pension and Charles V an annuity of 2,000 crowns (afterward doubled) on the treasury of Milan. When visiting Rome in 1546 he was given the freedom of the city. In 1550 he painted the famous portrait of Philip II of Spain, which helped his suit for the hand of Queen Mary of England. Notwithstanding the many statements that Titian visited Spain, modern authorities affirm that he never was there. He traveled much in Italy and went to Augsburg and was at the Council of Trent in 1555. In 1565 he went to Cadore to design decorations for the church at Pieve, his native town. He spent most of his life, however, in Venice, where he worked until the last moments of his life. Vasari saw him with brushes in hand painting furiously. Titian was, according to most authorities, 99 when he died of the plague, then raging in Venice. Vasari gives his birth as 1480, but Titian, writing to Philip II in 1571, said he was 95. He was buried in the church of the Frari near his famous painting, the 'Madonna di Casa Pesaro.' Canova's monument now marks his grave. His son, Oragio, died of the plague a few days after Titian. He, too, was a painter, but overshadowed by his father's greatness. In the confusion and riotous days of the plague Titian's splendid villa was entered and plundered by thieves. Titian's last painting was a 'Pieta,' which was finished by Palma Giovine. Although Titian lived in grand style and had many orders, he seems to have had much trouble in collecting his payments; for his correspondence is full of appeals to his debtors. He gave splendid entertainments and attracted the most brilliant men of the age. It is related that when Henri III of France passed through Venice on his way from Poland to take the French throne, he called on Titian with his suite of noblemen and that the painter presented him as a gift with all the pictures of which he inquired the price.

Even allowing for the abnormal length of his professional career, Titian's prolific faculty is amazing. More than a thousand pictures in European and American galleries are attributed to Titian. Of these 250 are spurious or doubtful. The largest collection (41 works) is in the Prado, Madrid. The Uffizi has 18; the Pitti, 16; Naples Museum, seven; the Venice Academy, eight; the Louvre, 18 and the National Gallery, London, six. Some critics accord the famous Concert' in the Louvre, which has long been considered a Giorgione, to Titian.

"Titian was a man of correct features and handsome person," writes William M. Rossetti, "with an uncommon air of penetrating observation and self-possessed composure -a Venetian presence worthy to pair with any of those most potent, grave and reserved signors, whom his brush has transmitted to posterity. He was highly distinguished, courteous and winning in society, personally unassuming and a fine speaker, enjoying (as is said by Vasari, who' saw him in the spring of 1566) health and prosperity unequaled. He was not a man of universal genius or varied faculty and accomplished like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo: his one great and supreme endowment was that of painting. Titian may properly be regarded as the greatest manipulator of paint in relation to color, tone, luminosity, richness, texture, softness, surface and harmony and with a view to the production of a pictorial whole

converging to the eye, a true, dignified and beautiful impression of its general subject matter and of the objects of sense which form its constituent parts. In this sense Titian has never been deposed from his sovereignty in painting. Titian's pictures abound with memories of his home country and of the region which led from the hill summits of Cadore to the Queen City of the Adriatic. He was almost the first great painter to exhibit an appreciation of mountains, mainly those of a turretted type, as exemplified in the Dolomites. Indeed he gave to landscape a new and original vitality, expressing the quality of the objects of nature and their control over the sentiments and imagination with a force that had never been before approached. The earliest Italian picture expressly designated as landscape' was one which Titian sent in 1552 to Philip II. Naturally a good deal of attention has been given by artists, connoisseurs and experts to probing the secret of how Titian managed to obtain such extraordinary results in color and surface. His figures were put in with the brush dipped in a brown solution and then altered and worked up as his intention developed. In his earlier pictures the gamut of color rests mainly upon red and green; in the later ones upon deep yellow and blue. The pigments which he used were nothing unusual; indeed they were both few and common. Palma Giovine records that Vecelli would set pictures aside for months and afterward examining them as if they were his mortal enemies would set to work upon them like a man possessed. Also that he left many pictures in progress at the same time, turning from one to the other, and that in his final operations he worked far more with the finger than with the brush." Titian seems to have taken Palma Vecchio as his model for softness and Giorgione as his model for richness. He distanced all his predecessors in the study of color as applied to draperies.

