of the certificate with accompanying entry of that fact in the registrar's office completes the transaction. By this method the transfer of a land title certificate becomes as simple and as inexpensive as the transfer of a certificate of stock or of a bank share, and the holder of the title is absolutely free from the usual danger of land title transfers, such as flaws in the title, the neglect of obscure future conditions, etc. Should any person suffer loss through misdescription, omission or any other error in the certificate issued by the registrar, he is indemnified from an insurance fund created for that purpose. This fund is provided by the imposition of a tax of one-fourth of 1 per cent on the value of the land at the time of the first certificate of title being granted, in addition to the registration fees. The registrar is the judge in all cases as to the liability of the fund to such compensation. The fees for registration under the Torrens system are very small, usually being $24 in case of the first registration, and three dollars upon the issue of every subsequent certificate. system has been vigorously opposed by title guaranty companies and by members of the legal profession who see in it an end to a fruitful source of fees since under it there is furnished State title insurance instead of private title insurance, with nominal cost for conveyances.

The

The Torrens system is in use in South Australia (1858), British Honduras (1858), Vancouver (1860), consolidated with British Columbia (1866), Queensland (1861), Tasmania (1862), New South Wales (1862), Victoria (1862), England (1862, 1875, 1897), Ireland (1865, 1891), New Zealand (1870), British Columbia (1871), Western Australia (1874), Wales (1875, 1897), Fiji (1876), British Guiana (1880), Ontario (1885), Manitoba (1885), Canadian Northwest Territories (1886), Leeward Islands (1886), Jamaica (1888), British New Guinea (1889), Cyprus (1890), Illinois (1895), Ohio (1896), California (1897), Massachusetts (1898), Minnesota (1901), Oregon (1901), Philippine Islands (1902), Colorado (1903), Hawaii (1903), Nova Scotia (1904), Alberta (1906), Saskatchewan (1906), Washington (1907), New York (1908), North Carolina (1913), Mississippi (1914). The Massachusetts law is the best and the most successful in the United States; the New York law has been in great part a failure, due to defects in the act, of which the opponents of the system have taken advantage. Since the original Torrens Act gave a judicial and discretionary power to the registrar not in conformity with the spirit of American institutions, this portion of the law has been slightly changed in order to adapt it to the requirements of this country. Consult Niblack, William, Analysis of the Torrens System' (Chicago 1912); Cameron, A. G., The Torrens System (Boston 1915); id., The Torrens System, Its Cost and Complexity; a legal and Practical Treatise' (Chicago 1903); Torrens, Sir Robert, 'Essay on the Transfer of Land by Registration' (London); Beers, W. F., The Torrens System of Realty Titles' (New York 1907); Kennedy, J. P., List of References on the Torrens System) (Virgina State Library, Richmond, Va., 1906).

TORRENTS OF SPRING ('Véshniya Vódui), by Iván Sergéyevitch Turgénief, is the tragi-comedy of a man of weak will who succumbs to a passionate impulse, yields to the seductions of the typical "vampire" woman and throws away the happiness of his whole life. "Weak men," says the author, "never bring things to an end; they always wait for the end to come." The title is symbolical and not quite adequate, the comparison being introduced in the wrong place.

Sánin, a young nobleman, is in his 22d year, very good-looking, with handsome graceful figure, kindly bluish eyes, golden hair, a clear skin, a smile like a child's and giving the impression of "freshness, health and softness, softness, softness," a man "recognizable at a glance as the son of a sedate aristocratic family, the type of the fine young pomyeshchik, born and reared in our wide_steppe-like regions." On his way home from Europe to Russia he is detained for a few hours at Frankfurt-am-Main, and by chance drops into a confectioner's shop conducted by the widow of an Italian Revolutionist. It happened that just at that moment Emilio the only son had fainted and his sister, Gemma, a young girl of exquisite beauty_appeals to Sánin to bring him back to life. This the young man does; the family are profuse in their expressions of gratitude and persuade him to remain for a few days in Frankfurt. During a Sunday excursion with the two young people and Grüber, a bumptious and conceited German clerk to whom Gemma is betrothed, an intoxicated officer, Baron von Dönhof, insults the young girl, and when her lover shows no spirit to resent it, Sánin impulsively takes it upon himself to provoke the inevitable duel. This duel is described at considerable length with a wealth of comic detail. Neither party is injured and the Russian and the Baron part almost friends.

