consulship of Asia. The date of his death is not known, but, inasmuch as the extension of the empire to the Persian Gulf, which was accomplished by Trajan in 115-16, is mentioned in 'Annales, Vol. II, 61, and several years were presumably required for the completion of that work, he may have lived into the reign of Hadrian, which began 117 A.D. His earliest work is the 'Dialogus de Oratoribus,' written probably under Titus, 79-81. The scene of the conversation is laid in the house of the poet Maternus, in the year 74-75, and a charming discussion of the relative merits of poetry and oratory leads up to the main theme, the decline of eloquence in modern times. The treatise abounds in true and striking reflections, and exhibits the same power of subtle analysis that marks the later works. But the style is distinctly Ciceronian, and in its rounded smoothness, so different from the abrupt incisiveness of the 'Histories' and 'Annals,' shows the influence of Quintilian, who was then preaching a return from the style of Seneca to that of Cicero. For this reason the great Justus Lipsius, in 1574, attributed the Dialogus' to Quintilian, and since then it has been ascribed to Suetonius, Pliny and others. But the weight of evidence is decidedly in favor of the Tacitean authorship. During the 15 years of the reign of Domitian, years whose horror finds sombre expression in the opening chapter of the Agricola,' Tacitus published nothing. But early in 98 there appeared, in rapid succession, the 'Agricola and the so-called 'Germania.) The former, the story of the life of his father-in-law, whom he evidently loved and reverenced, is a masterpiece of biographical writing. The style is no longer Ciceronian but Sallustian, rapid, terse and piquant, rising at the close to sustained sublimity. The second monograph is commonly known as the Germania,' but its exact title is differently given in the important manuscripts and cannot be determined with certainty. It falls into two parts. The first 27 sections deal with the physical characteristics of Germany and the institutions, beliefs and customs of the inhabitants as a whole; the remaining 19 describe the individual peculiarities of the separate tribes. The treatment is rhetorical and ethical rather than simply scientific, so that the purpose of the essay has often been questioned and the credibility of its statements attacked. But it is regarded as on the whole a trustworthy account of German lands and peoples, though the geography is weak and the description of the tribes in the interior may have been based upon insufficient evidence. The Germans were then the object of much interest (Trajan was in Cologne at the time of his accession) and Tacitus, writing to satisfy this curiosity, pointed out at the same time to his countrymen, the contrast between their own corrupted civilization and the vigorous simplicity of these Northern tribes, and gave a warning of possible danger. In the introduction to the Agricola,' Tacitus announced his intention of composing memoriam prioris servitutis ac testimonium præsentium bonorum. The first part of this plan was realized in the years 104-10 by the publication of the Historiæ, consisting originally of 14 books, or possibly only of 12, covering the period from the death of Nero in 68 to that of Domitian in 96. But, instead of adding the reigns of Nerva and Trajan, he then wrote the Annales,' in 16, or possibly 18 books, from the death of Augustus in 14 (Ab excessu Divi Augusti is the actual title of the work) to the point at which the 'Historiæ' begin. Of this remarkable achievement, the continuous history of the empire for 82 years, there is extant about one-half. Of the Annales' we have books I-IV with the beginning of V and the greater part of VI, and, with a gap at the beginning and also at the end, books XI-XVI, that is, we have lost almost entirely the years 29-31 of the reign of Tiberius, the whole of the reign of Caligula, the first six years of Claudius, and the last two of Nero. The extant portion of the Historiæ ends in the middle of book V and describes the eventful year 69 and part of 70. The treatment is obviously much more minute in the 'Histories' than in the Annals,' and this is due to the fact that Tacitus is here dealing with occurrences which came well within his own lifetime. The loss of the reign of Domitian is especially to be regretted. Interesting as are the minor works, it is in the 'Histories' and the Annals' that the real genius and literary art of Tacitus are revealed. His methods are essentially scientific, though he does not use archives and original sources as much as would a modern historian. But he strives conscientiously to ascertain the facts and to determine the sequence of cause and effect. A thorough aristocrat and lover of the old republic, he yet bows to the inevitableness of the empire and appreciates the enlightened rule of a Trajan. But the reign of Domitian permanently embittered his soul. He was gifted by nature with a marvelous power to trace the hidden springs of thought and action and experience of life bred distrust and made him an expert in the analysis of human weakness and guilt. His portrayal of Tiberius, for instance, though certainly prejudiced and unjust, is extraordinarily subtle and brilliant. The style, which we may see in process of formation in the Agricola' and 'Germania,' is characterized by pregnant brevity, leading sometimes to obscurity, by deliberate avoidance of balance in the structure of the sentences and by poetic phraseology. The influence of Virgil is marked. See GERMANIA. Bibliography.