Titian excelled in every style. The 'Assumption of the Virgin' is ranked as one of the world's greatest pictures and the Entombment of Christ,' the Christ Crowned with Thorns> (Louvre), the 'Ecce Homo' (Vienna Gallery), in which Aretino posed for Pilate, the Supper at Emmaus' ́ (Louvre), 'Saint Mark' (Salute, Venice), the Presentation in the Temple, Christ in the Garden' (Madrid), Noli me Tangere (London) and 'Saint Jerome (Barera, Milan) attest his power in religious subjects. An exuberant fancy and dash characterizes his delightful mythological production such as 'Bacchus and Ariadne (National Gallery), 'Bacchenal' and 'Worship of Venus,' 'Diana and Actaeon,' 'Callisto, Jupiter and Antiope, Europa, Venus (Pondo), Venus and Cupid' (Florence), Danae and Venus and Adonis' painted for Philip II, Venus Anadyomene' (Bridgewater Gallery), the the Madonna of the Cherries' (Vienna) and the Madonna of the Rabbit' or Madonna del Consiglio (Louvre) prove that his 'Virgin and Child' can stand comparison with any other great master in Italian art. As a portrait painter Titian is unequaled. cording to Vasari "There has scarcely been a noble of high rank, scarcely a prince or lady of great name, whose portrait has not been taken by Titian." His list of famous men and

Ac

women is long. Perhaps at the very top stands the unknown 'Man with the Glove (Louvre), young, handsome and charming. Many times was the Duchess of Urbino painted, the most famous being the 'Bella' in the Uffizi, Florence. Many times also his daughter, Lavinia, smiles down the centuries. Sometimes she is holding a dish of fruit (Berlin), sometimes a jeweled casket (Lord Cowper) and sometimes a fan (Dresden). The Uffizi contains four superb studies: Catarina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, Sandovino, Francesco, Duke of Urbino and Eleanora, the Duchess of Urbino. Charles V on horseback at the battle of Muhlberg, now in the Prado, Madrid, shows for all ages what kind of man the emperor was. Titian painted three portraits of himself: one in early life (Vienna), one in middle age (Berlin) and one in old age (Prado, Madrid). Francis I (Louvre), though a great portrait, was not painted from life, for Titian never saw this sovereign. The famous work in the Louvre called Titian and his Mistress' represents Alphonso, Duke of Ferrara and his wife Laura di Dianti. Pope Paul III was another fine subject. The great (Trinity) or 'Last Judgment,' in which Charles V appears, was so loved by the emperor that he had it in his room during his last illness and kept his eyes fastened on it till the last. Titian also painted one great historical work in 1539, The Battle of Cadore' representing the moment when the Venetian captain, facing the enemy, dashed into the rushing stream with men and horses. All are represented life size. This picture perished by fire in 1577 and is only known to-day by Fontana's engraving and a sketch by Titian in the Uffizi.

"Titian," writes Kugler, "was born in grand Alpine scenery amidst a sturdy and vigorous race; and it is in the combination of these antecedents with the gorgeous color and stately forms of Venetian life that we trace that breadth of qualities so conducive to the development of art in which he takes precedence of every other painter. Two forms of nature especially courted his pencil-landscape and portraiture; and in each he revealed to the world treasures of truth and poetry not worked out before. For Titian is not only the painter of humanity in its largest distinctions-in the beauty of woman, the dignity of man and the artlessness of childhood- but he is especially the delineator of all those under every aspect of the high born and the affluently placed classes of society. Sir Joshua Reynolds says of him whatever he touched by a kind of magic he invested with grandeur and importance. The intellectual, the noble, the splendid, the wellformed, the well-fed, the well-dressed were the mutual subjects of his art. His type accordingly of Christ, John the Baptist and the Magdalen-characters in whom the pride of life and the abnegation of self are incompatible qualities cannot satisfy those who look for the realization of a sacred idea. Titian can, therefore, hardly rank as a painter of religious feeling except in his earliest works when he was still under the influence of Giorgione."

Bibliography.- Crowe and Cavaleaselle, 'Titian: his Life and Times' (2 vols., London 1877); Gronau, G., (Titian' (Berlin 1900; Eng. trans., London 1904); Hamel, Maurice, Titian' (Paris 1905); Huell, Estelle M., Titian' (Bos

ton 1901); Heath, R. F., (Titian' (London 1885); Phillips, Claude, "The Earlier Work of Titian and The Later Work of Titian' (Portfolio, No. 34 and No. 37), and Gilbert, Josiah, Cadore or Titian's Country) (London 1889).