It results, however, in Gemma's breaking her engagement with the ridiculous and pusillanimous Grüber, but Signora Roselli begs Sánin to use his influence with her daughter to persuade her not to ruin her prospects and reputation by such an act, an engagement being regarded in Germany as no less sacred than marriage itself. Sánin reluctantly undertakes to fulfil this delicate mission but finds it impossible, since he has himself fallen in love with the beautiful girl and she is no less fascinated with him. He decides to sell his estate in Russia and invest money in the widow's confectionary business. By another turn of fate he meets at this moment his former schoolmate, Pólozof, another type of the lazy, easygoing Russian, who is married to an enormously rich young woman. Pólozof tells Sánin that his wife will perhaps buy his estate and offers him a place in his carriage to Wiesbaden where Márya Nikolayevna is taking a cure. She is beautiful but unscrupulous and plays all her arts to fascinate Sánin, who weakly yields and never returns to Gemma. Thirty years later Sánin, always unhappy in his remorse for his dastardly behavior finds a little garnet cross which Gemma had given him. It brings up all the details of his soul's tragedy. He goes to Frankfurt and through Baron von Dönhof learns that Gemma had married a rich American. He writes to her and when she replies,

enclosing a photograph of her own daughter, he sees in the picture the very image of his lost love and sends her the garnet cross together with a magnificent string of pearls. Gemma is the very ideal of sweet girlish purity and charm and is presented in striking contrast with the fascinating and not unsympathetic Russian siren who ruins men for her selfish amusement. It is an amusing and yet rather repulsive story. Originally published in the European Messenger (Vyestnik Yevropui) in 1872, it has been translated as "The Torrents of Spring) by Constance Garnett (1897); 'Spring Freshets' by Isabel F. Hapgood (New York 1904); Spring Floods' by S. M. Butts (1874-75), and by E. Richter (London 1896).

NATHAN HASKELL DOLE.

TORRES NAHARRO, B. de., Spanish dramatic poet: b. near Badajoz, about 1500. He is called the creator of Spanish comedy and was the first writer of his time to develop fully his plots. He wrote fluently in both poetry and prose and his collected works were dedicated to Ferdinand_d'Avalos, the husband of Vittoria Colonna. It was not until 1520, however, that his plays became known in Spain where they were very popular.

TORRES (tor'rĕs) STRAIT, the narrow channel which separates Australia and Papua. From Cape York on the northern coast of Australia to New Guinea it measures about 80 miles. Navigation is unsafe owing to the shoals, islands and reefs within its waters. It was discovered in 1606 by a Spanish navigator from Peru.

TORRES VEDRAS, tor'res vä'dräs, Portugal, a town in the district of Lisbon, situated on the railroad, 25 miles north of Lisbon. It is noted for its extensive lines of fortifications, 28 miles long, reaching to the Tagus River, and protecting 500 square miles of territory. They were begun in 1809, and behind them Wellington in 1810 checked the French advance toward Lisbon. It has hot sulphur baths and an old Moorish citadel. Pop. about 8,000.

TORREY, tŏr'i, Bradford, American naturalist and author: b. Weymouth, Mass., 9 Oct. 1843; d. 1912. He was educated in the public schools, taught two years, entered business in Boston, and for many years after 1886 was a member of the editorial staff of the Youth's Companion. He has been well ranked as a field ornithologist, and writes entertainingly of his observations. His essays have been collected into the following volumes: 'Birds in the Bush' (1885); The Foot-Path Way) (1892); 'A Florida Sketch-Book' (1894); Spring Notes from Tennessee'; 'A world of Green Hills (1898); 'Every-Day Birds' (1900); 'Nature's Invitation' (1904); Friends on the Shelf) (1906); 'Field Days in California' (1913).

TORREY, Charles Cutler, American Semitic scholar: b. East Hardwick, Vt., 20 Dec. 1863. He was educated at Bowdoin College where he taught Latin (1885-86). He studied at Andover Theological Seminary (1886-89) and at the University of Strassburg (1889-92) where he took his Ph.D. degree. Since that time he has been instructor in Semitic languages at Andover (1892-1900), director of the American School of Oriental Research in Palestine

(1900-01), editor Journal of the American Oriental Society (1900-07; 1911-16) and president of the society (1917-18). His publications include The Commercial-Theological Terms in the Koran (1892); Composition and Historical Value of Ezra-Nehemiah' (1896); The Mohammedan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa' (trans. from the Arabic, 1901); 'Selections from Bokhari) (1906); Notes on the Aramaic past of Daniel) (1909); 'Ezra Studies' (1910); Composition and Date of the Arts' (1916). Since 1900 he has been attached to Yale College.

