western, London and North-Western, Midland and some local Welsh railways. The first charter of the borough was granted by King John, and subsequent charters were conferred by Henry III, Edward II, Edward IIJ and Cromwell. The copper industry of the town began to attain importance early in the 19th century, and since about 1830 the town has rapidly advanced in consequence of the development of this and other industries. Pop. 114,663.

SWANSON, Claude Augustus, American senator: b. Swansonville, Va., 31 March 1862. He was graduated at the Randolph-Macon College in 1885 and at the University of Virginia in 1886, afterward engaging in law practice at Chatham, Va. He served in Congress as a Democrat in 1893-1905, when he resigned after re-election, and in 1906-10 he was governor of Virginia. In 1910 he was appointed United States senator to fill the unexpired term of John W. Daniel; subsequently elected to that office for the terms 1911-17, 1917-23, 1923-29,

SWANTON, John Reed, American ethnologist: b. Gardine, Me., 19 Feb. 1873. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1896, later

studied at Columbia University and took his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1930. He has been ethnologist of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, since 1900. Author of "Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida' (1905); 'Haida Texts and Myths' (1905); Social Conditions, Beliefs and Linguistic Relationship of the Tlingit Indians' (1904-05); Tlingit Myths and Texts' (1909); Haida' (1911); Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and the Adjacent Coast of Mexico' (1911), etc. He is joint author of 'Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages) (1912); 'Anthropology in North America) (1915), etc. SWARTHMORE (swârth'mōr) COLLEGE, located at Swarthmore, Pa. It was founded by the liberal (or Hicksite) body of the Society of Friends, and was first opened in 1869. The main building was destroyed by fire in 1881, but was immediately rebuilt. The college now confers regularly but one baccalaureate degree, that of A.B. This was the original custom until 1874, when the practice of conferring the three degrees of A.B., B.S. and B.L., and the special degree of bachelor of science in civil engineering was adopted; in 1903 the college returned to its first practice. Courses in engineering and mechanic arts are offered, and provision is made for a special course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in civil engineering. The A.B. course includes certain prescribed studies, one major study in any one department in which three full years of college work must be completed, and electives to complete the required number of hours. The prescribed studies include English, Bible study, history or economics, at least one language and one science, and mathematics, or engineering, In the departments of biology, chemistry and physics courses are planned to prepare for the study of medicine. The degrees of master of arts and civil engineer are conferred for graduate work. Swarthmore has been from the first a coeducational college, being the second institution east of the Alleghany Mountains to offer instruction to men and women on absolutely equal terms. Though it is a small college, and not a university, it is especially well equipped for an institution of its size, especially in the science and engineering departments. It has a campus comprising more than 200 acres, bordered by the gorge of Crum Creek, and including the farm on which Benjamin West, the artist, was born. The chief buildings are Parrish Hall (the main building), Science Hall, the observatory, the two gymnasiums, the president's house and residences of the professors, Wharton Hall (a new dormitory). There are two fellowships and 17 scholarships. The productive funds amount to about $1,600,000 and the annual income to $170,000, the library contains 35,000 volumes, including the Friends' Historical Library. The students number 450 and the faculty about 50.

SWASTIKA, a symbol of the sun in the nature-religions of Aryan races from Scandinavia to Persia and India; and similar devices occur in monumental remains of the ancient Mexicans and Peruvians, and on objects exhumed from prehistoric burial mounds within the limits of the United States. The Swastika consists of a Greek cross, either enclosed in a circle the circumference of which passes through

its extremities, or with its arms bent back thus, and it is found invariably associated with the worship of the Aryan sun-gods (Apollo, Odin), it is believed to represent the sun. Consult d'Alviella, Eugène Goblet, 'La migration des symboles (Paris 1891); de Milloué Léon, Le Svastika) (in Annales du Musée Guimet, Vol. XXXI, Paris 1909); Wilson, Thomas, The Swastika, the Earliest Known Symbol and its Migration' (in United States National Museum, Annual Report, 1894, Washington 1895).

SWAT, swät, India, a territory or district of the Northwest Frontier Province, occupying the valley of the Swat River, north of Peshawar and south of Chitral. It was well known to the ancients, but seldom visited by Europeans until the uprising of the frontier tribes in 1895. It is a narrow valley between lofty mountains, and inhabited by industrious, liberty-loving Afghan tribes. Pop. about 40,000.

