the centre of the hemisphere, pointing to the zenith. The hour marks were cut into the hollow surface. A variation of this type was the cutting away of the front half of the hemisphere. This form of necessity can mark only the hours from 6 A.M. to 6 P.M. An old Roman dial is in the form of a spherical shell of which about two-thirds have been cut away, held upon the shoulders of a herculean figure. Cylindrical dials have the hollow in the shape of a semi-cylinder cut through lengthwise. A rod in the position of the axis of the cylinder throws the shadow. A variation of this form is a semi-cone cut through its axis. The plane dials are too well known to need description. In the placing of sun-dials another classification comes into play; they may be horizontal or vertical. Many of the latter type are set into or carved upon the walls of churches or other buildings or on stone blocks set upon pillars or pedestals. As a rule, the vertical sun-dials are set to face directly south. Where this is not feasible the gnomon may extend toward the south at the angle of a corner of a building, the hour lines being partly on one façade and partly on the other. In some of the odd pillar types the stone block at the top is cut with many facets like a crystal, with a gnomon on each facet. The leading principles of dialing may be made intelligible to general readers by the following simple illustration: Let P B D represent the earth as a hollow transparent sphere, having an axis P E p, of which P and are the poles. Let the equator be divided into 24 equal parts and through these divisions draw the meridians, a, b, c, d, etc. Let one of these meridians pass through any given place for which a dial is required to be made, and where that meridian cuts the equator let it be numbered XII. The opposite meridian must likewise be numbered XII, the other meridians being numbered as shown in the cut. This being done, these meridians will be the hour circles of the place on the first meridian; so that if the axis P E p were opaque, the sun in his (apparent) motion round the earth in 24 hours will pass from one meridian to another in one hour, and cause the shadow of the axis to fall on the hour on the plane D C B A. This diagram has been drawn for the latitude of Glasgow, 55° 52', and the plane in its present position would form a horizontal dial for that place; but we may suppose it capable of moving round its axis A C, so as to assume different positions 10 11 12 FIG. 2. in the sphere. If it move round so as to become vertical, that is, at right angles to its position in the figure, we then obtain an erect south dial. The plane may also be made to incline from the meridian either toward the east or west. Thus we have dials of different kinds dependent on the position of the plane with regard to the first meridian, the position of the hour lines of which are all determined by the meridians of the sphere cutting the plane. We have been considering the earth as the sphere, in our illustration of the nature of dials, but the earth's magnitude is so small compared with the distance of the sun, that no appreciable error will follow in considering a small glass sphere similar to that above described, but placed on the surface of the earth with its axis parallel to that of the earth; then will the sphere show the hour of the day in the manner before specified. The only things absolutely essential for a dial are the axis and the plane, the places of the hour lines having been once determined. Dials may have various forms, many of which are exceedingly curious and intricate, and require for their construction the application of complicated trigonometrical formulæ. We shall confine our attention here to the most common, and, at the same time, most useful form, that is, the plane horizontal dial. On the proposed plane, which may be either of marble, slate or brass, draw a straight line P H S for the meridian or 12 o'clock line, and parallel to this draw 12, h S, leaving a space between them equal to the thickness of the gnomon. The gnomon is a thin triangular plate of metal, somewhat similar in shape to the figure A E B, the side A B being fixed into the plate of the dial, so that the gnomon shall stand perpendicularly, the line A E being directly north and south. The line A E is called the style, and the angle E A B is made equal to the latitude of the place for which the dial is constructed. In the case of a vertical dial the angle EA B must be the complement of the latitude, the FIG. 3. E line A B the top of the gnomon and the line BE affixed to the dial. We return again to the consideration of Fig. 2. Draw 6. H 6 perpendicular to 12 H S, and it will be the six o'clock hour line; make the angle 12 H F equal to the latitude of place, and draw 12 F perpendicular to H F; continue S 12 to P, making 12 P equal to 12 F. The line 12 1 2 3 4 is drawn parallel to the line 6 H 6. From the point P draw the lines P 1, P 2, P 3, etc., terminating in the line 12 1 2 3 4, making angles with the line 12 P at the