TEN KATE, Jan Jacob Ludewijk, Dutch poet: b. The Hague, 1819; d. 1889. See KATE JAN JACOB LUDEWIJK TEN.

TEN THOUSAND A YEAR, a novel by Samuel C. Warren (q.v.) published in 1841. This story, though regarded by critics as "ridiculously exaggerated and liable to the suspicion of being a satire on the middle classes," has held a certain place in fiction for more than half a century. The plot is ingenious, the legal complications are managed in a way that won the admiration of accomplished lawyers and the story with all its faults contrived to arouse and maintain the reader's interest. In 1902 it was reissued in an abridged form as Tittlebat Titmouse.

TENACITY, the property or quality of resistance to disrupting force; the quality by which the molecules of a body resist either tensile or crushing strain. When the tenacity is slight the object may be brittle, when it is great it adheres together firmly. Compare TENSILE. See STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.

TENAFLY, N J., borough in Bergen County, 16 miles northwest of New York, on the Erie Railroad. The Happy Land and Bethmore summer outing homes for children are situated here as well as the Mary Fisher Home for the Aged. It is a residential town, forming a suburb of New York, and there are manufactures of decorative burlaps. Pop. (1920) 5,650.

TENAINO, tē-ni'nō. See SHAHAPTIAN INDIANS.

TENANCY, a beneficial interest in some form of real property, or the relation of the lessee of land to the lessor of the same. This relation may be established without that the lessor be the holder in fee simple of the realty in question. At the present time the status of a tenant is usually created by a form of conveyance known as a lease; this is now required to be in writing in most jurisdictions. It usually contains covenants or stipulations respecting the use to which the realty may be put, the rent or compensation to be paid the lessor, the making of repairs, etc. The law a o regulates the relations of the tenant to his landlord in some important respects. Thus the tenant is protected against eviction by the landlord. The tenancy may be sub-leased unless there is a restriction in this regard in the lease. A surrender_or breach of the lease terminates a tenancy. See LANDLORD AND TENANT.

TENANT. See RENT, LAW OF.

TENANT-RIGHT, in British law, a right possessed by the tenant, at the expiration of his tenancy, for reimbursement for improvements, and often of considerable monetary value. It is largely governed in England by statute. Tenant-right prevailed in some parts of Ireland by custom for many years, and was formally incorporated into the law by an act passed in 1870. It is also applied to the preference given to old tenants over strangers in leases from the Church, the Crown or corporations.

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TENASSERIM, tě-năs'e-rim, India, maritime division of lower Burma, stretching in a narrow strip from the Salwin River 500 miles southward into the Malay Peninsula, be

tween Siam and the Bay of Bengal. Area, 36,086 square miles. It is for the greater part a mountainous wilderness. Within its territory are the Mergui Archipelago. Maulmain is the chief town on the north and Tavoy in the central area. The chief product is rice, though the mountains are rich in minerals. The natives are chiefly Burmese Buddhists. Pop. about 1,400,000.

TENCH, a small cyprinoid fish (Tinca vulgaris), familiar in European fresh waters, especially slow-running and muddy rivers. The color is a greenish olive, tinted with a golden hue; the average length about 12 inches. The flesh is soft and rather insipid.

TENDA PASS, or COL DE TENDA, Italy, a pass of the Maritime Alps, Piedmont, in the province of Cuneo, between Tenda and Limone, on the carriage road from Nice to Cuneo. Its highest point is 6,195 feet above sea-level.

TENDER, in law, a formal offer of compensation or damages made in a money action. A tender may be made through an authorized agent, and to make it valid the money must be actually produced. Making a tender may have the effect of freeing the defender from subsequent expenses if the tender is found sufficient. A tender made to one of several joint claimants is held as made to all. A legal tender is one of legal money of the country, originally confined to coin, but extended to authorized paper money. A payment in foreign notes or "trade dollars, or a large sum in bronze pennies, is not a legal tender.

