Tobacco Exports.- Exports of leaf tobacco from the United States in 1922 were 431,907,578 pounds, valued at $145,984,896. This was a decrease of 83,445,489 pounds as compared with the amount of tobacco exported in 1921, and was the lowest amount exported from the United States in any year since 1918. Although this is a pronounced decrease from the figures for 1921 it is approximately 17,000,000 pounds more than the amount of tobacco exported in 1913. The exports of stems and scrap tobacco were 10,960,906 pounds, an increase of nearly 3,500,000 pounds over 1921. The number of cigarettes exported was 11.470,179,000, or approximately 3,000,000,000 more than were exported in 1921. There was also a slight increase in the number of cigars and cheroots exported. Exports of plug tobacco amounted to 3,797,038 pounds, as compared to 2,586,781 pounds in 1921. The exports of smoking tobacco decreased from 7,656,700 pounds in 1921 to 1,285,765 pounds in 1922.

Tobacco Manufacturing.-The total number of cigarettes produced in 1922 was 53,582,028,982, as compared with 50,899,048,366 in 1921 and 44,645,823.212 in 1920. Cigars produced in 1922 numbered 6,892,597,657, as compared with 6,758,630,824 in 1921 and 7,967,021,692 in 1920. Manufactured tobacco produced in 1922 totaled 382,070,512 pounds, as compared with 350,835,000 pounds in 1921 and 363,688.795 pounds in 1920. Snuff manufactured in 1922 amounted to 38,162,198 pounds, as compared with 35, 661,435 pounds manufactured in 1921 and 36,126,387 pounds manufactured in 1920. According to figures made public by the Federal Bureau of Census in February, the leaf tobacco in the possession of manufacturers and dealers in the United States on 1 Jan. 1923 was 1,491,000,000 pounds. Chewing, smoking, snuff, and export types of tobacco constituted the bulk of the amount referred to, totaling slightly over 1,000,000,000 pounds.

Cigar types of tobacco held by the manufacturers and dealers on 1 January amounted to 346,000,000 pounds, while imported tobaccos held by the dealers and manufacturers at that time amounted to 76,000,000 pounds. The above figures cover the holdings of dealers in and manufacturers of tobacco, other than original growers, who, according to the returns of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, manufactured during the preceding calendar year more than 50,000 pounds of tobacco, 250,000 cigars and 1,000,000 cigarettes, and by dealers in or manufacturers of leaf tobacco, who, on an average, had more than 50,000 pounds of leaf tobacco in stock at the end of the four quarters of the preceding calendar year,

and include also all the imported tobacco in the United States and bonded manufacturing warehouses.

Tobacco Production and Consumption in Europe. Based on official returns, the European tobacco crop of 1922 was estimated at 274,405,000 pounds as compared with the 1921 crop of 264,039,200 pounds. The production of Russia and Italy is not included in this estimate. Italy's production in 1921 was 43,116,688 pounds, and though there was increased planting, the 1922 crop, owing to damage by drought, did not greatly exceed the crop of the year before. Bulgaria's crop was estimated at 44,593,532 pounds. Germany leads all countries in Europe in tobacco production. It had an estimated crop of 77,140,000 pounds in 1922 as compared with the 1921 crop of 65,961,312 pounds. Czechoslovakia's 1922 crop was estimated at 4,778,272 pounds; Hungary's at 4,383,756 pounds. The production of Turkish_tobacco in the two districts of Samsun and Smyrna was estimated at 21,956,248 pounds, a considerable portion of which was destroyed by fire and by the retreating Greek army during their pursuit in Asia Minor by the Turks. Consumption of tobacco throughout Europe still shows a rising tendency with the probability of an increase in the imports of American tobacco by Italy and France. Despite the chaotic conditions which have obtained in Germany since the World war, the imports of tobacco have increased from 179,405,600 pounds in 1913 to 250,154,000 pounds during the fiscal year which ended 3 April 1922. Figures given out in February 1923 by the French Tobacco Monopoly, in regard to its sales of tobacco in 1922 and 1921, show a large increase in the popularity of all of the most expensive forms of tobacco. Sales in 1921 totaled 115,194,969 pounds as compared with 102,290,700 pounds in 1920.