ESTHER SINGLETON.

TITICACA, tē-të-kä'kä, the largest lake in South America and one of the most remarkable on the globe, situated on the southeastern boundary of Peru, its eastern shores belonging to Bolivia. It is about 130 miles long and 30 miles wide through most of its length, though 43 miles at one point. It lies at an altitude of 12,635 feet, in a large plateau basin between the two main cordilleras of the Andes. It is of irregular shape, and contains several islands. Copacabana Peninsular almost cuts it in two at the southeast extremity. The greatest depth is 720 feet. Its surplus water is discharged southward by the river Desaguadero, which flows into Lake Aullagas, and thence disappears in the Salinas Grandes, so that the water of the lake does not reach the ocean. Lake Titicaca was formerly much larger than now, and is still decreasing in area. There are geologic evidences that it formerly discharged into the Amazon watershed, in the eastern side of the Cordillera Real. In spite of the high altitude the shores are inhabited, and steamers ply on its waters. The largest island in the lake also bears the name Titicaca. Puno is the largest town on its shores. The locality was the seat of a prehistoric civilization of great interest, and the islands and the regions around the lake contain some of the most interesting architectural remains of ancient Peru.

TITLARK, a small lark-like bird of the family Motacillida, many species of which inhabit most parts of the world in every variety of region, some being migratory, others permanent residents. The nest is made upon the ground, or dry grass and stalks, lined with finer plants and hair, and the eggs are four to six. The American titlark (Anthus rubescens) is six and one-half inches long and 11 in wing extent; olive brown above, each feather darkest in the middle; beneath yellowish brown, the sides of the neck spotted longitudinally with dark brown; round eyes and superciliary stripe yellowish; central tail feathers like back, the others blackish brown, the external one mostly white and a white spot at the end of the second; primaries edged with whitish, and the other quills with pale brownish; bill and feet black. It is very generally distributed over North America, extending to the Pacific and to Greenland, and is accidental in Europe. The flight is exceedingly easy and graceful; it occurs in flocks of tens or hundreds, running fast on the ground, vibrating the tail whenever it stops, not squatting like the larks, but moving the body on the upper joints of the legs. It is found in the fields, on the prairies, along rivers, and on the seashore; the notes are clear and sharp tweets, the last much prolonged; it breeds in the East only north of the Saint Lawrence River, and especially in the coastal districts of Labrador; but in the Rocky Mountain region spends the summer much farther south, but at cool elevations. This bird is very similar to the A. obscurus and spinoletta of Europe, though the latter has a longer bill and less slender tarsi

and toes, and has no yellowish superciliary stripe; the outer tail feathers are not white, and the spots are less distinct below. Among the European species the most extensively distributed is the meadow titlark or pipit (A. pratensis), which is a favorite field-bird in Great Britain. The tree-pipit or titlark (A. arboreus) is another favorite. Both are kept as cage-birds. Consult general works, and Coues, Birds of the Northwest' (Washington 1874).

TITLE-DEED, a paper, or one of several papers, written or printed, or partly written and partly printed, describing a property in detail, and through what ownership or authority it came into the present custody, by virtue of which a person claims ownership or title. The term is often used in the plural to denote the several muniments of title turned over by the grantor on delivering the property to the grantee or his agent and in this sense titledeeds are any documents containing evidence of the title or any part of the title to real estate or other property so granted. Every owner of property is supposed to have his own title-deeds, but the modern system of registering real estate transfers requires an official copy of the title-deeds to be entered in the office of the registrar or of whatever public agent assumes the duties of registrar, and there be open to the public inspection.

TITLE INSURANCE is effected in countries having public offices for the record of titles to real estate through the agency of title guaranty companies. This business has assumed importance in the United States where the system is most fully developed. In this country law requires all transfers of real estate, all mortgages, wills, judgments, etc., to be entered in official registers open to public inspection. In the larger cities these records soon became so voluminous that the matter of verifying title became a cumbersome affair calling for the prolonged services of expert realty lawyers. Moreover such research was attended with long delay and with great expense; yet this had to be repeated every time a fresh transfer or mortgage took place, since the vendee or mortgagee was not apt to accept the property without assurance of its being unencumbered and sound in title. Finally in 1876 a Philadelphia company was organized to guarantee titles, and the plan proved so successful that companies have since been organized in nearly every large city in the country. The plan of operation of these companies calls for large capital, for in order to be independent of the clumsy and sometimes inaccurate methods of public record offices the title insurance companies form their own records of real estate titles in the locality in which they operate, and must maintain for this purpose a large staff of expert title examiners. On account of the size of its force a well-equipped company can make the first examination and guaranty of a title in less than a week, whereas from one to three months was sometimes required by the practising attorneys. The fee required in this first instance is usually about the same as that charged by a reliable lawyer, or, in case of a long examination, about onehalf per cent of the value of the property negotiated; but it has the added advantage