TENDON, or SINEW, a band of white fibrous tissues by which a muscle is attached to a bone or other hard part. Tendons are disposed in elastic bands or layers flattened or rounded, and more or less elongated. When very much flattened and membraneous, they are called aponeuproses and sometimes fascia. They glide smoothly in sheaths, especially in the extremities; in some cases many are enveloped in a single sheath, in other situations they are kept in place by an annular ligament, as in the wrist and ankle. One of the most important is the Achilles tendon (q.v.), at the heel. One of the most beautiful contrivances in the human body is the manner in which the superficial flexor tendons in the fingers stop short at the middle phalanx and divide to allow the tendons of the deep flexor to pass through to the terminal phalanx, thus securing compactness and beauty of shape, with freedom and extent of motion. Contractions of tendons are frequently remedied by subcutaneous tenotomy; torticollis (q.v.) is also benefited by the division of the tendon of the sternomastoid muscles. Inflammation of the tendon sheaths, or tenosynovitis, about the wrist or ankle is a common and painful affection usually due to strain or over exercise. Rest and mild counter irritation are the principal elements in the treatment. The violent strain of a tendon, less than a rupture, is called a sprain (q.v.). When a tendon is ruptured or cut nature makes an effort to rejoin it by growing or depositing new tissue in the gap. TENDRAC. See TANREC.

TENEBRÆ, in the Roman Catholic Church the matins and lauds of Wednesday, Thursday and Friday of Holy Week, sung on

the preceding evenings. The ceremony dates from the 8th century. The services begin with 15 lighted candles which are extinguished one by one until the last, which is hidden, the church meantime being darkened. The growing darkness as a candle is extinguished after each hymn betokens the fading light of the world as Christ was leaving it, while the light of the hidden candle brought forth at the end of the service indicates the coming resurrection and that death could only appear to triumph over Christ. In English medieval churches 24 candles were used at the service.

TENEDOS, ten'ě-dos, Asia Minor, an island in the Egean Sea, off the Troas Coast, belonging to Greece. It lies at the entrance to the Dardanelles, hence has figured in naval operations on several occasions. It is six miles long by three miles wide, is of volcanic formation, with rugged surface, but highly fertile, and celebrated for its wine. Pop. 5,000.

TENEMENT HOUSE, a multiple dwelling arranged for the occupation of several families, each of which can live independently and do its cooking within its apartment. The legal definition varies somewhat in different cities. In New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Buffalo and other cities, it is such a house for more than two families. In Chicago, Boston and Saint Louis the line is drawn at more than three families. Tenement house is a generic term, including what are popularly called apartment houses and flat houses or flats, as well as tenements. The attempt has sometimes been made in framing tenement-house laws or regulations to distinguish between apartment and tenement houses, but no satisfactory line of separation has ever been suggested, nor is there any legal regulation properly applicable to tenement houses, as popularly defined, which should not equally apply to apartment houses, or which presumably would not be adopted by intelligent owners of such houses from motives of self-interest.

Tenement-House Reform.-A movement to better the housing conditions of the working classes in cities, which originated about the middle of the 19th century and has gradually become national in character in the United States and Great Britain. In the United States it has taken the form of the regulation by State law or city ordinance of the construction, maintenance and care of tenement houses, whence its

A tenement with no room opening on a court narrower than 12' 6", with every room light and well ventilated, and with separate water-closets for each apartment and baths for some

title. In Great Britain this movement has been directed to all kinds of houses, including tenement houses, and is usually called by its more generic title of "Housing Reform." The initia

tive of the movement has been benevolent impulse, but the strong forces behind it which have given impulse to that initiative and have united to carry the movement forward have been the same which have evolved sanitary and building regulations and are founded quite as much on self-interest as altruism.

History. The movement for tenementhouse reform in the United States naturally began in New York, its largest city, where the need for regulation first became apparent, and may be said to date from 1842, when Dr. John H. Griscome, the city inspector of the board of health, called attention to tenement conditions in a special report on the sanitation of the city. It has since extended to almost all large cities in which tenement houses have been erected, and has taken the form sometimes of State law, as in New York and Massachusetts, or more often of city ordinance, as in Chicago and Philadelphia. The legislation in New York is the result of the investigations and recommendations of successive State commissions, and the scope of inquiry of the last commission, which is typical, has been "To make a careful examination into the tenement houses in cities of the first class; their condition as to the construction, healthfulness, safety, rentals and the effect of tenement-house life on health, education, savings and morals of those who live in tenement houses and all phases of the so-called tenement-house question in these cities that can affect the public welfare." The chief subjects of tenement-house regulation may be grouped under three general classes: protection against fire and means of escape in case of fire, light and ventilation and sanitary protection, the latter including water supply, water-closet accommodation and the prevention of overcrowding.