Cuba's Crop.-According to reports to the United States Department of Commerce the 1922 crop of Cuba, which produces most of the fine tobacco used in the manufacture of cigars, was about 50,000 bales short of the 1921 crop and 400,000 bales short of the 1920 crop. In the year last mentioned Cuba produced 700,000 bales of tobacco. In 1921 production dropped to 355,000 bales, while the 1922 crop was estimated at but 304,000 bales.

Paraguay normally produces about 24.000.000 21,280,000 pounds. pounds of tobacco. The 1921 crop amounted to

In 1919 there were 10,291 establishments with a capital of $604,839,000, engaged in the manufacture of tobacco in the United States. Salaries and wages paid to 157,097 persons engaged in the industry amounted to $123,988.000 and the total value of manufactured products was $1,032,933,000. Manufactured tobacco is an important source of governmental revenue in the United States. Since 1908 the internal revenue collected on tobacco ranged from $49,862,754 in 1908 to $88,063,948 in 1916 and $308,010,533.12 in 1923.

Bibliography.- Allard, H. A., The Mosaic Disease of Tobacco) (United States Department of Agriculture Bul. 40, 1914); Billings, E. R., 'Tobacco, Its Culture, Manufacture and Use' (Hartford, Conn., 1875); Comes, O., Histoire, Geographie, Statistique Du Tabac'

(Naples 1900); Fairholt, F. W., Tobacco: Its History and Associations' (London 1876); Garner, W. W., Bacon, C. W., Foubert, C. L., 'Research Studies on the Curing of Leaf Tobacco (United States Agricultural Department Bul. 79, 1914); Hayes, H. K., East, E. M., Beinhart, E. G., Tobacco Breeding in Connecticut (Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bul. 176, 1913); Killebrew, J. B., Report on the Culture and Curing of Tobacco in the United States' (Tenth United States Census, Vol. III, pp. 583-880, 1880); Kissling, R., 'Handbuch der Tabakkunde, des Tabakbaues und der Tabakfabrikation' (Berlin 1905) Loew, Oscar, Curing and Fermentation of Cigar Leaf Tobacco (United States Department of Agriculture Report 59, 1899); Mathewson, E. H., The Export and Manufacturing Tobaccos of the United States, with brief Reference to the Cigar Types' (United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau Plant Industry Bul. 244, 1912); Tatham, William, An Historical and Practical Essay on the Culture and Commerce of Tobacco (London 1800); 'Stocks of Leaf Tobacco and the American Production, Import, Export, and Consumption of Tobacco and Tobacco Products' States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census Bul. 136, Washington 1917).

(United

WIGHTMAN W. GARNER, Physiologist in Charge of Tobacco Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.

TOBAGO, to-ba'gō, British West Indies, an island of the Lesser Antilles, situated 20 miles northeast of Trinidad. It is about 24 miles long by seven miles wide, with an area of 114 square miles. It is hilly, rising at one point to a height of 2,000 feet. The soil is fertile and well cultivated. The chief products are sugar, rum, cocoanuts, rubber, cacao, cotton and tobacco. The capital and chief port is Scarborough, on the south coast, where steamships to Guira make stops. The island has been in British possession since 1814, and in 1889 it was united with the colony of Trinidad. Pop. about 21,000.

TOBASCO, a meat sauce made of peppers, originally manufactured in Louisiana by Col. John McIlhenny in 1868.

TOBIKHAR, tō-bik-här'. NEAN INDIANS.

See SHOSHO

TOBIT, Book of, one of the Old Testament books rejected as apocryphal by the Jews and Protestants, but received into the canon by the Roman Catholics. It contains an account of some remarkable events in the life of Tobit, a Jew carried captive to Nineveh, and his son, who is named Tobias. Ewald ascribes the book to a Palestinian Jew who wrote in Hebrew, and suggests as the date of its composition the middle of the 4th century before Christ. The earliest known text is in Greek. See BIBLE.