SWATOW, swä-tow', China, a treaty port in the province of Kwang-tung, situated at the mouth of the Han River, 175 miles northeast of Hongkong. The total trade of the port amounts to nearly $34,000,000 annually. The chief exports are sugar, tobacco, cloth and fruits. The port was opened to foreign trade in 1858. The imports reach annually the sum of about $30,000,000, and the exports to $11,000,000. Pop. 66,000.

SWAYNE, swan, Noah Haynes, American jurist: b. Culpeper County, Va., -7 Dec. 1804; d. New York, 8 June 1884. He was admitted to the bar in 1823; settled in Coshocton, Ohio, in 1825; and was prosecuting attorney of the county in 1826-29. In the latter year he became a Democratic member of the legislature. He was United States district attorney for Ohio in 1831-41. He was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court in 186281. In the latter year he resigned owing to advanced age.

SWAZILAND, swä’zē-lănd, South Africa, a native state between the Drakensberg and Lobombo ranges, on the borders of the Transvaal. Its surface is mountainous but fertile, and it is thought to contain rich gold and coal deposits. It possesses fine prairies, which offer fine pasturage, especially in winter. There are also extensive forests which contain fine timber-a rarity in South Africa. Water is plentiful, the climate is healthful. The Swazis are a Zulu tribe and were subject to the intrigues of Great Britain and the Transvaal. The Boers obtained supremacy in 1895, which passed with their conquest and annexation by England in 1902. Authority passed to the high commissioner of South Africa in 1906. The Roman-Dutch law is in force. The British resident commissioner is located at Mbabane. Area, 6,536 square miles. Pop. 107,117.

SWEABORG, svä'ä-borg, or SVEABORG, Finland, a fortress and naval arsenal, three miles southeast of Helsingfors, which it defends, on a series of islands in the Gulf of Finland. The fortifications are so important as to entitle the islands "The Gibraltar of the North." The principal works occupy five islands which are connected by bridges. The island of Bärgo contains the chief military departments, arsenal and school of marines; the

shipping docks hewn in solid rock, powder magazine and the monument to the Swedish Field-Marshal Ehrensvärds, who erected the fortifications. The strongest fort stands on the island south from here and is called Gustavsfard. Sweaborg was taken by the Russians in 1808; in 1855 it was bombarded by the French and English allied troops. After the revolution in Russia in 1917 Sweaborg was taken by the Finns, and upon the establishment of Finland as an autonomous state it was incorporated therein. Civil pop. about 1,000.

SWEARING, Profane, the use of oaths in a light and familiar manner by way of asseveration or emphasis. As popularly understood, "profane swearing" involves also many terms of a gross and obscene character. Profane swearing and cursing are made punishable in England by the Act of 19 Geo. II, ch. xxi, which prescribes a graded tariff of penalties for offenders according to their social rank: for each profane oath or curse a laborer, soldier or sailor incurs a penalty of a shilling; other persons under the rank of gentleman two shillings; a gentleman or any one above that rank, five shillings. In several of the States of the American Union profane swearing is variously declared punishable by the statutes. See BLASPHEMY.

SWEAT. See PERSPIRATION.

SWEATMAN, Arthur, Canadian Anglican archbishop: b. London, England, 19 Nov. 1834; d. Toronto, Canada, 24 Jan. 1909. He studied at the University of London and was graduated at Cambridge University in 1859. He was ordained priest in 1860 and in 1865 he removed to Canada where he became head master at Hellmuth Boys' College, London, Ontario, a position he occupied in 1865-72 and 1874-76. He was chaplain to the bishop of Huron, and secretary to the Synod of the diocese of Huron in 1872-79, and held other offices in the Church. He became canon of the cathedral at London, Ontario, in 1875 and was made archdeacon later in that year. In 1879 he was appointed bishop of Toronto, and in 1907 he became archbishop, metropolitan and primate of all Canada.