Fire Protection - Protection against fire is almost universal. Structural provisions directed to this end are contained in the building laws of all cities. In New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Jersey City, Providence, Syracuse and Nashville all tenements must have fire escapes. All tenements over two stories in height must have fire escapes in Saint Louis, Baltimore, Louisville, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Denver, Toledo and Columbus. In Chicago, Cleveland and Cincinnati this rule only applies to tenements over three stories in height. In many cities tenements must be fire-proof throughout when over a certain height. In Philadelphia this is true of all over four stories; in Washington of those over five stories; in New York, Buffalo, Louisville, Minneapolis and Denver of those over six stories in height. In Boston the limit is 65 feet.

Light and Ventilation are protected by minimum open spaces and by a limitation of the percentage of a lot which can be occupied by a building. In Philadelphia there must be open spaces at the side or rear, equal to one-fifth of the lot area, and the minimum width of all spaces is eight feet. In Buffalo, under the local law in force before the general State act of 1901 was passed, the minimum width of any outer court was six feet in two-story buildings, eight feet in three- and four-story buildings and one additional foot in width for each additional story. The minimum interior court was 8 by 10. In Boston, a clear open space at the rear must be left equal to one-half the

width of the street on which the tenement fronts and there must be two open spaces at least 10 feet wide. In some cities the required court area is expressed in square feet, without regard to minimum width or length and increases proportionately with the height of the building. This principle is adopted in New York, where the minimum width of exterior courts in buildings five stories high is six feet on the lot line and 12 feet between wings and the minimum area of interior courts on the lot line in buildings of the same height is 12 by 24. These dimensions are increased or decreased according as the building is higher or lower. Tenement houses in New York must have an open yard at least 12 feet wide in the rear. The maximum percentage of lot area which may be occupied by the building differs, properly, according as the lot is an interior or a corner lot. As respects interior lots, this limitation in New York and Buffalo is 70 per cent; in Boston 65 per cent; in Philadelphia 80 per cent. The height of rooms is almost universally regulated, the minimum usually being eight feet. The height of tenements is limited in many cities. In New York it is limited to one and one-half times the width of the street on which it faces.

Water Supply.- In New York water must be furnished on each floor. In Philadelphia and Buffalo, on each floor, for each set of rooms. In Boston, Chicago, Jersey City and Kansas City, in one or more places in the house or yard. Water-closet accommodation is very generally prescribed. In Philadelphia and in New York, under the law of 1901, there must be one for every apartment. Under the previous law in New York, there must be one for every two families. In other cities the unit is the number of persons. It is 20 persons in Boston, Baltimore and Denver; 10 persons in Rochester.

Law Enforcement.- The enforcement of Tenement-House Law in American cities is usually vested in existing city departments to which it is most germane. These provisions, which relate to the construction of new buildings and the alteration of old ones, are naturally enforced by a building department or by whatever part of a city government has charge of the enforcement of building regulations. Sanitary regulations are, for a like reason, usually enforced by a board of health or by whatever city officer supervises the enforcement of health laws in general. In the city of New York previous to 1901 the enforcement of such regulations was divided between the building department, the health department, the fire department and the police department. Under such divided responsibility many of them were not enforced at all, and the enforcement of others was extremely lax. Moreover, the tenement-house problem in New York was an exceptionally large one. Of its population at that time of nearly 3,500,000, nearly 2,500,000, or more than two thirds, lived in tenement houses as legally defined. Under these circumstances the State commission of 1900 recommended the establishment of a separate tenement-house department in the city of New York. This department was established under the new charter of the city which went into operation in 1902 and centres in itself all the municipal duties

toward tenement houses and their inmates, as such, which were previously divided among the other city departments.

Model Tenements. The erection of model tenements, so-called, of large size, from motives primarily philanthropic, has been less frequent in the United States than in Great Britain. The best known and earliest are the "Home Buildings" and "Tower Buildings," which were erected by Alfred T. White in Brooklyn; the first named in 1879. The erection of these buildings, which have been financially successful from the start, was an epoch in the cause of tenement reform. It led indirectly to the Tenement-House Law of 1879. Among the most successful model tenements are those of the City and Suburban Homes Company of New York. In the United States 616 cities now take an active interest in housing, and in 124 model housing enterprises have been launched.