point P of 15°, 30°, 45°, etc., increasing by 15° each line. Next from the centre H draw the lines H 1, H 2, H 3, etc., and thus the hour lines of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 P.M. will be found. The hour lines on the other side of the style should now be formed by taking a tracing of the side already formed; the hours are of course numbered differently, and both sides will stand thus, the hour line of both sides corresponding: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4. Here we have carried the hours beyond 6, which was the extent of the construction but to find the hour lines for 4 and 5 in the morning we have only to produce the hour lines of 4 and 5 in the evening, and in like manner for the hour lines of 7 and 8 in the afternoon, produce the hour lines of 7 and 8 in the morning. The dial gives solar time, and, therefore, the time, according to it, will only agree four days in the year with a well-regulated clock. See EQUA TION. The orientation of the sun-dial after it is made is a necessity of the first importance if satisfaction is desired. This process is carried out usually at night with the aid of two plumb-lines one north and the other south of the position in which the dial is to be set. From the Nautical Almanac the time is found at which the polestar crosses the meridian of the place. The two plumb lines are brought into a line pointing to the star at that moment. The dial can then be placed in the same line conveniently by daylight. It is usual to erect frames of considerable height to hold the plumb-lines so that the sighting upward may be the easier. If the location of the pedestal of the dial is chosen beforehand, the frames for the plumb-lines must be so arranged that both may be moved so as to have the centre of the pedestal in the same line with them and the star. -- The sun-dial is daily getting more rare in this age but notwithstanding the superiority of the clock, why has the dial almost everywhere vanished? "If its business use," as has been well observed, "be superseded by more elaborate inventions, its moral use, its beauty, might have pleaded for its continuance. It spoke of moderate labors of pleasures not protracted after sunset — of temperance and good hours. It was the primitive clock the horologue of the first world. Adam could scarce have missed it in paradise. It was the measure appropriated for sweet plants and flowers to spring by for the birds to apportion their silver warblings by for flocks to pasture and be led to fold by. The shepherd carved it out quaintly in the sun, and, turning philosopher by the very occupation, provided it with mottoes more touching than tombstones."* Bibliography. Denison, E. B., Clocks, Watches and Bells' (London 1860); Gatty, Mrs. A., The Book of the Sun Dial' (London 1900); Hogg, W., The Book of Old Sundials' (London 1917); Horner, E., Primitive Sun-Dials or Scratch Dials' (Taunton, England 1917); Leybourn, W., 'Dialling' (London 1700); Wells, I., Sciographia: or the Art of Shadows (London 1635). SUN-DOG; also called MOCK-SUN and PARHELION. In meteorology, a bright, luminous area sometimes seen on either side and at the same altitude as the sun. Sun-dogs are found at the points in which the solar halos cut the horizontal, parhelic circle. Thus two sun-dogs are usually seen on either side of the sun, and at equal distances from it, though four are not infrequent. The nearer pair are 22° from the sun and the outer are 46° distant, while fainter sun-dogs are more rarely seen at 50°, 98° and 120°, and even directly opposite the sun, at 180°. The last is sometimes known as an Anthelion. Bright areas formed at the intersections of any two circular halos near the sun are sometimes also referred to as sun-dogs and such sometimes are seen directly above and below the sun. The parhelic circle is produced by the reflection of the sun's light from ice prisms or snow crystals whose axes lie in a vertical position: so-called "Contract Arches" arise from prisms whose axes are horizontal. It is the latter that give rise to sun-dogs which are vertically above and below the sun. Sun-dogs are usually reddish on the sides toward the sun and they are sometimes greatly elongated along the parhelic circle which produces them. They vary greatly in brightness and distinctness with the variation of the number and arrangement of the ice crystals in the air. SUN AND LION, Order of, a Persian order founded in 1808 by Shah Fath Ali, in imitation of the French Legion of Honor, established about six years previously by Napoleon I, then first consul. It includes five classes. SUN MOTOR. See SOLAR MOTOR. SUN WORSHIP, a form of nature worship which prevailed in all the ancient civilizations. In numerous primitive religions the sun is not the supreme deity in many the moon holds the pre-eminence. The mode of reckoning time by moons is more ancient than solar calculation in the language of the Hottentots, just as in Teutonic, the Moon is "he," the Sun "she"; and rude tribes in both hemispheres still