SWEATING SICKNESS, a febrile epidemic disease of extraordinary malignity which prevailed in Europe, particularly in England, at different periods toward the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th. It appears to have spared no age nor condition, but is said to have attacked more especially persons in high health, of middle age and of the better class. Its attack was very sudden, producing a sensation of intense heat in some particular part, which heat afterward overspread the whole body, and was followed by profuse sweating, attended with insatiable thirst, restlessness, headache, delirium, nausea, an irresistible propensity to sleep and great prostration of strength. The patient was frequently carried off in one, two or three hours from the eruption of the sweat. It seems to have first appeared in the army of the Earl of Richmond upon his landing at Milford Haven in 1485, and soon spread to London. This body of troops had been much crowded in transport vessels, and was described by Philip de Comines as the most wretched that he had ever beheld, collected probably from jails and hospitals, and buried in filth. It broke out in England four

times after this, in 1506, 1517, 1528 and 1551. The process eventually adopted for its cure was to promote perspiration and carefully avoid exposure to cold. The violence of the attack generally subsided in 15 hours. The disease is endemic in parts of Picardy, France, and in Italy, being known in the latter country as miliary fever. In 1906 there was an epidemic in France. It appears to be allied to influenza. Compare the epidemic of the latter disease in the armies operating in Picardy in 1918, whence it spread throughout the world. Consult Hecker, J. F. K., 'Epidemics of the Middle Ages (London 1859) and Osler, W., 'Modern Medicine (Philadelphia 1914).

SWEATING SYSTEM. See FACTORIES AND FACTORY INSPECTION; FACTORY SYSTEM, THE

His

SWEDBERG, svād'berg, afterward SWEDENBORG, swe'dn-bôrg, Swed, svā dĕn-borg, Emanuel, Swedish theologian: b. Stockholm, 29 Jan. 1688; d. London, 29 March 1772. father, Jesper Swedberg, was a chaplain and court-preacher to the king, Charles XI. Swedberg's paternal ancestors had been opulent miners in the province of Dalecarlia, and it is also claimed that the heroic blood of Engelbrecht, who liberated Sweden from Denmark in 1434, flowed in his veins. On the side of his mother, Sarah Behm, he descended from Gustavus Wasa, king of Sweden from 1523 to 1560. The name "Swedberg," as well as Swedenborg, which was given to the family later when they were ennobled, was derived from "Sveden, by which name the homestead was called, and which means a clearing in the forest made by fire.

About all that is known of Swedenborg's childhood and early youth is contained in his autobiographical statements made in two letters, one to Dr. G. A. Beyer, a celebrated clergyman of Sweden, the other to Rev. Thomas Hartley, of the Established Church in England. In the former he writes: "From my fourth to my 10th year I was constantly engaged in thought upon God, Salvation and the spiritual ills of mankind; and several times I revealed things at which my father and mother wondered; saying, that angels must be speaking through me. From my sixth to my 12th year I used to delight in conversing with clergymen about faith, saying that the life of faith is love, and that the love which imparts life is love to the neighbor; also that God gives faith to every one, but that those only receive it who practise that love. I knew of no other faith at that time, than that God is the Creator and Preserver of Nature, that he imparts understanding and a good disposition to men, and several other things that follow thence. I knew nothing at that time of that learned faith which teaches that God the Father imputes the righteousness of his Son to whomsoever, and at such times, as he chooses, even to those who have not repented and have not reformed their lives. And had I heard of such a faith, it would have been then, as it is now (1769), above my comprehension."

In the second letter he says: "In the year 1710 I went abroad. I proceeded first to England, and afterward to Holland, France and Germany, and returned home in the year 1714.

In the year 1716, and also afterward, I had many conversations with Charles XII, king of Sweden, who greatly favored me, and the same year offered me an assessorship in the College of Mines, which office I filled until the year 1747, when I resigned it, retaining, however, the official salary during my life. My sole object in tendering my resignation was that I might have more leisure to devote to the new office to which the Lord had called me. A higher post of honor was then offered me, which I positively declined, lest my heart should be inspired with pride. In the year 1719, I was ennobled by Queen Ulrica Eleanora, and named Swedenborg; and from that time I have taken my seat among the nobles of the rank of knighthood, in the triennial Diet of the Realm. I am a Fellow and Member, by invitation, of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm; but I have never sought admission into any literary society in any other place, because I am in an angelic society, where such things as relate to Heaven and the soul are the only subjects of discourse; while in literary societies the world and the body form the only subjects of discussion." In the same letter he speaks of his special mission as follows: "I have been called to a holy office by the Lord Himself, who most mercifully appeared before me, His servant, in the year 1743; when He opened my sight into the spiritual world, and enabled me to converse with spirits and angels, in which state I have continued up to the present day (1769). From that time I began to print and publish the various arcana that were seen by me or revealed to me, concerning Heaven and Hell, the state of man after death, the true worship of God, the spiritual sense of the Word, besides many other most important matters conducive to salvation and wisdom. The only reason of my journeys abroad has been the desire of making myself useful, and of making known the arcana that were entrusted to me. Moreover I have as much of this world's goods as I need, and I neither seek nor wish for more."