Great Britain.- The movement for housing reform in Great Britain has had a somewhat different direction from its American counterpart. The evils there have been more largely slum conditions than those resulting from tall buildings and unventilated and unlighted rooms. The particular evils of the tall tenement practically exist only in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Consequently English and Scotch effort has been directed mainly toward the demolition of unsanitary areas and more recently, the erection of municipal tenements by the city governments themselves. These movements, at first local, and authorized under local acts, such as the Glasgow Improvement Act of 1866 and the Liverpool Sanitary Amendment Act of 1868, have been made general by the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1890 and many slum areas have been destroyed and municipal tenements built in their place, notably in the cities of London, Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool and Edinburgh. Tenementhouse regulation in Great Britain emphasizes the same general subjects and follows the same lines as American regulation. Limitations upon height are general and more drastic than in America. Such houses are limited in London to 80 feet, without special consent of the council and may not exceed the distance between the front wall of the building and the opposite side of the street in streets less than 50 feet wide. In Edinburgh they are limited to one and one-quarter times the width of the street; in Liverpool and Glasgow to the actual width of the street; in Manchester to two stories in streets of less than 30 feet in width and to three stories in wider streets up to a width of 36 feet. Tenement regulations on the Continent usually form part of the general building regulations. The regulations for Paris and Berlin are very elaborate, but proceed under the same general lines as in English and American cities. In Berlin, houses fronting on the street may only be as high as the width of the street. In Paris a somewhat greater latitude is allowed in this particular.

No American city has imitated the English example of building municipal tenements, nor has such action ever been seriously proposed Serious objections to any such extension of the sphere of municipal activity would exist in any American city. Moreover, municipal building would discourage and restrict building by

private enterprise, which has proved sufficient to meet the demand. The problem is too large for any American city to deal with it successfully by the use of any amount of public funds likely to be put at its disposal for such purposes. Halfway measures by preventing private enterprise would only increase the evil which they sought to remedy.

Bibliography.- De Forest and Veiller, "The Tenement House Problem' (1903); Gould, "The Housing of the Working People' (1895); Riis, 'How the Other Half Lives' (1890); id., "The Battle with the Slum' (1899); 'First Report of the New York Tenement House Department' (1904); Veiller, Lawrence, Model Tenement House Law (1910); George, William, The Law of Apartments, Flats and Tenements (New York 1908); Dinwiddie, E. W., Housing Conditions in Philadelphia'; Clode, W. B., The Law Relating to Tenement Houses (London 1889); Waldo, F. L., Good Housing that Pays' (Philadelphia 1917); Aronovici, Carol, Housing Conditions in Saint Paul (1917); Poole, Ernest, The Plague in its Stronghold' (New York 1903); Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, The Housing Problem, Literature in Chicago Libraries' (Chicago 1912); Housing Problems in America' (Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Housing, Boston, 25, 26 and 27 Nov. 1918); 'Proceedings of the International Housing Congress' (Paris 1900 et seq.); Price, G. M., The Tenement House Inspector' (New York 1917).

TENERIFFE, ten-er-if', the largest of the Canary Islands. It is 60 miles long, 10 to 25 miles wide and has an area of 782 square miles. The coasts are precipitous and the interior rises in the volcanic Peak of Teneriffe or Pico de Teyde, to a height of 12,192 feet. This mountain has been quiescent for two centuries. The soil is very fertile and produces dates, coco-palms, fruit, grain, cotton, sugar and grapes. The chief town and the capital of the Canary Islands is Santa Cruz de Tenerife, situated on the northeastern coast. The Spanish government has established there a large wireless telegraph station. Pop. of the island about 180,000. See CANARY ISLANDS.

TENIERS, tĕn'yėrz (Fr. tā-nē-ār), David, THE ELDER, Flemish artist: b. Antwerp, 1582; d. there, 29 July 1649. Having studied under Rubens, he went to Rome and remained there 10 years. On his return to his native country he occupied himself principally in the delineation of fairs, shops, rustic sports and drinking parties, which he exhibited with such truth, humor and originality, that he may be considered the founder of a style of painting which his son afterward brought to perfection. He also painted some landscapes with scriptural or mythological figures in the foreground. A picture from his hand was sold in 1886 for $2,275. His 'Dutch Kitchen' in the New York Metropolitan Museum gives a fair example of his style. This canvas is 452 by 39 inches and, therefore, much larger than the majority of his pictures.