make the moon masculine, the sun feminine: the ancient Germans used to say Hermon (herrmond, Lord Moon) as the Germans still say Herrgott: on the other hand, as a mediæval writer tells us, the sun used to be called "Holy Lady": "I knew an old woman who believed the sun to be a goddess, calling her sancta domina." The aborigines of North America worship the sun; for them the peace-pipe is the gift of the sun; in the council the pipe is always passed *"Horas non numero nisi serenas ("I count not the hours unless they be bright") was an ancient dial motto of great beauty and significance. around, following thus the sun's course. The Natchez lived under a monarchy and the royal family, children of the Sun, like the race of the Incas of Peru, stood high above the common people. In Mexico the sun was pre-eminent over all the other gods. In the Hebrew sacred books there are solemn denunciations of sun worship, for the heathen all around paid adoration to that luminary; and it is clear from 2 Kings xxiii, 5, 19, that some of the kings both of Judah and of Israel favored the worship of the sun. SUN-YAT-SEN, Chinese revolutionary leader: b. Fatshan, near Canton, 1866. He was graduated (1892) at Hongkong School of Medicine, and started practice at Macao when he became one of the plotters resolved on forcing the Manchu dynasty from power. He fled from Canton after the first failure at revolt and went to Japan, thence to San Francisco. He formed the revolutionary association Kao Lao Hwei and carried on his propaganda all over the world, making the United States his headquarters and domicile. Dr. Sun's life was jeopardized by the standing reward of $50,000 for his assassination, but the revolution of 1911 in China succeeded, thanks largely to his indefatigable energy and resourcefulness in propagating the work in every country. He was rewarded by being made Provisional President of the new Chinese Republic but resigned in 1912 in favor of Yuan Shih-kai in order to bring the great Northern influence of the latter into the cause. Sun's later opposition to Yuan Shih-kai in the Peking Parliament caused his expulsion and he had to flee to Japan. Consult Cantlie and Jones, 'Sun-Yat-Sen and the Awakening of China' (3d ed., New York 1913). SUNBURN (erthema solare or eczema solare), an injured condition of the skin caused by exposure to the action of the heat of the sun's rays. The resulting conditions vary according to the degree of elevation of the temperature, the character of the medium through which its effect is exerted, length of time the skin is subjected to the action. The effect is productive of an erythmatous redness, skin slightly tumified (swollen), with sensation of burning heat. In its course the skin usually desquamates (scales off) and becomes the seat of a "dirty-brownish stain," which passes off later. Such a condition is brought about by several hours' exposure of the bare skin to the sun's rays. Under severe conditions of temperature blistering may arise at times. In the former, ordinary cases a lotion or salve excluding the air from the injury, and to relieve the pain, is applied. Zinc oxide, boric acid, vaseline, etc., are recommended. In severer cases where blistering arises the same treatment must be used as in scalds or burns. SUNBURY, sŭn'bŭ-ri, Pa., borough, county-seat of Northumberland County, on the Susquehanna River, and on the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Reading railroads, about 157 miles north of Philadelphia and 55 miles north of Harrisburg. It was settled in June 1772 by Surveyor-General Lukens and William Maclay. It was incorporated as borough 24 March 1797. The place was once the site of the Indian village of Shamokin. In a 1756 Fort Augusta was erected here as a means of defense against the French and Indians. The city is in a lumbering and coal region. The chief manufacturing establishments are railroad shops, planing mills, silk mills, dye works, sash and door factories, nail factories, a rolling mill and coffin and casket works. It is an important commercial and industrial centre for a large region; extensive coal shipments are made from here. The principal public buildings are the county courthouse, municipal buildings, the Mary M. Packer Hospital, the churches and public schools. The three banks have a combined capital of $500,000. The government is vested in a chief burgess and a council of 18 members, who hold office two years. A small stream separates Sunbury and East Sunbury; the boroughs are one in industrial and commercial interests, but have independent municipal governments. Pop. about 16,000. SUNDA (sun'da) ISLANDS, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, comprising three minor groups, namely, (1) the Great Sunda Islands, to which belong, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Java, Madura, Banka and Billiton; (2) the Lesser Sunda Islands, comprising nine islands of smaller extent, and (3) the Timor Group, all forming part of the Malay or East Indian Archipelago. The flora is exceedingly