of guaranteeing against loss if there is any inaccuracy of the search. After a property has been once examined and its title guaranteed, the noting of future transactions affecting it is a simple matter, and subsequent guaranties are issued upon short notice and for a small fee.

TITLE TO PROPERTY. See REALTY.

TITLE REGISTRATION, a system of public records under which titles to real property are recorded in public offices for the purpose of expediting the process of transfer and of giving legal notice_to_claims of ownership to lands so entered. In England the registration of titles is of comparatively recent introduction, the system being due to the land transfer acts of 1875, under which it was first successfully practised. The office of record in that country is conducted by a registrar appointed by the lord chancellor, who also fixes the fees for the various services of the office. These fees, paid in the form of stamps, proIvide the emoluments of office from which the registrar draws his pay. Under the act of 1875 the registrar must approve of the title submitted and in case of a sale the vendor must make affidavit that he has produced all the deeds, wills and other instruments of title as well as all the evidences of encumbrances on the land, in order that the registrar can make a fair entry. When once a title is registered no adverse title will acquire any advantage by length of possession, but any person claiming an adverse interest can lodge a caution of that fact and be entitled to notice of all further transactions on the property. When the registered land is sold the name of the transferee is entered on the register and he is issued a certificate of title. The law is not compulsory in England, but is being gradually adopted because of its advantages over the old system.

In the United States it early became customary to register titles, mortgages and notices of transfer of interest, encumbrances, etc., in public offices, usually in the office of the county clerk of the court. This officer has no judicial or discretionary powers and is empowered only to register official copies of deeds, mortgages, agreements, etc. In place of the issuance of a certificate the clerk notes on the original or a duplicate deed that a true copy has been entered on the official register and this copy becomes legal notice of claim of title to all the world. The clerk of the court, who is a county officer in the United States, and elected, not appointed, frequently delegates this part of his work to an appointed assistant known as the registrar of deeds. Between the parties of a conveyance the recording or nonrecording of the instrument is of no moment, but conveyances made after the first is recorded are void, and any conveyance not recorded is void as against a subsequent conveyance to a bona fide purchase from the person in whose favor a recorded conveyance has been executed. State regulations, however, usually govern the matter of registration in regard to its effect as constructive notice. For the "Australian system" of national land registration, see TORRENS SYSTEM.

TITLES, words or phrases bestowed on individuals as a mark of distinction, rank or

dignity, and in some cases implying office or vocation. Titles may be official, honorary, civil, military, temporal or ecclesiastical. The use of titles is as old as civilization and seems to have arisen from titles bestowed for some public service, and only later to have been bestowed in virtue of the dignity of the office or employment of the recipient, and even later to have become hereditary. As used by the Greeks and Romans, however, titles conformed to the first and the last customs - they were bestowed for service and were hereditary. Later, Roman offices carried their titles with them irrespective of the merits of the holders, for example, the names Cæsar and Augustus, and the phrase pater patriæ, all of which came to be applied to the imperial throne regardless of the character of the occupant.

Titles to-day in existence in Europe are interesting relics of the feudal period. First came the titles of count and duke. Counts (comites, companions) were the followers of the feudal lords and the dukes (dux, leader), the military leaders.

Placed at the head of provinces, their rôles were the same, to administer their territory, defend it against depredations and forays from without, and to organize and lead its manpower in the military service of the overlord when the latter went forth to battle. Later came the appellation marquis to denote those in charge of the "marches," marshes, usually on the frontiers or border lands. Under the count came his lieutenants with the title of viscounts. As regards the title baron, which signifies man par excellence, it was at first applied only to the higher feudal personages, the great tenantsin-chief of the Crown. The knight was he who had received an order of chivalry or knighthood, and so on through the several grades of feudal society.

