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plants). Gymnosperms of this division have unisexual flowers, naked ovules with direct pollen fertilization, etc. (See GYMNOSPERM). Angiosperms have a closed seed vessel (carpel) and other distinguishing characteristics. See PLANTS, CLASSIFICATION OF.

TAY, tā, (1) a river in Scotland, in the county of Perth, formed by two head-streams, the one issuing from the northeast end of Loch Tay and the other from Loch Lyon, a small lake on the borders of Argyllshire. The two streams unite about two miles northeast of Loch Tay, whence the river flows past Aberfeldy, Dunkeld and Perth, at which last town it widens out into an estuary from one to three miles in breadth, becoming the northern boundary of the county of Fife. The whole length is 120 miles and the area of basin 2,250 square miles. Vessels of 500 tons ascend to Newburgh and those drawing nine feet to Perth. Its principal tributaries are the Tummel and Isla on the left and the Bran, Almond and Earn on the right. During the upper part of its course the Tay flows with a rapid current through a wild and highly romantic country and subsequently, after entering Strathmore, through the richest and finest valley in Scotland. In the summer of 1878 a railway bridge spanning the estuary of the Tay at Dundee was opened for traffic, but on 28 Dec. 1879 13 spans, crossing the navigable part of the river, were blown down in a violent storm, a passenger train, which then happened to be crossing, being precipitated at the same time into the river. A second bridge, over two miles long, with 85 spans and carrying two lines of rail, was opened in 1887. (2) A loch in the county of Perth, a picturesque sheet of water 15 miles long and about one mile broad; receiving at its southwest end (near Killin) the Lochay and the Dochart and discharging at its northeast end at Kenmore by the Tay. It is 100 to 600 feet deep and is well supplied with fish. On its northwest shore rises Ben Lawers.

TAYABAS, tä-yä'bas, Philippines, (1) Pueblo province of Tayabas; on Tayabas River, five miles inland, 65 miles southeast of Manila. Under Spanish jurisdiction it was the capital of the province, and is the largest town. It is an important road centre and carries on a large trade. Pop. 15,000. (2) Province, forming the western part of southern Luzon; bounded on the north by the Pacific Ocean, and Lamón Bay and Ambos Camarines, on the east by Ambos Camarines and the Visayan Sea, on the south by the Mindoro Sea, and on the west by Batangas and Laguna; area, about 5,000 square miles. The outline is very irregular; its extreme length from Point Piapi in the northwest to Point Pagsanján in the southeast is 102 miles; and the distance from the northeastern boundary to Sandoval Point on the southwest is 47 miles. Its coasts are indented by three of the largest bays of the Philippines, Lamón on the north, Ragay on the east and Tayabas on the south. The province is generally mountainous, the main central chain extends from northwest to southeast, and this range sends out spurs on each side. There, are numerous small rivers and streams. The soil of the valleys is fertile; on the lower levels rice, sugar and coffee are raised and grain on the higher levels; a special product

is a seed called lumbang from which an oil is made; the cocoanut is grown in large quantities. The forests contain a variety of woods for building purposes, besides gum and resin trees; and large quantities of timber and forest products are exported. The mechanical industries of this province are of considerable importance; the manufactures include hats, cigar cases and boxes and native fabrics; there are also mills for extracting cocoanut oil and a number of boat-building yards for the construction of native boats. Stock-raising is also of some importance. The province has good communication by water with all parts of the Philippines, and is traversed by the main highway from Sorsogón to Manila; there are also several other roads and trails. The inhabitants of the western part of the province are Tagalogs, those of the eastern part are Bicols. Civil government was established in March 1901, in accordance with the law of the Philippine Commission. Pop. about 150,000.

TAYGETUS, tä-ij'ě-tus, Greece, a mountain range running down the central peninsula of southern Morea. It is a steep and unbroken ridge rising in Hagios Elias to a height of 7,904 feet. It separated ancient Sparta from Messenia and was known in the Middle Ages as Pentedaktylon.