rich and varied. This is the home of sugarcane and many of the spices, and the different altitudes from coasts upward produce an exceptional variety of plant-life. Some districts, as in Sumatra, reach high elevations, others consist chiefly of grassy plains, or forestcovered slopes. SUNDA STRAIT, East Indies, the channel which separates the island of Java from Sumatra. It is from 20 to 100 miles wide, and contains a number of volcanic islands, the most noted of which is Krakatoa (q.v.). The strait is an important commercial channel. SUNDARBANS, soon'där-banz, or SUNDERBUNDS, soon'der-bundz, India, the alluvial islet region lying around the mouths of the Ganges River (q.v.), and forming the lower part of the delta. It stretches for 175 miles along the coast, and has an area of 8,000 square miles. The region is intersected by a network of innumerable channels and backwaters, many of which are navigable. The intervening islands are largely marshy, and covered with dense forest jungle abounding in wild animals, snakes, crocodiles, tigers and leopards. The unhealthful climate has hitherto defeated all attempts at reclamation. SUNDAY, William Ashley, American evangelist: b. Ames, Iowa, 19 Nov. 1863. He was educated at the high school, Nevada, Iowa, and studied at Northwestern University. From 1883-90 he was a professional baseball player: in the Chicago, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia teams of the National League. He became assistant-secretary Y. M. C. A at Chicago (189195) and started his career as evangelist in 1896. In 1903 he was ordained a Presbyterian minister by the Chicago Presbytery. He has held evangelistic meetings in many of the cities of the United States, drawing large audiences and securing great numbers of converts. SUNDAY, the Christian weekly festival, by theologians associated with the Jewish Sabbath (see SABBATH), while its observance is often enforced by the citation of the Fourth Commandment in the Decalogue. While the Christian Church has never identified Sunday with the Jewish Sabbath, it has always quoted the Fourth Commandment as sanctioning, if not enacting, rest and relaxation from labor in one day out of every seven. When the Church was made a department of the state by the Christian 2 emperors of Rome, the observance of Sunday was enforced by civil statute. When the Roman Empire passed away, and the office of pontifex maximus, once held by the emperor of Rome, was claimed by the bishop of Rome, Sunday observance was enforced by ecclesiastical as well as civil law. The Third Council of Orleans 538 forbade all rural work on Sunday. Pope a. Gregory I made at Rome the same law as had been passed in 578 by the Council of Auxerre: "On the Lord's Day it is not permitted to yoke oxen or to perform any other work, excepting E for approved reasons." Charlemagne in 813 enacted that on the Lord's Day all servile labor should be abstained from. By the laws that obtained in England during the Saxon monarchy up to the time of Edward the Confessor (whose Sunday law is dated 1056), abstention from marketings on Sunday and from popular meetings was enforced under penalty of a fine. Equally strict was the Sunday legislation which followed the Norman Conquest. The mediæval Sunday laws in England were but the expansion of the Saxon laws. In 1281 A.D. John Peckham, archbishop of 5. Canterbury under Edward I, explained the Fourth Commandment as follows: "In the commandment 'remember that thou keep holy the Sabbath day,' Christian worship is enjoined, to which laymen as well as clerks are bound; and here we are to know that the the obligation to observe the legal Sabbath, accordhing to the form of the Old Testament, is at an end, together with the other ceremonies in that; to which in the New Testament hath succeeded the custom of spending the Lord's Day, and other solemn days appointed by the authority of the Church, in the worship of God; and the manner of spending these days is not to be taken from the superstition of the Jews, but from the canonical institutes." A statute of the 28th of Edward III runs as follows: "Item, it is accorded and established, that showing of wools shall be made at the stable every day of the week, except the Sunday and solemn feasts of the year." In 1359 A.D. Islep, archbishop of Canterbury, issued the following to his clergy: "Whereas, the most excellent prince, our lord, the King of England, is now going to make an expedition in foreign parts with his army for the recovery of his right, exposing himself as a soldier to the doubtful events of war, the issue whereof is in the hand of God; we who have hitherto lived under his protection are, by the divine favor shining on us, admonished to betake ourselves to prayer, as well for the safety of every one of us as for the public good, lest if adverse fortune should invade us (which God forbid), s our confession and reproach should be the greater. But, though it is provided by sanctions of law and canon that all Lord's days be venerably observed from eve to eve, so