Among modern rulers the titles king and emperor with the feminines and in the case of the late Russian Empire that of tsar, are the titles of supreme heads of government. The title king harks back to a period when its bearer bore it by right of kinship as the head of his tribe. The later rex and its derivatives in the Romance languages denotes a ruler. And the word emperor, which is used in the same sense, originally denoted the ruler of an empire or a confederation of several states, each of which had a king at its head. In this respect the word was advisedly applied to William II, late emperor of Germany. Meanwhile it had become customary to add to the titles signifying the office, honorary qualifying titles. Henry IV of England was called "Grace"; Edward IV, "Most High and Mighty Prince"; Henry VII, "Highness"; and Henry VIII, "Majesty." This latter title was universally adopted by the sovereigns of Europe, and was subsequently subjected to further qualification, as in the case of James I, who was called "His Sacred Majesty of England," and was formally addressed as "James, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith," etc. Catholic rulers, meanwhile, had assumed such titles as "Catholic" for Spain, "Most Faithful" for Portugal, etc. The present ruler of Great Britain receives the title, "George V, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India," etc. The eldest son of the British sovereign is styled the Prince of Wales, and the eldest daughter the Princess Royal; the other sons and daughters are styled prince and princess, and all, together with the children of the sons of the reigning sovereign, are addressed as Royal Highness. The five orders of nobility in Britain are distinguished by the titles of honor-duke marquis, earl, viscount and baron. These nobles have several titles, granted by district patents, in their progressive steps in the peerage. A duke may thus be a marquis, an earl, a viscount, and a baron. One of the inferior titles is permitted as a matter of social dignity to be assumed by the eldest son. Thus the eldest son of the Duke of Sutherland takes the courtesy title, as it is called, of Marquis of Stafford. Courtesy titles do not raise their bearers above the rank of commoners, and consequently the eldest sons of peers are eligible for election as members of the House of Commons. The lowest hereditary title is that of baronet, which, besides its name, which is placed after the name and surname of its bearer, entitles him to the prefix Sir. The dignity of knighthood is not hereditary. The titles of esquire and master (Mr.) are now given indiscriminately to nearly all classes of persons. The Continental titles of prince, duke. marquis, count, viscount and baron often differ considerably from the corresponding titles in England. Thus in England the title prince is confined to members of the royal family; Austria has, or had, archdukes but no dukes, Russia had only grand dukes.

It is an axiom that hereditary titles lose their value in proportion as they become common. In England this latter danger is obviated by the rule of primogeniture which insures that there shall be but one bearer of a title in a generation, while in France all the sons receive titles, the eldest the highest title, for instance, that of duke, the second son, a marquisate, and so on. In Mohammedan lands the only hereditary title is that of sherif, except in the ruling houses. Pasha and bey, at first purely military titles, are now conferred on civilians, but are not hereditary. Japan had a system of titles closely resembling that of Europe, and like the latter, based on her old feudal system. China, under the empire, ennobled the ancestors of the person to be honored and usually made the title hereditary for a stated number of generations. The Turkish sultan is styled padishah (lord king) and as head of Islam he is "the Commander of the Faithful." The ruling houses of India have a graduated system of titles closely akin to that of Europe. The Pope of Rome is distinguished by the title "His Holiness," and addressed as "Your Holiness"; cardinals by the title "His Eminence"; bishops as "Monsignor," and in England as "My Lord." The title of bishops is "The Lord Bishop of " of archbishops "The Most Reverend the Lord Archbishop of

-,» deans are addressed as "Very Reverend," and archdeacons as "Venerable." All clergymen and ministers of the Christian and Jewish faiths are now generally styled "Reverend."

Titles in the United States.- Hereditary

titles and other titles of nobility are forbidden by the Federal Constitution and the citizen of another country who bears such a title when he becomes a citizen of the United States must relinquish his title. Various offices of dignity and trust carry with them certain forms of address, but these forms of address pertain to the offices alone, and the holders of these offices have no claims to the prescribed form of address after their terms of service have expired. The President, governors of States, and ministers of foreign nations are addressed, and spoken of, as your or his "Excellency," save in the case of speaking to the President, who should be addressed as "Mr. President." The vice-president, members of the Cabinet and members of Congress, heads of departments, assistant secretaries, comptrollers and auditors of the treasury, clerks of the Senate and House of Representatives, State senators, law judges, mayors of cities, etc., are entitled "Honorable." Military, naval, ecclesiastical and other professional dignities are distinguished by the titles common to the English-speaking peoples of the world. Consult the Almanach de Gotha'; 'Burke's Peerage'; Cokayne, G. E., 'Complete Peerage) (new ed., 1910); Phillips, Walter Alison, Titles of Honor' (in Encyclopedia Britannica,' Vol. XXVI, Cambridge 1911).