TOBOGGAN, a sled-like vehicle, often formed of a single piece of broad flat wood, of birch or basswood, curved up and backward at the front end, and used for sliding down slopes of snow. It is commonly from five to eight feet long, about 15 or 16 inches in width if formed of one piece, or wider if formed of two or more. The curved portion in front is usually fastened by thongs of hide or gut, and

the toboggan is strengthened by cross-pieces of hard wood strapped to the body at short distances. Toboggans originated with the Indians, who used them for hauling packs over the snow, and the name is still applied to a class of sleds drawn by dogs. But the toboggan of to-day is chiefly used in the sport of coasting down prepared slides, a popular pastime in Canada and other countries in high latitudes.

TOBOL, tō-bol', Asia, a river of Siberia, tributary to the Irtish, which rises in the southern Ural slopes, in Russian central Asia, flows northeast, and after a course of 750 miles empties into the Irtish opposite Tobolsk. It is navigable for more than half its length, but is covered with ice from November to May; its chief affluents are the Uj-Isset, Tura and Tawda. The Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the river at Kurgan.

TOBOLSK, tō-bõlsk', Asia, in Siberia, (1) capital of a government of the same name, on the Irtish where it joins the Tobol, about 350 miles northwest of Omsk. The principal buildings are the churches, governor's residence, bishop's palace, municipal offices, arsenal, barracks, bazaar and hospital; besides a prison used as a depot for Siberian exiles, assembled from all parts of the country, an episcopal seminary, theatre, gymnasium, etc. The manufactures include bricks, soap and tallow. The trade is unimportant. The town is partly fortified. Pop. 25,200. (2) The government of Tobolsk, in northwestern Siberia, contains an area of 535,739 square miles. The Arctic Ocean borders the northern coast; the principal rivers are the Obi and Irtish, which are navigable when not frozen over. The chief occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture and cattle-raising; fishing and hunting in the north. Pop. 2,885,700.

TOCANTINS, tō-kän-tēnz', Brazil, a river rising in the southern part of the state of Goyaz, and flowing north through Goyaz, Cayapo and Pará, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean through the Rio Pará, the southern estuary of the Amazon delta. On the northern boundary of Goyaz the river receives from the left the Araguayá, which is considerably larger than the main stream. From the source of the Araguaya in the Cayapo Mountains in Matto Grosso to the Atlantic Ocean is fully 2,200 miles, constituting one of the great rivers of the world. The Tocantins is 1,600 miles long, and though interrupted by falls and rapids, it is navigable in stretches aggregating 1,100 miles. Its estuary is 140 miles long, and receives numerous channels from the Amazon, together with which it separates the island of Marajo from the mainland. The country through which these great twin rivers flow is undeveloped, there being not a single important city on the banks, except Pará at the mouth.

TOCQUEVILLE, tok'vil (Fr. tŭk-vēl), Alexis Charles Henri Clérel de, French statesman and writer: b. Verneuil, 29 July 1805; d. Cannes, 16 April 1859. He was originally destined for the military profession, but exchanged it for that of law. In 1827 he was appointed an assistant magistrate at Versailles. In 1831 he was commissioned by the French government to proceed along with his friend, M. Gustave de Beaumont, to America, and to

investigate and report upon the penitentiary system of the United States. The results of the inquiry were published in 1833 under the title Du Système Pênitentiaire aux Etats-Unis et de son Application en France.' This, however, was only the precursor of the greater and more celebrated work 'La Démocratie en Amérique (1835), to which the Montyon prize of the French Academy was awarded in 1836, and which, by 1850, had run through 13 editions. It was the first systematic analysis of democracy as exemplified in the institutions and political relations of the United States, and was translated into the principal European languages. Tocqueville was in 1839 elected to a scat in the Chamber of Deputies, and ranged himself with the opposition. After the Revolution of 1848 he was nominated deputy from the department of La Manche to the National Asserably, where he voted always against the propositions of the ultra-democratic party. In the Cabinet of 2 June 1849, he accepted the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, but resigned it the same year, after holding it for five months. After the coup d'état of 2 Dec. 1851, he lived retired from public affairs, and devoted his leisure to the production of 'L'Ancien Rêgime et la Révolution,' published in 1856. His complete works appeared in 1860-65. Consult Jaques, Alexis de Tocqueville) (1876); Souvenirs d'Alexis de Tocqueville) (1893); and D'Eichtal, Alexis de Tocqueville et la Démocratie Libérale' (1897).