TORREY, Charles Turner, American anti-slavery reformer: b. Scituate, Mass., 21 Nov. 1813; d. Baltimore, Md., 9 May 1846. He was graduated at Yale in 1830, entered the Congregational ministry, and held pastorates at Princeton, N. J., and Salem, Mass. Having removed to Maryland to promote the cause of anti-slavery, he became an active agent of the Underground Railroad (q.v.), and was arrested and imprisoned in 1843 for his report of a slaveholders' convention held in Baltimore. The following year he was again arrested, and being convicted of aiding in the escape of runaway slaves, he was sentenced to a long term in the penitentiary. The harsh treatment he received while undergoing his sentence brought on consumption from which he died, and his remains were taken to Boston where he was honored by a public funeral. He was regarded as a martyr in the cause of abolition, and "Torrey's blood crieth out," became an anti-slavery watchword. He wrote A Memoir of William R. Saxton' (1838), and while in prison produced a volume of sketches of Massachusetts life, Stone, or the Pilgrim's Faith Revived' (1846). Consult Lovejoy, Memoir of the Martyr Torrey) (1847).

TORREY, John, American botanist: b. New York, 15 Aug. 1796; d. there, 10 March 1873. He received his first instruction in botany, mineralogy and chemistry from Amos Eaton, and was graduated at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1818. His leisure from medical practice he devoted to scientific pursuits, particularly to botany, and in 1824 he abandoned medicine and became professor of chemistry, mineralogy and geology at West Point. From 1827 to 1855 he was professor of chemistry and botany at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, serving simultaneously at Princeton. From 1853 until his death he was chief assayer in the United States Assay Office, New York. He participated in the councils of Columbia College as trustee, and in 1860 presented to that institution his extensive herbarium and botanical library. In his special field of scientific research his publications were numerous. One of his earliest was a 'Catalogue of Plants Growing Spontaneously Within Thirty Miles of the City of New York' (1819), which he prepared for the New York Lyceum of Natural History (now the New York Academy of Science), of which he was a founder and for many years president. In 1843, as botanist of the Geological Survey of New York, he published an elaborate work on the flora of that State. Meantime he had issued in connection with Asa Gray (q.v.), parts of a work on "The Flora of North America'; but this was also discontinued after the completion of the

order Composite. From 1845 onward he published memoirs and reports on the botanical specimens brought back by expeditions to various parts of the West and South by Capt. John C. Fremont and others, among them being reports on the botany of the expeditions for ascertaining the most practicable route for a Pacific railroad and making the Mexican boundary survey. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1855, and was named by Congress in 1863 one of the original members of the National Academy of Sciences.

TORREY, Joseph, American clergyman: b. Rowley, Mass., 2 Feb. 1797; d. Burlington, Vt., 26 Nov. 1867. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1816 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1819. He was for a time pastor of a Congregational church at Royalton, Vt., but in 1827 became professor of Greek and Latin at the University of Vermont. In 1842 he took the chair of philosophy there, and in 1862-66 was president of the institution. He translated Neander's General History of the Christian Religion and Church' (1854), and edited 'Remains of President James Marsh' (1843) and Select Sermons of President Worthington Smith' (1861). A volume of his lectures, A Theory of Fine Art,' appeared posthumously (1874).

TORREY, Reuben Archer, American evangelist: b. Hoboken, N. J., 28 Jan. 1856. He was educated at Yale College and at Leipzig and Erlangen in Germany He was ordained as a Congregational minister in 1878, was superintendent Minneapolis City Mission Society and became associated with Dwight L. Moody in 1889 and served as superintendent of the Moody Bible Institute until 1908. In 1902-03 he made an evangelistic tour of the world. His life has been devoted to evangelistic work in many lands and he has written much on Bible subjects which have been translated in a score of languages.

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, a botanical society in New York which is the most important organization of its kind in America, and one of the six scientific societies affiliated in the Scientific Alliance. The club was an outgrowth of a former club, chartered in 1871. This band met in the herbarium of Columbia College, "drawn there by the genial welcome and wide botanical knowedge of its presiding spirit, Dr. [John] Torrey," and was the nucleus of the present club, finally organized under its present name, complimentary to Dr. Torrey, in 1873. Dr. Torrey was the first president, but, unfortunately, died almost immediately.