TAYLOR, ta'lòr, (James) Bayard, American writer: b. Kennett Square, Pa., 11 Jan. 1825; d. Berlin, Germany, 19 Dec. 1878. He had a secondary education at West Chester and Unionville, and in 1842 was apprenticed to a printer in the former town, but did not serve out his apprenticeship. In 1844 he set sail for Liverpool, and during the next two years he traveled, chiefly on foot, in Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy and France. He described his journeys for several American newspapers, his letters being collected and published on his return under the title 'Views Afoot or Europe Seen with Knapsack and Staff) (1846). In 1847 he received an appointment on the staff of the New York Tribune, and two years later went to California as special correspondent of that newspaper at the gold-fields, his letters being republished in 1850 as Eldorado, or Adventures in the Path of Empire. In 1851 he was again in Europe, and before returning to the United States in 1854 he visited Egypt, Asia Minor, India, Hongkong, China and Japan. Among the literary results of this tour were A Journey to Central Africa' (1854); The Land of the Saracen' (1854), and A Visit to India, China and Japan' (1855). On these traveling experiences he lectured with much success. He had by this time gained some reputation as a poet by 'Ximena and Other Poems' (1844); Rhymes of Travel, Ballads, and Other Poems (1848); A Book of Romances, Lyrics and Songs' (1851), and Poems of the Orient (1855); and in 1855 he published a collective edition of these under the title 'Poems of Home and Travel.' Northern Travel (1857) contains an account of a visit to Sweden, Denmark and Lapland. In 1862-63 he was secretary of legation and for a time chargé-d'affaires at Saint Petersburg, and in 1870 he lectured at Cornell University on German literature. He became United States Ambassador at Berlin in May

1878. In addition to works already mentioned the following may be enumerated: 'At Home and Abroad (1859-62); 'Byways and Europe' (1869); a translation of Goethe's 'Faust' in the original metres (1870); the novels; 'Hannah Thurston' (1863); John Godfrey's Fortunes' (1864); The Story of Kennett) (1886); 'Joseph and His Friend) (1870); The Poet's Journal' (1863), and other volumes of verse. Two collections of miscellaneous writings appeared posthumously, Studies in German Literature (1879), and Essays and Notes? (1880). It is by his translation of Faust,' one of the finest attempts of the kind in any literature, that Taylor is generally known; yet as an original poet he stands well up in the second rank of Americans. His 'Poems of the Orient and his Pennsylvania ballads comprise his best work. His verse is finished and sonorous, but at times over-rhetorical. Consult the 'Life and Letters' by his wife and H. E. Scudder (1884).

TAYLOR, Bert Leston, American author: b. Goshen, Mass., 13 Nov. 1866; d. Chicago, 19 March 1921. His column headed A Line o'Type or Two' in the Chicago Daily Tribune, attracted much popularity. He wrote "The Well in the Wood (1904); The Charlatans' (1906); A Line-o'-Verse or Two' (1911); The Pipesmoke Carry (1912); Motley Measures (1913); also two booklets, 'The Bilioustine and The Book Booster' (1901).

TAYLOR, Brook, English mathematician: b. Edmonton, 18 Aug. 1685; d. 29 Dec. 1731. He was educated at Saint John's College, Cambridge; in 1712 chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in January 1714 appointed its secretary. The most important of Taylor's works, published in 1715, is entitled 'Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa.' It contains, among other theorems of less consequence, a celebrated one, which is hence called 'Taylor's Theorem, the importance of which was first recognized by Lagrange, who proposed to make it the foundation of the differential calculus. His other works include two treatises on linear perspective, besides contributions to the Philosophical Transactions.'

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TAYLOR, Charles Fayette, American surgeon: b. Williston, Vt., 25 April 1827; d. Los Angeles, Cal., 25 Jan. 1899. He was educated in the public schools and was graduated (1856) at the University of Vermont. He next settled in New York studying the new (Swedish movement system which he learned from Dr. Roth in London. His specialization became treatment of the deformed and crippled in which he achieved a great reputation and founded the New York Orthopedic Dispensary. He invented the Taylor splint for spinal diseases, also the long extension hip splint. Among his works are The Theory and Practice of the Movement Cure,' Mechanical Treatment of Hip Joint Disease,' etc.