TOCSIN, a bell sounded with quick strokes for the purpose of alarm. The word is derived from the French, and the use of the tocsin as a signal to arouse the people was so common during the French Revolution that the word has come to be proverbially used for any loud sound or call marking the commencement of an important event.

TODAS, or TUDA, a singular race of people inhabiting the upper part of the Neilgherry Hills in southern India. They are pastoral in their habits and possess a queer unwritten language. Their religion is the worship of the sun and of departed spirits. They follow the practice of polyandry in both its forms the brothers of one family having one common wife, yet receiving the right, at certain seasons, of temporary husbands to the women of the subject villages. They are a tall, wellproportioned and a fine muscular race of men, are dominant over the neighboring tribes and receive from them a "goodoo" or tribute of onesixth of their crops, the Todars holding aloof from tillage of the soil. They have slowly increased in number since 1858 when a count of them showed only 337, a recent estimate placing their number at 750.

TODD, Alpheus, Canadian author and librarian: b. England, 1831; d. Ottawa, Canada, 22 Jan. 1884. He removed with his parents to Canada in 1833; was for some time assistant librarian of the legislative assembly of Upper Canada, and in 1858 he became chief librarian. Upon the Confederation he was appointed to that office with the Dominion Parliament. He was also a writer of high authority on constitutional law and Parliamentary government. Author of The Practice and Privileges of the Two Houses at Toronto) (1839); 'Parliamen

tary Government in England' (2 vols., 186769), etc.

TODD, Charles Burr, American author: b. Redding, Conn., 9 Jan. 1849. He received his education in the public schools. For many years he was special writer on the New York Evening Post. In 1895 he was secretary to the commission appointed by Mayor Strong of New York to publish the early records of New York City. His published works are History of the Burr Family in America' (1879); History of Redding, Conn.' (1880; 2d ed., 1906); 'Life and Letters of Joel Barlow' (1886); 'Story of the City of New York' (1895); 'Story of Washington, the National Capital' (1897); Lance, Cross and Canoe in the Valley of the Mississippi,' 'Brief History of New York' (1899); The True Aaron Burr) (1902); 'The Real Benedict Arnold' (1903); In Olde Connecticut (1905); In Olde Massachusetts' (1907); In Olde New York' (1907); 'The Washington Crossing Sketch Book) (1914); 'Sketches of the Delaware Valley) (1916).

TODD, David, American

astronomer:

b. Lake Ridge, N. Y., 19 March 1855. He was graduated from Amherst in 1875 where he became professor of astronomy in 1881. From 1882 to 1887 he held a similar post at Smith College. In order to make astronomical observations he has conducted expeditions to Texas in 1878, transit of Venus, Lick Observatory 1882, to Japan in 1887 and again in 1896, to West Africa in 1889-90, to Tripoli, Barbary, in 1900 and 1905, to the Dutch East Indies in 1901, to the Andes of Chile and Peru in 1908 and to Russia in 1914. He is the author of several textbooks on astronomy, also 'Stars and Telescopes' (1899); Lessons in Astronomy) (1902), also articles in magazines and reviews.

TODD, Henry Alfred, American philologist and educator: b. Woodstock, Ill., 13 March 1854. He was graduated at Princeton University in 1876 and later studied at the universities of Paris, Berlin and Madrid, taking his Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University in 1885. He was professor of Romance languages at Leland Stanford Junior University in 1891-93; and in 1893 he became professor of Romance philology at Columbia University. He was one of the founders of the Romantic Review in 1910; was a member of the advisory council of the Simplified Spelling Board; and in 1906 was president of the Modern Language Association of America. He has edited numerous works in the Romance languages.