In the year 1709 Swedberg finished his studies at the University of Upsala. In September 1710 he went to London, where for two years he studied astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics and other sciences. Then he journeyed through Holland to Paris and after a full year of studies and researches there proceeded to Germany in pursuit of knowledge at the universities, returning to Sweden in 1715.

During the following five years Swedberg wrote 21 separate treatises and works on various scientific and practical subjects. Among these were descriptions of his own discoveries and inventions in science and the mechanic arts, as the construction of air-pumps, ear-tubes and flying machines, improvement in mining and smelting ores, the building of sluices and canals, the nature of fire and color, the manufacture of salt, the regulation of the coinage, and various astronomical, geological and mathematical subjects, besides an important and original little work on Tremulation,' being a theory of sensation in the human body. Up to this time Swedberg had written in Swedish for the most part, but afterward all his works were published in the Latin language.

In 1719, as above mentioned, the family was ennobled and took the name Swedenborg. In

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1721 Emanuel Swedenborg set forth again on a Continental tour of 15 months, publishing the same year at Amsterdam treatises on 'Chemistry, on Iron and Fire,' and astronomical and mechanical subjects. At Leipzig in 1722 he published his 'Miscellaneous Observations on Natural Things.' Returning to Stockholm he devoted the next 11 years to his duties in the College of Mines, his office in the Diet, and in elaborating a great work on the theory of creation or cosmogony which he published at Leipzig in 1734 while on a third foreign journey. This treatise, the Principia, forms Part I of his 'Philosophical and Metallurgical Works, of which Parts II and III treat of "Iron and Copper' respectively. The same year he published Outlines of a Philosophical Argument on the Infinite, etc.' The next year was devoted to duties at home, and the preparation of an extraordinary work on the Brain.› In 1736 he left Sweden for a fourth time, traveling by way of Hamburg and Amsterdam to Paris, where he remained through the following year, proceeding to Rome in 1738. The next year he returned to Paris and in 1740 published at Amsterdam the Economy of the Animal Kingdom, Part I.' The next year he published at the same place the second part of this remarkable work on the composition, essence and circulation of the blood; the arteries and veins, the heart and brain; the circulation in the foetus, etc. Swedenborg's ruling aim and end in all his work now was to discover, if possible, the soul. Says he: "Bending my course inward continually, I shall open all the doors that lead to her, and by Divine permission, contemplate the soul itself."

The Animal Kingdom,' a great work elaborating still further a rational and philosophical view of human anatomy, was published in The Hague in 1744. It is notable that many of the doctrines in these books, discoveries and conclusions original with Swedenborg, have since been confirmed by modern investigation, but the honor has been attributed to others. Among such anticipations may be mentioned, the true office of the lungs; the animation of the brain, and of its coincidence, during formation, with the systole and diastole of the heart, and after birth, with the pulmonary respiration; the vitality of the blood, etc.

In 1745 appeared at London his 'Worship and Love of God,' the last of his publications previous to the opening of his spiritual sight, when he became a seer and revelator. He records three manifestations of the Lord to him calling him to his new office. The first was in 1743 in Amsterdam during a "preternatural sleep." The second was at Delft in Holland in 1744 when, as he says, the Lord manifested himself in person and spoke with him. "It was a countenance with a holy expression, and such that it cannot be described; it was smiling, and I really believe that his countenance was such during his life upon earth.;

The third appearance of the Lord to him, Swedenborg relates, was in 1745 in London when the Lord manifested himself again in person, commissioning Swedenborg and calling him to the office of revealing the Doctrine of the New Jerusalem. "From that day," he says, "I gave up the study of all worldly science and labored in spiritual things, according as the Lord

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