TAYLOR, Charles Henry, American journalist: b. Boston, 14 July 1846; d. there 22 June 1921. He started as a printer and reporter and was private secretary to the governor of Massachusetts for three years. He served during the Civil War with the 38th Massachusetts Regiment and was lieutenant-colonel on the staff of Governor Claflin. He was member of

the legislature in 1872, and in 1873 became manager and editor of the Boston Daily Globe. He built up the property and made it one of the most influential journals of New England.

TAYLOR, Charles Jay, American artist: b. New York, 11 Aug. 1855. Attended College City of New York, afterward graduated at Law School, Columbia University (1874), LL.B., subsequently studied art, National Academy Design, Art Students League and in London and Paris. Has illustrated many books, contributed drawings to prominent periodicals and exhibited at the National Academy of Design, Pennsylvania Academy Fine Arts, World's Fair, Chicago; Exposition Universelle, Paris; Pan-American, Buffalo, where awarded medal; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, and at Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco. He served on advisory committee on Fine Arts for the Panama-Pacific, representing Pennsylvania; also was one of the International Jury of Awards, Section of Fine Arts, for the same exposition. From 1911, professor of fine arts, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh.

TAYLOR, David Watson, American naval constructor: b. Louisa County, Va., 4 March, 1864. He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1885, with the highest record ever made there. At Greenwich, England, in 1885, he received the highest honors of the Royal College, repeating the record in 1888. He was made captain, United States navy, in 1901 and, by 1917, was promoted to rear-admiral. In 1914 he became chief constructor of the United States navy and chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair.

TAYLOR, Edward Thompson, American Methodist missionary: b. Richmond, Va., December 1793; d. Boston, Mass., 6 April 1871. At the age of seven he ran away to sea, and followed the sea until the age of 17. During the War of 1812 he was captured on a privateer of war, the Black Hawk, and was taken to England, being confined in Dartmoor prison. Being converted, he acted as chaplain in the prison and after his release, for a time was a tin and iron peddler, then a buyer of rags and a farmer. În 1819 he became a Methodist minister, and in 1828 was appointed missionary to the Seamen's Bethel in Boston, where he served for many years, attaining a wide reputation. Here he was called "Father Taylor" and was greatly loved by the sailors. In his sermons, which he delivered in the common language of his day, he made free use of nautical terms, and possessed a genial wit. In 1832 he visited Europe, and delivered many addresses. In 1842 he visited Palestine, and was chosen chaplain of the United States frigate Macedonia, when it sailed with relief in 1846, for famine stricken Ireland. Consult Father Taylor the Sailor Preacher' (1872).

TAYLOR, SIR Frederick Williams, Canadian financier: b. Moncton, New Brunswick, 1863. He entered the Bank of Montreal in 1878, becoming successively assistant inspector at head office (1897), joint manager at Chicago (1903), manager of London branch (1906), and general manager at Montreal (1913). He carried through huge banking loans to Canada during his London services.

He is a director of the Allen Line Steamship Company, Ltd., vice-president of the Canadian Bankers' Association, etc. For valuable services he was knighted in 1913.

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TAYLOR, Frederick Winslow, American efficiency engineer: b. Germantown, Phila., 20 March 1856; d. 21 March 1915. Educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, but left account of eyesight trouble, and was graduated (1883) at Stevens Institute of Technology. In 1878 he entered service at the Midvale Steel Company, Philadelphia, becoming, successively gang-boss, assistant foreman, foreman of machine shop, master mechanic, chief draughtsman and (1889) chief engineer. In the latter year he commenced his notable career of efficiency expert reorganizing manufacturing plants (shop accounting and sales departments) of which the Bethlehem Steel Company, Cramps' Shipbuilding Company, etc., were examples. He was the inventor of the TaylorWhite process of treating modern high-speed tools, receiving a personal gold medal at Paris Exposition, 1900. Patents granted to him number over 100. He was president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1905-06. He wrote 'Concrete, Plain and Reinforced' (1905), in collaboration with S. E. Thompson; Art of Cutting Metals) (1905); 'Principles of Scientific Management' (1911); 'Shop Management (1911), and contributed numerous articles on his special topic to Proceedings of American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