TODD, Mabel (Loomis), American author: b. Cambridge, Mass., 10 Nov. 1858. She edited the 'Poems (1890–96) and 'Letters' (1894) of Emily Dickinson and a 'Cycle of Sonnets' (1896) by an anonymous author; also Steele's 'Popular Astronomy) (1899). Her original writings include Total Eclipses of the Sun' (1894) and Corona and Coronet' (1898); A Cycle of Sunsets' (1909). The results of study of the Ainu aborigines in Kitami province, Japan, appeared in various magazine articles. TODD'S TAVERN, Engagements The Virginia campaign of 1864 began on 4 May by the advance of the Army of the Potomac across the Rapidan, the cavalry divisions of Generals Gregg and J. H. Wilson leading.

at.

Wilson crossed the Rapidan at Germania Ford, and marched rapidly by Wilderness Tavern to Parker's Store, from which he sent a reconnoissance toward Mine Run, the rest of his division going into bivouac. During the night he was ordered by General Meade to advance in the direction of Craig's Church, leaving one regiment to hold Parker's Store. Just beyond Craig's Church Wilson encountered Rosser's Confederate cavalry, which was driven back two miles, and at noon, as he had heard nothing of the approach of Meade's infantry, and his own position was threatened, he began to withdraw to Parker's Store, when he heard that the regiment left there had been attacked by Confederate infantry, and that he was cut off from communication with General Meade's infantry. He determined to withdraw on the Catharpin road, by way of Shady Grove Church, to Todd's Tavern, on the Brock road. Before he was fairly on the road he was attacked in heavy force and followed by cavalry, but he reached Todd's Tavern by crossing the Po River at Corbin's bridge. A part of his command was cut off, but came in later in the day. As he approached Todd's Tavern he was relieved by Gregg's division, which, by Meade's direction, Sheridan had sent to assist him, and Stuart's cavalry, which was closely following Wilson, was driven back by Gregg to Shady Grove Church, about four miles. Sheridan was holding the left flank of the army, and covering its trains, while it was grappling with Lee in the Wilderness, and on the 6th had two divisions at Todd's Tavern, covering the roads centring at this point, where he was attacked early in the day by Stuart, who was anxious_to get at Grant's flank and his wagon train, but his successive attacks were repulsed. Meade, anxious about his left, directed Sheridan to draw back from Todd's Tavern, closer to the trains, which Sheridan did in the afternoon, and the Confederate cavalry occupied Todd's Tavern. Preliminary to Grant's movement from the Wilderness to Spottsylvania Court House was the necessity to hold Todd's Tavern, which was midway between the two places and on the direct road connecting them; and on the 7th two brigades of Gregg's division and two of Merritt's, dismounted and fighting on foot, attacked Stuart and, after a sharp and closely contested action, drove him from Todd's Tavern, with severe losses on both sides, Fitzhugh Lee's division_retreating in the direction of Spottsylvania Court House and Wade Hampton's southward to Corbin's bridge of Po River. Sheridan withdrew and encamped, Gregg's and Merritt's divisions in the open fields to the east of Todd's Tavern. Very early on the morning of the 8th Gregg was put in position to guard the roads from the south and Merritt's division renewed the engagement with Fitzhugh Lee on the Spottsylvania Court House road to open the way for the advance of Warren's Fifth corps from Todd's Tavern to the Court House. Merritt became severely engaged, but slowly gained ground until about 6 A.M., when he was relieved and Robinson's division of Warren's corps took the advance. Hancock's Second corps, following Warren's, reached Todd's Tavern at 9.30 A.M., and took position covering the Brock road, Catharpin and Spottsylvania roads, and began to intrench, holding the extreme right of the army.