- The standard text is that of Halm (Leipzig 1907). The 'Dialogus' has been admirably edited by Peterson (Oxford 1893) and by Gudeman (Boston 1894); the (Agricola (Oxford 1896), and also the Germania' by Furneaux (ib. 1894); the 'Historiæ by Spooner (London 1891); the Annales' by Furneaux (2 vols., Oxford 1891, 1896). There is a fine special lexicon by Gerber and Greef (Leipzig 1903). There is an excellent translation of all the works by Church and Brodribb (London 1905); of 'Annales,' I-VI by Ramsay (London 1904); of the 'Histories' by Fyfe (Oxford 1912); of the 'Dialogus,' 'Agricola and Germania' by Fyfe (Oxford 1908) and by Peterson and Hutton (Loeb Classical Series, New York 1914). Consult also Boissier, Tacitus and Other Roman Studies' (New York 1906). NELSON G. MCCREA, Anthon Professor of the Latin Language and Literature, Columbia University. TACKLE, among seamen an arrangement of two or more blocks, with suitable ropes, for raising or lowering weights. The combination is usually designed to increase the capacity of the available power. One block is fixed while the others are movable. Tackles are termed luff and watch, single and double Spanish burtons, Bell's purchase, luff upon luff, etc., according to the arrangement of the bearings, pulleys, etc. See BLOCK; PULLEY. TACKS. See NAILS. TACLOBAN, tä-klo'bän, Philippines, pueblo, capital of Leyte Island; on the east coast at the southern entrance to the San Juanico Strait, on the northwest extremity of San Pedro Bay. It is the northern terminus of the east coast highway, has an excellent port, with four large wharves. Pop. about 12,000. TACNA, täk'nä, Chile, (1) a province occupying the northernmost extremity of the country. Area, 8,686 square miles. The main ridge of the Andes runs just within the eastern boundary and a lower range runs along the coast. Pop. about 30,000. (2) Its capital, a city of about 14,000 population, of local importance. The Chileans defeated the Peruvians in a battle here in 1880. TACOMA, tà-kó-ma, Wash., third city in Washington, seaport, county-seat of Pierce County, on Commencement Bay, 38 miles south of Seattle and 25 miles north of Olympia. Its phenomenal growth has given the city the name "The City of Destiny." It is also called the "City of Beautiful Homes" and the "City with a Snow-Capped Mountain in its Dooryard." It is situated at the head of navigation on Puget Sound and is the western terminus of the Northern Pacific and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads, both of which maintain large ocean docks and car repair shops. Tacoma is also the American terminus for the Osaka Shosen Kaisha, a Japanese steamship line with headquarters at Osaka, Japan. Tacoma's harbor is one of the greatest deep sea harbors in the world and because of its similarity to the Italian city, Tacoma is often referred to as the "Naples of America." Topography.- The Puyallup River empties into Commencement Bay within the city limits and is one of five waterways that help make up this modern port. The city is built on rising ground which reaches an altitude of 418 feet above the river. The best residence portion of the city is on a plateau, elevated about 200 feet above the blue waters of the beautiful harbor, and from any portion of this section may be seen stretches of gleaming water losing themselves among the wooded islands; beaches, white, gray and brown, and frowning headlands. The Olympic Mountains stretch along to the west, rugged, snow-flecked and mysterious, while to the east rises Mount Rainier, here known as "Mount Tacoma," "The Mountain that was God," as one author calls it, an eternally snow-capped peak, 14,520 feet high. It is but "four hours from Tacoma to the Glaciers," from tidewater to mountain elevation. The streets of Tacoma are level and paved, and so generously and wisely is the city laid out that it has not a street less than 60 feet wide, while it has several noble avenues 100 feet wide and a few 120 feet. Nearly every home that of banker, merchant, manufacturer, wage-earner is surrounded by beautiful lawns, and pretty gardens. The climate is noted for its equableness and mildness, the mean annual temperature being 50.6; the mean maximum, 58°; and the mean minimum, 43.3. Rainfall is 43 inches, with little or no snow. Trade and Commerce.- Because of her strategic position, Tacoma has always commanded a huge water-borne commerce. In 1918 1,666 arrivals from foreign ports were recorded, with cargoes of 2,103,656 tons, while clearances for foreign ports numbered 1,803 with a tonage of 2,103,595. The total value of imports and exports was $318,613,938. Flour exports alone totaled 2,160,474 barrels, valued at $22,747,555. The daily capacity of the flour mills is 9,000 barrels. Tacoma's wheat warehouses have a storage capacity of 8,584,300 bushels. From the time in 1869 when a schooner-load of lumber from the old Hansen mill was shipped to San Francisco, Tacoma has been the leading lumber manufacturing city of the Pacific Coast. There are 52 mills in the district in addition to many allied lumber industries. In 1918 the lumber exports totaled 93,500,000 feet. The principal steamship lines operating to the Orient are the Osaka Shosen Kaisha of Osaka, Japan, and the Pacific Steamship Company's Admiral line. Dodwell's Blue Funnel, among other lines, also operates to Tacoma. Already possessing superior facilities for economical handling of cargoes, including large coal bunkers, electrically operated, a port commission of three, elected by the city following the creation of a port district in 1918, plans the expenditure of millions in construction of new waterways and improving present port facilities. The hub for the southwestern counties of Washington, Tacoma possesses a huge wholesale and jobbing trade. Her jobbing trade in 1918 totaled $160,000,000; retail trade $65,000,000. In Manufactures. With 1,850 business enterprises, including over 300 manufacturing plants, Tacoma has approximately 58,116 wage-earners, with a monthly pay-roll averaging $6,783,000. The value of manufactured output in 1918 was $152,000,000. Of this amount $27,900,000 represents the value of eight steel vessels and 42 wooden ships launched in the year by six shipyards. the shipyard industry a maximum of 15,000 men were employed. The Todd Drydock and Construction Corporation alone employs about 8,000 men, and is one of the largest and best laid out steel shipyards in the country. The Tacoma Smelter employing 1,000 men had an output of 156,000,000 pounds of copper valued at $40,000,000 in 1918. This plant refines one-twelfth of the world's copper output. Next in importance, come lumber and its allied industries, including the manufacture of woodware, box shooks, baskets, furniture; and meat packing, flour and cereal milling, candy and food products, marble, iron and steel products, including machinery, boilers. and marine engines. Most of Tacoma's industries are centred on 1,500 acres of tidelands extending the width of the southern boundary of the harbor, the |