that neither markets, negotiations or courts, public private, ecclesiastical or secular, be kept, or any country work done on these days, yet we are clearly to our heart's grief, informed that a detestable, nay, damnable perverseness has prevailed, insomuch that in many places markets not only for victuals, but other negotiations (which can scarce be without frauds and deceits), unlawful meetings of men who neglect their churches, various tumults and other occasions of evil are committed, revels and drunkenness, and many other dishonest doings are practised, from whence quarrels and scolds, threats and blows and sometimes murder proceeds on the Lord's days, in contempt of the honor of God; insomuch that the main body of the people flock to these markets, by which the devil's power is increased; whereof we strictly command you, our brother, that ye, without delay, canonically admonish and effectually persuade, in virtue of obedience, or cause to be admonished and persuaded, those of your subjects whom you find culpable in the premises, that they do wholly abstain from markets, courts, and other unlawful practices above described, on the Lord's days for the future; and that such of them as are come to years of discretion, do go to their parish churches to do, hear and receive what the duty of the day requires of them; and that ye restrain all whatsoever that transgress and rebel in this respect, both in general and particular, with Church censures according to the Canon." The 27th statute of Henry VI is as follows: "Item, considering the abominable iniquities and offenses done to Almighty God and to his saints, always aiders and singular assisters in our necessities, because of fairs and markets upon their high and principal feasts, as in the feasts of the Ascension of our Lord, in the day of Corpus Christi, in the day of Whitsunday, in Trinity Sunday, with other Sundays, and also in the high feast of the Assumption of our Blessed Lady, the day of All Saints, and on Good Friday, accustomably and miserably holden and used in the realm of England: in which principal and festival days for great earthly covetise, the people is more willingly vexed, and in bodily labor foiled, than in other ferial days, as in fastening and making their booths and stalls, bearing and carrying, lifting and placing their wares outward and homeward, as though they did nothing remember the horrible defiling of their souls in buying and selling, with many deceitful lies and false perjury with drunkenness and strifes, and so specially with drawing themselves and their servants from divine service; the aforesaid lord the king, by advice and assent of the lords spiritual and temporal and the commons of this realm of England, being in the said Parliament, and by authority of the same Parliament, hath ordained that all manner of fairs and markets in the said principal feasts and Sundays and Good Fridays, shall clearly cease from all showing of any goods and merchandise (necessary victual only excepted) upon pain of forfeiture of all the goods, aforesaid so showed." In 1464 A.D., under Edward IV, an addition was made to the act of Henry VI, of 1448 A.D., declaring that "Cobblers and cordwainers in the city of London, or within three miles thereof, excepting within the precincts of Saint Martinsle-Grand and the palace at Westminster, were forbidden on any Sunday in the year, or on the feasts of the Nativity or Ascension of our Lord, or on the feast of Corpus Christi to command or cause to be sold, or place or put on any one's feet or legs, any shoes, hose or galoches, under the penalty of the forfeiture of the article and a fine of twenty shillings for every offense; a third part to go to the king, a third to the governors of the guild (mestier) of cordwains, and the residue to the informer." In 1523 this act was repealed by Henry VIII (15th Henry VIII, ch. ix). On coming to the throne in 1547, Edward VI issued the following injunctions: "Whereas in our time, God is more offended than pleased, more dishonored than honored, upon the holy day (Sunday), because of idleness, pride, drunkenness, quarreling and brawling, which are most used in such days; people nevertheless persuading themselves sufficiently to honor God on that day if they hear mass and service, though they understand nothing to their edifying; therefore all the king's faithful and loving subjects shall from henceforth celebrate and keep their holy day (Sunday) according to God's holy will and pleasure, that is in hearing the Word of God read and taught, in private and public prayers, in acknowledging their offenses to God, and amendment of the same, in reconciling theirselves charitably to their neighbors, where displeasure hath been, in oftentimes receiving the communion of the very body and blood of Christ, in visiting the poor and sick, and in using all soberness and godly conversation." Elizabeth put forth the following injunction touching Sunday: "All the queen's faithful and loving subjects shall, from henceforth celebrate and