At

11.30 A.M. Gen. N. A. Miles' brigade, with Gregg's cavalry brigade and a battery, moved out on the Catharpin road toward Corbin's bridge, and when half a mile from it and one and one-half miles from Todd's Tavern, the head of column was opened upon with artillery from the heights on the south side of Po River. Miles formed line, his artillery replied to that of the enemy, there was a skirmish with Wade Hampton's cavalry, which was kept at bay, and at 5.30 P.M., when Miles began to withdraw, he was attacked by Mahone's division of infantry and fell back fighting to Todd's Tavern. Consult Official Records' (Vol. XXXVI).

E. A. CARMAN.

TODDY, or PALM-WINE, a drink made in tropical countries from the sap of various palms, especially when in a fermented state. The word is of Hindustani origin and is generally applied in India to the substance used as yeast to leaven bread. In the Malayan Archipelago, toddy is the sweet juice of the flower sheaths of Arenga saccharifera. In Brazil the majestic buriti, or murichi palm (q.v.), is felled, and cavities are dug in the stem in which to collect the sap, from which a fermented liquor is made. This has led to the use of the name of wine-palm for this tree. The spadix of the useful Nipa frutescens yields toddy which is changed into vinegar by one process, into arrack by another and may also be converted into a delicious syrup, thick, frothy and clear, with a slightly saline flavor. Sugar is made from this syrup by evaporation. The toddy or jaggery-palm (Caryota urens), a palm crowned by drooping bipinnate leaves, with wedge-shaped leaflets, furnishes a similar sap when the flowering stems are cut. This, like that of the nipa, can be boiled down into syrup and will yield a coarse brown sugar known as jaggery or goor. The sap is fermented for the toddy and further distilled for arrack. The cocoanut (Cocos nucifera), the palmyra palm (Borassus flabelliformis), the date (Phoenix dactylifera), and the wild date (Phoenix sylvestris), all yield toddy in India, the latter being grown extensively in Bengal, for the sake of this drink and the sugar extracted from it; it is said that the sap can be induced to flow from the upper portion of the stem for many years. The West Africans make their toddy from Raphia vinifera.

The word toddy was applied by the Scots to a drink made of whisky and hot water, sweetened. Burns uses the term in The Holy Fair. Whisky and cold water, properly called grog, is also known by this name. Toddy-Cat is the name given in southern India to the palm-civet on account of its alleged fondness for palm-juice.

TODDY-BIRD, a swallow-shrike (Artamus fuscus) of India and Ceylon. It is about seven inches long, of dusky plumage and is most abundant in wooded districts, especially where palm trees abound, more particularly the Palmyra or toddy palm, from which it takes several of its popular names.

TODDY-CAT, one of the civets (Paradoxurus typus), common throughout the greater part of India, Ceylon, Burma and the Malayan region, which dwells mainly in the Palmyra or toddy palm-groves. See TODDY.

TODHUNTER, Isaac, English mathematician: b. Rye, 1820; d. Cambridge, 1 March 1884. He was graduated from London University in 1842 and from Saint John's College, Cambridge, in 1848. He was elected a Fellow of his college in 1849 and became a lecturer and tutor. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1862. Todhunter was a man of high attainments in various branches of learning, but is best known as the author of numerous mathematical textbooks. His most important works are Treatise on the Differential Calculus (1852); Analytical Statics' (1853); 'Plane Co-ordinate Geometry) (1855); 'Examples of Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions (1858); 'Algebra' (1858); (Trigonometry) (1859); The Theory of Equations' (1861); History of the Progress of the Calculus of Variations during the 19th Century' (1861); History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability from Pascal to Laplace' (1865); 'History of the Mathematical Theories of Attraction from Newton to Laplace' (1873); 'The Conflict of Studies' (1873); Laplace's Functions (1875); 'History of the Theory of Elasticity) (ed. Karl Pearson 1886).

TODHUNTER, John, Irish poet and dramatist: b. Dublin, 30 Dec. 1839. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and after studying at Vienna and Paris, practised medicine for some years in his native city. He was professor of English literature at Alexandria College, Dublin, 1870-74, and later removed to London. He has published among other works 'Laurella and Other Poems' (1876); (Alcestis' (1879); 'A Study of Shelley) (1880); "The Banshee and Other Poems) (1888); and several plays, such as 'Helena in Troas' (performed 1886); The Prison Flower) (performed 1891); A Comedy of Sighs' (performed 1894).