TAYLOR, George, American statesman, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence: b. Ireland, 1716; d. Easton, Pa., 23 Feb. 1781. Disliking the medical profession, for which he was destined, he came to America as a "redemptioner," and on arriving bound himself for a term of years to an iron manufacturer at Durham, Pa. His education and intelligence being discovered, his employer made him his clerk, and after his death Taylor married his widow and became master of the establishment. He was a member of the provincial assembly in 1764-70, when he was a judge of the County Court and colonel of militia. In October 1775 he was again elected to the provincial assembly and was active in the promotion of revolutionary measures. The action of some of the members of the Continental Congress the next year in refusing assent to the Declaration of Independence, led to the election of new members, 20 July 1776, of whom Taylor was one. He signed the Declaration on 2 August; subsequently negotiated a treaty with several of the Indian tribes on behalf of the United States, and in March 1777 retired from Congress to private life.

TAYLOR, Graham, American sociologist: b. Schenectady, N. Y., 2 May 1851. He was graduated (1870) at Rutgers College and at the Reformed Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, N. J., in 1873. He was ordained for the Dutch Reformed ministry in 1873, becoming pastor at Hopewell, N. Y. From 1880-92 he filled the pulpit of the Fourth Congregational Church, Hartford, Conn. He acted as professor of practical theology at Hartford Theological Seminary from 1888-92, and, since 1892, has served as professor of social economics at the Chicago Theological Seminary. He was founder

of the Chicago Commons Social Settlement and has been resident warden since 1894. He is president of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy and associate editor of The Survey. He has written 'Religion in Social Action' (1913), besides numerous editorial contributions to the Chicago Daily News, etc.

TAYLOR, Hannis, American diplomat: b. New Bern, N. C., 12 Sept. 1851; d. 26 Dec. 1922. Educated, University of North Carolina and was Minister to Spain, 1893-97. From 1892 he was professor of constitutional and interna tional law at Columbia; special counsel for the United States government before the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission in 1902, and counsel for the United States before the Alaskan Boundary Commission in 1903. He published "The Origin and Growth of the English Constitution'; 'International Public Law' (1902); Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Supreme Court of the United States: The Science of Jurisprudence (1908); 'The Origin and Growth of the American Constitution' (1916); Cicero - A Sketch of His Life and Works' (1916); 'Due Process of Law' (1916).

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TAYLOR, SIR Henry, English poet and essayist: b. Bishop-Middleham, Durham, 18 Oct. 1800; d. Bournemouth, 27 March 1886. At 14 he entered the navy as midshipman, but returned after a few months. In 1817-20 he held a small appointment in London. Returning to his father's country home, he gave himself to serious study, and in 1822 wrote an article on Moore that was published in the Quarterly Review. He went to London, and in 1824 received a clerkship in the Colonial Office, with which he retained his connection for 48 years. He mingled with the intellectual life of the city, contributed to the Quarterly Review and wrote his first tragedy, 'Isaac Comnenus, in 1827. He was favorably reviewed by Southey, but failed to attract popular notice. From 1828 to 1834 he was engaged upon another poetic drama, 'Philip van Artevelde,' his principal achievement in literature. It was formed upon Elizabethan models, and its style is marked by dignity and refinement. His other works include "The Statesman' (1836), containing prose commentaries on official life and the conduct of business; 'Edwin the Fair) (1842), a historical drama; 'The Eve of the Conquest and other Poems (1847); Notes from Life' (1847); The Virgin Widow,' a comedy afterward called A Sicilian Summer) (1850), and 'Saint Clement's Eve' (1862), a romantic drama. His autobiography was published in 1885. Consult his Works) (1878), and 'Correspondence,' edited by Dowden (1888).