keep their holyday according to God's will and pleasure; yet notwithstanding, all parsons, vicars and curates shall teach and declare unto their parishioners, that they may with a safe and quiet conscience, after their common prayer in the time of harvest, labor upon the holy and festival days, and save that thing which God hath sent in every parish three or four discreet men, which tender God's glory, and his true religion, shall be appointed by the ordinaries diligently to see, that all the parishioners duly resort to their church upon all Sundays and holy days, and there to continue the whole time of the godly service; and all such as shall be found slack and negligent in resorting to the church, having no great or urgent cause of absence, they shall straightly call upon them, and after due admonition if they amend not, they shall denounce them to the ordinary." Under the Puritan influences attempts were made to bring about a too strict observance of Sunday. To counteract this Charles I republished an injunction issued by his father, James I, in which he declared: "As for our good people's lawful recreation, our pleasure likewise is, that after the end of divine service our good people be not disturbed, letted or discouraged from any lawful recreation, such as dancing, either men or women, archery for men, leaping, vaulting or any other such harmless recreation, or from having May games, Whitsonales and morris dances, and the setting up of May poles and other sports therewith used, so as the same be had in due and convenient time without impediment or neglect of divine service; and that women shall have leave to carry rushes to church for the decorating of it, according to their old custom. But withal we do here account still as prohibited all unlawful games to be used on Sundays, only as bear and bull baitings, interludes, and at all times in the meaner sort of people by law prohibited bowling." The act of Charles II (1676) was the law of the American colonies up to the time of the Revolution, and so became the basis of the American Sunday laws. It runs as follows: "For the better observation and keeping holy the Lord's day, commonly called Sunday: be it enacted by the king's most excellent majesty, and by and with the advice and consent of the lords, spiritual and temporal, and of the commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, that all the laws enacted and in force concerning the observation of the day, and repairing to the church thereon, be carefully put in execution; and that all and every person and persons whatsoever shall upon every Lord's day apply themselves to the observation of the same, by exercising themselves thereon in the duties of piety and true religion, publicly and privately; and that no tradesman artificer, workman or other person whatsoever, shall do or exercise any worldly labor or business or work of their ordinary callings upon the Lord's day, or any part thereof (works of necessity and charity only excepted), and that every person being of the age of fourteen years or upwards offending in the premises shall, for every such offense, forfeit the sum of five shillings; and that no person or persons whatsoever shall publicly cry, show forth, or expose for sale any wares, merchandise, fruit, herbs, goods or chattels whatsoever, upon the Lord's day or any part thereof, upon pain that every person so offending shall forfeit the same goods so cried or showed forth or exposed for sale." "And it is further enacted that no drover, horse-courser, wagoner, butcher, higgler- they or any of their servants shall travel or come into his or their inn or lodging upon the Lord's day, or any part thereof, upon pain that each and every such offender shall forfeit twenty shillings for every such offense; and that no person or persons shall use, employ, or travel upon the Lord's day with any boat, wherry, lighter or barge, except to be upon extraordinary occasion to be allowed by some justice of the peace of the county, or some head officer, or some justice of the peace of the city, borough or town corporate, where the deed shall be committed, upon pain that every person so offending shall forfeit and lose the sum of five shillings for every such offense. The Lord's day legislation of Cromwelliar days was as distinct and detailed as a fragmen from Leviticus, as is shown in the following extract from an act of Parliament dated 1656 "Every person grinding or causing to be groun any corn or grain in any mill, or causing an fulling or other mills to work upon the da aforesaid; and every person working in th washing, whiting or drving of clothes, threa or yarn, or causing such work to be done, upo the day aforesaid; every person setting u burning or branding beet, turf or earth, upo the day aforesaid; every person gathering e rates, loans, taxations or other payments upo the day aforesaid (except to the use of the po in the public collections); every chaundler mel ing, or causing to be melted, tallow or wax b longing to his calling: and every comme |