TENIERS, David, THE YOUNGER (son of the preceding), Flemish artist: b. Antwerp, 15 Dec. 1610; d. Brussels, 25 April 1690. He received his early instruction in his art from his father and his style was improved by copy

ing 200 pictures in the gallery of Archduke Leopold William to whom he had been appointed painter. This copying degenerated into servile imitation and he produced such perfect facsimiles that they deceived even connoisseurs, and he has been styled the "Ape of Painting." Yet he had also a strong vein of originality and his paintings of low life in Flanders are excellent examples of genre. Although refined in mind and manners and patronized by such men as Prince John of Austria, son of the Emperor Charles V, he preferred to immortalize by his brush the card table and drinking party of boors and was to the last the enthusiastic painter of the pot-house and the guard-room with its rollicking soldiery. There are at least 2,000 of his pictures at present in existence, six of them being hung in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, though none of these latter excepting 'A Marriage Festival,' can be called representative of the artist's style and quality. Like Rubens, some of whose manner he inherited from the teaching of his father, a pupil of the former, he was a rapid executant; many of his works are mere sketches, others elaborated with exquisite virtuosity. His touch is light but sure and his coloring exceptionally fine, while for animation and power of expression he remains the first of Flemish genre painters. His works are highly prized and his 'Village Fete' was sold in 1850 for $15,750. Consult Rosenberg, "Teniers der Jüngere.'

TENNANTITE, an isometric, metallic mineral, isomorphous with tetrahedrite. It is essentially a copper sulph-arsenite, differing from tetrahedrite into which it passes by insensible gradations, only in the preponderance of arsenic instead of the antimony which distinguishes the latter. Its color and streak are usually iron-black; it often has a brilliant metallic lustre; its hardness varies widely from 3 to 4.5; its specific gravity is also quite variable, 4.4 to 5.1. It occurs in fine specimens in the mines of Cornwall, England, in Bolivia and Colorado. When sufficiently abundant it constitutes a valuable copper ore.

TENNESSEE, těn-něs-sẽ (“THE VOLUNTEER STATE"), a southern-central State of the United States. Kentucky and Virginia lie to the north; North Carolina to the east; Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi to the south; and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. Its length on the northern side is 436 miles; that on the southern side is 100 miles less. The area is approximately 42,050 square miles, of which something like 300 miles are covered by the water of streams. The southern boundary of Tennessee was intended to follow the 35th parallel, but all parts of it lie from a fraction of a mile to a mile south of that line, excepting the 45 miles east of Tennessee River, between Alabama and Tennessee. That part of the northern boundary between Tennessee and Mississippi rivers is on the parallel of 36° 30'. Immediately east of Tennessee River, the northern boundary is 121⁄2 miles north of parallel 36° 30'. Eastward from this point the boundary is not straight but on the whole approaches that line, coming within approximately five miles of it, in the middle of Claiborne County. Here there is a jog of about a mile to the north. There is a similar but somewhat greater one in

the eastern part of Sullivan County. It was the intention to make the crest of the Great Smoky or Unaka Mountains the eastern boundary between Tennessee and North Carolina. The most eastern point of the State is in Johnson County, and is approximately 81° 41' W. longitude. The western boundary is the middle of the Mississippi River as the channel ran in 1763, at the time of a treaty between the British and French. The most western point is in Shelby County, and is approximately 90° 28′ W. longitude.