TODLEBEN, tōt'lā-běn, or TOTLEBEN, Franz Eduard Ivanovitch, COUNT, Russian general: b. Mitau, Courland, 20 May 1818; d. Soden, Germany, 1 July 1884. He studied at the College of Engineers at Saint Petersburg, and entered the Russian army during its operations against the Circassians in 1848. Having been recognized as a most able engineer in this campaign, he was sent to the Crimea in 1854, where he distinguished himself while under constant fire from the guns of the enemy in the rapid conversion of the city of Sevastopol into a formidable fortress. For this and other valuable service during the Sevastopol campaign he was promoted to the rank of general. At the close of the Crimean War he retired to private life, where he devoted himself to scientific investigation and to the writing of a history of the war. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 he was sent to Plevna, where he compelled the commander, Osman Pasha, to surrender his entire army to the Russians. He was afterward made commander-in-chief of the army at Constantinople. At the end of the Russo-Turkish War he entered political life, and was in his later years governor, first of Odessa, and afterward of the province of Vilna. published an account of the defense of Sevastopol (French trans., Défense de Sevastopol,' (1804). Consult Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea' (1863-87); Brialmont, 'Le gén

He

eral comte Todleben) (1884); Krahmer, General-adjutant Graf Todleben' (1888).

TODMORDEN, tod-môr'den, England, a town in Lancashire and Yorkshire, on the Calder, 21 miles northeast of Manchester. The churches of various denominations, town-hall, free library, technical school, etc., are the chief buildings. The industries consist of foundries, machine works and manufactories for cotton goods. Pop. about 26,000.

TODY, a term applied to a family (Todüidæ) of birds closely related to the motmots and kingfishers. They are distinguished by the long flat bill, short and rounded wings and short and square tail. Only four species are known, all of small size, and inhabitants of tropical America. The green tody (Todus viridis) of Jamaica is about four inches in length, and green on the upper parts, the flanks rosecolored, the throat scarlet and the belly pale yellow. The bill is red. It frequents the trees along watercourses, and has the habits of a fly-catcher, taking short flights in pursuit of insects and returning to the perch. They nest in the manner of kingfishers, in holes excavated in banks, and lay three or four white nearly spherical eggs. Consult Evans, 'Birds' (New York 1900).

TOFT, an old English word denoting a thicket of trees, a homestead or a piece of ground on which a messuage or home formerly stood. Taken in the second sense toft was frequently used in legal papers in conjunction with the work croft, "toft and croft" meaning a house and homestead, with the stables and outbuildings, the whole surrounded by a thicket or enclosure. Probably from the fact that the house was usually surrounded by trees came the later meaning of soft, which is preserved in the modern word tuft, a grove of trees.

TOGA. See COSTUME.

TOGO, Heihaichiro, COUNT, Japanese admiral: b. Kagoshima, Japan, 1847. He very early became known as one of Japan's most daring naval officers, and a few years before the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States, he was sent to Hawaii in command of the battleship Naniwa to protect the Japanese who were then complaining of persecution by the government. There he nearly became involved in warfare with United States ship Boston whose captain supported the demand of the Hawaiian government for the surrender of an escaped Japanese prisoner, and threatened to fire upon the Naniwa. When Togo immediately cleared his ship for action, however, the captain of the Boston apologized and withdrew his threat. In 1894 Togo practically began the war with China by firing upon Chinese transports carrying troops with an evidently hostile purpose. On the breaking out of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Japanese navy and conducted the operations against Port Arthur, and the bombardment of that port, defeated the Russian fleet there, driving it back, after severe fighting, to the shelter of the inner harbor, and damaging several Russian ships. On 27-28 May 1905 he met and annihilated the Russian Baltic squadron, only four small cruisers and some torpedo boats escap