TITLES OF HONOR. See ORDERS (ROYAL) AND DECORATIONS; TITLES.

TITMARSH, M. A., or Michael Angelo, a pseudonym employed by Thackeray when contributing his 'Paris Sketch Book, Yellowplush Papers,' etc., to Fraser's Magazine.

TITMOUSE, one of the diminutive birds of the subfamily Parinæ, family Paride, which are among the most interesting of passerine birds. There are more than 75 known species, ranging widely over most parts of the world except Australia, but most abundant in the temperate and colder regions of the northern hemisphere. None of them are really migratory, though they roam widely during the winter in search of food, nor are they gregarious, though in this particular also stress of weather frequently causes them to gather in flocks, often with other small birds, as redpolls, finches, etc. They are not songsters, though most of them have characteristic, and frequently musical, call notes, and during the breeding season they sing after a fashion, rather weakly. They are very active, restless, familiar birds, usually showing little fear of man and oftentimes coming about houses in their continual search for food. They eat everything from seeds to the eggs and young of other birds. The nesting habits are varied, but they lay numerous eggs and raise two or more broods each season. The plumage is never brilliant, though occasionally striking, but is most frequently plain, though very tasteful.

Structurally the titmice, aside from their small size, are hard to distinguish from the jays. to which birds their habits also ally them in many ways. The bill is short and stout, straight and unnotched, and there are no rictal bristles, but the base is covered by tufts of bristly feathers, directed forward, entirely concealing the nostrils. The feet are stout, with scutellate tarsi and short toes. The wing is

rounded, with 10 primaries, of which the first is exceedingly short. The tail as long as or longer than the wing is composed of 12 feathers, and usually rounded or graduated. The plumage of the body, long, soft and loose.

to

Of the 75 species of titmice, one-fifth occur in America all of these having been taken within the limits of the United States. About two-thirds of all the species belong in the genus Parus, and the same proportion holds among our American forms. The most abundant and familiar of our species is the black-capped titmouse (P. atricapillus), widely distributed and known everywhere as the chickadee. The typical form ranges in eastern America from typical form ranges in eastern, but closely allied sub-species, or species, occupy practically all the rest of the Continent. The general color is ashygray, the back with a brownish tinge, the under parts white, or nearly so; the crown, nape, chin and throat black, with the cheeks white. In size, the various forms range from four and one-half to five and one-half inches, of which the tail is about half. The chickadee is a very active, tireless little bird, retiring the woods and swamps during the summer, but in winter very abundant in our villages and parks and about houses. It can easily be attracted to any spot where food is provided, and if unmolested by cats or otherwise will soon become very familiar. Although it eats bread and crumbs and other articles of a vegetarian's diet, its tastes are carnivorous and it is especially fond of "meat-on-the-bone." When foraging for themselves, chickadees eat an enormous number of insects and thus justify their existence, if that were necessary. As a matter of fact chickadees are so familiar, so daintily clothed, so cheerful even in the severest weather, and so courageous, and their usual call note "chick-a-dee-dee," is so pleasing, none of our birds is more universally loved and enjoyed. In the spring, when the mating begins, the chickadee has another note, a plaintive, though not drawled, "pe-we." The nest is a mass of moss, feathers, wool, plant down, etc., placed in a hole in a stump, tree or fence post, usually not far from the ground. The eggs are five to eight in number in each of the two broods, and are white, spotted with reddishbrown. The chickadee of the South Atlantic States (P. carolinensis) is said to have notes quite different from the northern species. In the southeastern United States, ranging north to New Jersey, but rarely further, is another very abundant titmouse, quite different from the chickadee in both color and form, known as the tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor). It is a gray bird, with a black forehead, and a conspicuous crest, an inch longer than the chickadee and not so attractive. The notes are not so attractive as those of the chickadee and become monotonous; the most common rendering in words is "peto, peto, peto," but it also has other calls. The tufted titmouse is not so familiar or confiding as the chickadee and is distinctly a woodland bird, seldom seen about houses. It is not shy and is readily approached, while the prominent crest makes it easy to recognize. The nesting habits and the eggs are similar to those of the chickadee, but the latter are considerably larger. A tufted titmouse occurring in the valley of the Rio