TAYLOR, Henry Ling, American surgeon: b. New York, 17 March 1857. He was graduated (1877) at Sheffield Scientific School and obtained his diploma at the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia) in 1881. Like his father, Charles Fayette Taylor (q.v.), he specializes on orthopedic branches and was professor of orthopedic surgery (1902-17) at Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, New York. He is consulting orthopedic surgeon at Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, N. J., and associate surgeon at the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled. He was president American Orthopedic Association in 1908. He

has written Orthopedic Surgery for Practitioners' (1900).

TAYLOR, Henry Osborn, American author: b. New York, 5 Dec. 1856. He was graduated from Harvard in 1878, received the degree of LL.B. at Columbia in 1881 and that of Litt.D. at Harvard in 1912. He has published "Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations' (5th ed., 1902); 'Ancient Ideals: A Study of Intellectual and Spiritual Growth from Early Times to the Establishment of Christianity) (2 vols., 2d ed., 1913); The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages' (3d ed., 1912); 'The Medieval Mind' (2 vols., 2d ed., 1914); 'Deliverance - The Freeing of the Spirit in the Ancient World' (1915). Mr. Taylor is a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

TAYLOR, Isaac (known as TAYLOR OF Ongar), English Congregational clergyman and author: b. London, 1759; d. Ongar, Essex, 11 Dec. 1829. He was originally an engraver, but entered the ministry and was pastor at Colchester, 1796-1810 and at Ongar, Essex, 1811-29. He published many works, chiefly books for the young, among which are Advice to the Teens'; 'Beginnings of British Biography); Beginnings of European Biography'; Biography of a Brown Loaf'; 'Book of Martyrs for the Young'; 'Bunyan Explained to a Child'; 'Child's Life of Christ'; 'Mirabilia; or, The Wonders of Nature and Art'; 'Scenes in America, in Asia, in Europe, in Foreign Lands.'

TAYLOR, Isaac, English writer, son of the preceding: b. Levenham, Suffolk, 17 Aug. 1787; d. Stanford Rivers, 28 June 1865. His life was almost entirely passed in retirement at the place where he died, and is only remarkable for the literary work which he produced. His first book is entitled 'Elements of Thought (1823). It was succeeded by numerous others, most of which are of a partly philosophical, partly religious cast. The principal are The Natural History of Enthusiasm' (1829); The Natural History of Fanaticism' (1833); Spiritual Despotism (1835); Physical Theory of Another Life' (1836); Ancient Christianity (1839-43); Loyola and Jesuitism (1849); Wesley and Methodism (1851); 'Restoration of Belief (1855); World of Mind' (1857); Ultimate Civilization' (1860), and Spirit of Hebrew Poetry) (1861). The first of these works is that by which his name is chiefly known, although originally published anonymously. The work on ancient Christianity was composed with the view of correcting the errors which the author believed many were likely to fall into in consequence of the appeals of the writers of the Oxford tracts to the authority and practice of the early Church.

TAYLOR, Isaac, English scholar, son of the author of The Natural History of Enthusiasm': b. Stanford Rivers, Essex, 2 May 1829; d. Settrington, Yorkshire, 18 Oct. 1901. He was graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, and in the following year issued a translation of Bekker's Charicles.' He was ordained in 1857, and in 1860 published 'The Liturgy and the Dissenters.' In the latter year he became a curate in London, and in 1864 published the first of the works by which he is chiefly remembered, 'Words and Places, or Etymologi

cal Illustrations of History, Ethnology and Geography. In 1865-69 he held a curacy in a Bethnal Green parish, and his arduous labors there are described in The Burden of the Poor.' He became vicar of Holy Trinity, Twickenham, in 1869, and in 1875 was presented to the rectory of Settrington, near Malton, in Yorkshire, which he retained until his death. In 1879 he first propounded the theory of the Greek origin of runes in a work entitled 'Greeks and Goths: A Study on the Runes'; and he published in German a treatise 'Ueber den ursprung des glagolitischen Alphabets,' but his magnum opus, The Alphabet: an Account of the Origin and Development of Letters, did not appear until 1883. In 1885 he was appointed canon of York. His other works include 'The Family Pen: Memorials, Biographical and Literary, of the Taylors of Ongar' (1867); 'Etruscan Researches) (1874); Leaves from an Egyptian Note-Book) (1888); The Origin of the Aryans' (1889); and Names and their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature' (1896).