Surface Features.- Tennessee has eight well-defined natural divisions: (1) On its eastern borders rises in great ridge-like masses and treeless domes the main axis of the Appalachian chain, the loftiest peaks of which reach an elevation of 6,600 feet above the sea. Many beautiful valleys and coves nestle amid this grand range of mountains, which is known as the Unaka or Smoky Mountains, and which has an area, approximately, of 2,000 square miles. (2) Adjoining these mountains on the west is the second natural division, called the Valley of East Tennessee, which lies between the Unakas on the southeast and the Cumberland Mountains on the northwest. This valley has a fluted bottom, made up of a succession of minor ridges and valleys with a northeastsouthwest trend. Viewed from the mountains on either side, these minor ridges and valleys melt into a common plain. This valley has an area of 9,200 square miles and is of great agricultural value. It is the southwestward extension of Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. (3) Next in order, going westward, is the Cumberland Plateau, which rises 2,000 feet and more above the sea, and 1,000 feet above the last-mentioned division. It forms a bold escarpment, on its eastern edge presenting a gray, rocky, formidable rampart. Its western edge is irregular and jagged, notched and scalloped by re-entrant coves and valleys which are separated by finger-like spurs, pointing for the most part in a northwesterly direction: Most of the northern part of the plateau is cut to pieces by deep, narrow ravines, between which are sharp-topped ridges. The southern half is divided lengthwise into two parts by the deepcut Sequatchie Valley. The area of this division is 5,100 square miles. (4) Resting against the western edge of the Cumberland tableland and including the elevations bordering the Tennessee River in its return across the State are the Highlands, or Rimlands, having an average elevation of 900 feet above the sea. For the most part this division is a flat plain furrowed by numerous ravines traversed by streams. Its area is 9,300 square miles and it surrounds, in an irregular circle, the next division. (5) Surrounded by these Highlands lies the Central Basin, elliptical in shape, with an area of 5,450 square miles. It is the finest agricultural region in the State, and is on an average of 300 feet lower than the Highlands that border it. (6) The valley of the Tennessee River comes next on the west. Its surface is broken and irregular, and it stretches across the State from south to north on both sides of Tennessee River. It has an average width of 12 miles and an elevation of 350 feet. Its area is approximately 1,200 square miles. (7) The slope of West Tennessee constitutes the seventh natural division and differs from all the other divisions

mentioned in having but few hard rocks, these occurring only in a narrow belt north of Savannah and bordering the Tennessee River. It is a great plain, that with the exception of a belt about 20 miles wide next to Tennessee River, slopes gradually toward the Mississippi. For the most part, the surface is gently rolling, but in places is furrowed with low valleys bordering streams that flow in sluggish currents to the Mississippi. Its area is 8,850 square miles, with an average elevation of 500 feet. It abruptly terminates in a line of bluffs that overlooks the great alluvial plain or bottom lands of the Mississippi River, next to be mentioned. (8) The Mississippi Bottoms constitute the eighth and last of the natural divisions of the State. It is a low, flat plain, studded with lakes and originally clothed with dark forests. Much of its area lies below the high water of the Mississippi, and as a result there are many swamps and marshes. The area of this division is 950 square miles, and its elevation above the sea is 300 feet.

A very singular topographic feature already referred to is Sequatchie Valley, which is a deep trough extending in a northeasterly direction from the south boundary of the State, dividing the southern end of the Cumberland tableland into two unequal arms, the eastern one being known as Walden's Ridge. The valley has its head about midway between the northern and southern boundaries of the State, and is about 60 miles long and from three to five miles wide. It is enclosed by rocky walls, approximately 1,000 feet high, and through its centre flows the beautiful Sequatchie River.

The highest point in the State appears to be Mount Guyot, which is near the corner of Cocke and Sevier counties, and which stands 6,636 feet above sea-level. Other points_that exceed 6,000 feet are Mount Henry, Roan Mountain, Clingmans Dome, High Knob, Mount Le Conte, Mount Curtis, Mount Safford and Master Knob. They all, with few exceptions, are on or near the line that separates Tennessee from North Carolina. There are a few points near the eastern border of the Cumberland Plateau which rise above 3,000 feet.

The Allegany range of Pennsylvania and Virginia becomes the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee, and Sand Mountain in Alabama. The Blue Ridge of Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina takes the name of Unaka or Smoky Mountains in Tennessee. Many of the long, straight valleys of the valley of East Tennessee lying between the parallel ridges and overlooked by them are rich, populous and beautiful centres of industry, intelligence and a diversified system of agriculture. Taking the State altogether it will be seen that the topography is greatly diversified. The great elevations on the east are offset by the low valley of the Mississippi on the west. Between these are three great plateaus and two marvelously fruitful valleys, all differing in height, area, soils, climate and products. It is indeed a State of the greatest variety in natural features.

Drainage. The Mississippi, the Tennessee and the Cumberland form the great drainage basins of the State. The Tennessee and Cumberland are tributaries of the Ohio, which in turn flows into the Mississippi so that all the streams which drain the State, with the exception of a few insignificant ones that flow