TAYLOR, Isaac Ebenezer, American physician: b. Philadelphia, 25 April 1812; d. Ñew York, 30 Oct. 1889. He was graduated from Rutgers College in 1830, and in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania in 1834. He subsequently studied in Europe, settled in New York, and had charge of the department of women's diseases at the City, Eastern, Northern and Demitt dispensaries for seven years each. In 1851 he was elected physician to Bellevue Hospital, where he initiated important reforms, secured the foundation of the hospital college, and became its head, 1861. He was subsequently president of the medical board of the hospital; attending physician and head of the medical board of the Charity Hospital, and obstetrical physician to the Maternity Hospital. He was the first American to introduce uterine auscultation, helped introduce the hypodermic method of treatment by morphia and strychnia, and was the earliest in this country to use the speculum in diseases of women and children. He published a monograph on this subject in 1841.

TAYLOR, James Knox, American architect: b. Knoxville, Ill., 11 Oct. 1857. He took a special course (1877-79) in architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then served in New York architects' office three and a half years. From 1882-92 he practised at Saint Paul and at Philadelphia from 1892-1905. In 1895 he was appointed senior draughtsman at the United States architect's office and then, till 1897, principal draughtsman. From 1897-1912 he was supervising architect and since 1912 has been director of architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston.

TAYLOR, James Munroe, American educator: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 5 Aug. 1848; d. 19 Dec. 1916. Graduated at the University of Rochester in 1868, he was pastor of a Baptist church in South Norwalk, Conn., 1873-82, and at Providence, R. I., 1882-86. From 1886 to February 1914 he was professor of ethics and president of Vassar College. He published 'Psychology) (1893); New World and Old Gospel (1900); Practical or Ideal' (1901); 'Before

Vassar Opened' (1914); Vassar: A History) (1915).

TAYLOR, Jane, English poet and author, daughter of Isaac Taylor, 1759-1829 (q.v.): b. London, 23 Sept. 1783; d. Ongar, Essex, 12 April 1823. She was educated under the supervision of her father and early displayed literary ability. Her work, which was very successful, bears some similarity in thought to that of Cowper. Her first work was The Beggar Boy) (1804) and in conjunction with her sister Ann (Mrs. Gilbert, of Nottingham, 17831824), she published Original Poems and 'Hymns for Infant Minds.' Her other work includes 'Display,' a didactic tale (1815); 'Essays in Rhymes (1816), and (published posthumously) Contributions of Q. Q. to a Periodical (1826); Correspondence) (1825), etc. Consult Taylor, Isaac, Memorials of the Taylor Family (1867).

TAYLOR, Jeremy, English prelate and author: b. Cambridge, 1613; d. Lisburn, County Antrim, Ireland, 13 Aug. 1667. After graduation in 1630 from Caius College, Cambridge, he was ordained in 1634, attracted some attention by his divinity lectures at Saint Paul's and was sent by Laud to Oxford, where he was admitted perpetual Fellow in 1636. He was presented to the rectory of Uppingham, Rutland, in 1638, to that of Overstone, Northamptonshire, in 1643. By this time he had made much of a reputation by his casuistical discourses. In the civil war he was committed to the Royalist party. As chaplain in ordinary to the king, he accompanied the army and was taken prisoner by the Parlimentarians in the battle before Cardigan Castle (1645). Soon released, he remained in Wales, having found, as he later said, that the "great storm” had "dashed the vessel of the church all in pieces." While chaplain to Richard Vaughan, Earl of Carbery, at Golden Grove, Carmarthenshire, he did some of his best literary work, including The Liberty of Prophesying) (1646); 'Holy Living' (1650), and Holy Dying' (1651). He was twice imprisoned at Chepstow, occasionally preached to small Episcopalian congregations in London and in 1658 was appointed to a weekly lectureship at Lisburn, County Antrim. In April 1660 he signed the "declaration" of the Loyalists and in August following the Restoration was made bishop of Down and Connor. He found the diocese a troublesome one, owing to difficulties with the Presbyterian leaders, who refused to recognize Episcopal jurisdiction. At his first visitation he declared 36 churches vacant, their incumbents not having been episcopally ordained. Contrary to his purpose, he contributed greatly toward the establishment of Loyalist Presbyterians in northern Ireland as an independent ecclesiastical organization. Of his works, the best known is probably the 'Liberty of Prophesying' which he meant expounding-a defense of toleration. He rests this plea for private judgment on the uncertainty and inadequacy of tradition, the fallibility of any arbiter that may be selected on points of controversy, and the difficulty of expounding the Scriptures. Coleridge thought the result of the argument was that "so much can be said for every opinion and sect" that appeal must be made to "some positive jurisdiction on earth." Perhaps Taylor's

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was merely a "legal settlement." At any rate, it is otherwise inconsistent with his procedure in Ireland. But he was at his best not as an accurate theologian or polemic but as a preacher of righteousness. His literary genius is generally thought to be seen to best advantage in his sermons. They do not lack rhetorical faults - redundancy, diffuseness, a burdensome extent of quotation and illustration; but they are always eloquent, with a certain vividness, dignity and solidity for which many critics have been unable to find an equal in English prose. His devotional works, inspiring for their deep piety, are also highly valued for their usefulness. Next to the 'Liberty of Prophesying' they are most famous among Taylor's writings and now the most widely read. There are collected editions by Bishop Heber (182022) and by Eden (1847-54). (See HOLY LIVING; HOLY DYING). Consult Coleridge's

'Literary Remains'; Hunt, Religious Thought in England' (1870); Tulloch, Rational Theology (1872); Barry, 'Classic Preachers' (1878); Dowden, Puritan and Anglican' (1901); Life' by Heber (1822), revised by Eden (1854); Gosse, Jeremy Taylor) (1904).

TAYLOR, John, English poet: b. Gloucestershire, 24 Aug. 1580; d. London, 25 July 1653. When young he was taken to London and apprenticed to a waterman, hence the title of "water-poet," by which he is commonly known. He was at the taking of Cadiz, under the Earl of Essex, in 1596, and afterward visited Germany and Scotland. At home he was many years collector for the lieutenant of the Tower of London and his fees of the wines from all the ships which brought them up the Thames. When the civil war broke out he retired to Oxford, where he kept a common victualing house, and wrote pasquinades upon the Roundheads. He afterward kept a public house at Westminster. Certain of his works are published under the title 'All the Works of John Taylor, the Water-Poet, being Sixty and Three in Number, collected into one volume by the author, with sundry new Additions, corrected, revised, and newly imprinted' (1630). His pieces were subsequently increased to more than double that number. They are not destitute of natural humor and of the jingling wit which prevailed so much during the reign of James I. As a mirror of the coarse manners of his times they are invaluable to the historian and antiquary.

TAYLOR, John, Mormon president: b. Milnthorp, Westmoreland County, England, 1 Nov. 1808; d. Salt Lake City, Utah, 25 July 1887. He was born of parents professing the faith of the Church of England, but while a youth became a Methodist local preacher. In 1832 he emigrated to Canada and in 1835 was converted to the Mormon faith during the missionary tour of Porley P. Pratt. He was ordained a high priest by Joseph Smith in 1837 and in 1840 went as a Mormon missionary to various parts of the British Isles. The following year he returned and settled at Nauvoo, Ill., where in 1844, in company with several other Mormon leaders, charges of sedition and disloyalty were brought against him. The Carthage jail where the prisoners were confined was attacked by a mob, two of his companions were killed and he was severely

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