The Torrey Club is the centre of botanical interest in New York, and the neighborhood, and is especially valuable for its weekly excursions that may be joined by any botanist, and which take parties out to good botanizing localities under intelligent guidance. Many local floras have been compiled by members of the club, one of the most important of which is that of Dr. Britton and others, "The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta growing within 100 miles of New York.' The valuable herbarium of the club includes the material for this list, and specimens of the flora, within the same area. It is now deposited at the New York Botanical Garden, which

was originated and developed by members of this society. The club issues three regular publications, namely: Bulletin, a very scientific and widely known journal; Torreya, of more popular scope; and Memoirs, which include many valuable monographs.

TORRICELLI, tor-re-chěl'lē, Evangelista, Italian mathematician and scientist: b. Faenza, Italy, 1608; d. Florence, October 1647. He early devoted himself to mathematical studies, and having read Galileo's 'Dialogues,' composed a treatise concerning motion according to his principles. Galileo having seen this, conceived a high opinion of the author, and engaged him as his amanuensis. He accordingly went to Florence in October 1641, but Galileo dying three months after, Torricelli was about to return to Rome, when the grand duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II, engaged him to continue at Florence, giving him the title of ducal mathematician and the promise of a professorship in the university on the first vacancy. Torricelli's name is important in the history of science as the discoverer of the natural law according to which fluids rise in an exhausted tube from an open vessel exposed to the pressure of the atmosphere, namely, that the weight of the fluid which rises in the tube is equal to the weight of an equal surface of atmospheric air of the height of the atmosphere. He also improved the telescope and microscope. See BAROMETER.

TORRICELLIAN EXPERIMENT, The, so called because made by the Italian physicist, Evangelista Torricelli (q.v.), who discovered the principle upon which barometers are made. Torricelli was led to investigate Galileo's theories of the law that "nature abhors a vacuum.» He filled a glass tube, closed at one end, with mercury, and placing his finger over the open end inverted the tube. He now placed the tube vertically in a small trough containing mercury and removed his thumb from the open end, after it was under the surface of the mercury. The mercury in the tube dropped until it stood at a height of about 30 inches. Here it rested, with a vacuum in the top of the tube, under the closed end. Torricelli concluded that the column of mercury in the tube was sustained by the pressure of the atmosphere on the larger surface of the mercury in the trough and that the height of the column was in inverse ratio to its specific gravity. Other experiments confirmed this theory and led to the invention of the barometer (q.v.).

TORRIGIANO, Pietro, pē-a'tro tor-rējä'nō, Italian sculptor: b. about 1470; d. Spain, 1522. He went to England in 1509 to erect the tomb of Henry VII and his queen, still in Westminster Abbey. The works which he executed for English churches were destroyed by the Puritans. He was given a commission to make a statue of the Virgin Mary, and receiving what he considered an inadequate price destroyed it. For this he was imprisoned by the Inquisition, and there starved to death.

TORRINGTON, Frederick Herbert, Canadian musician: b. Dudley, England, 20 Oct. 1837, and was educated there. When but 16 years of age he was made organist (1853) at Saint Anne's Church at Bewdley, England, and in 1857-69 he held a similar position at Great Saint James Street Methodist Church, Montreal, Canada. He then went to Boston where

he was organist in Kings Chapel (1869-73) and professor in the New England Conservatory of Music. Returning to Canada he became organist of the Metropolitan Church at Toronto and conducted the Philharmonic Society there and founded (1886) the first Toronto musical festival. Two years later (1888) he founded the first college of music. He was elected president of the Canadian Society of Music in 1892. In 1895 and 1896 he conducted musical festivals at Toronto and in 1903 was assistant conductor of the cycle of musical festivals in that city.

TORRINGTON, tor'ing-tón, Conn., borough in Litchfield County, on the Naugatuck River, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads, about 23 miles west of Hartford and 18 miles north of Waterbury. Settlements were made in the vicinity in the early part of the 18th century, and in 1740 Torrington was incorporated. In 1887 it was hartered as a borough. It is the birthplace of John Brown (q.v.). The borough has a number of manufacturing establishments; chief among which are bicycle and machine shops, plating-works, brass-works, woolen mills and novelty works. It also manufactures needles, hardware and tobacco products. In 1914 there were 54 manufacturing establishments, with a capital of over $16,000,000, and annual products of over $14,000,000, with payrolls of about $2,500,000. The principal public buildings are the churches, schools and the Young Men's Christian Association building. The educational institutions are a high school, public and parish schools, several private schools and a public library. There are two banks. The borough is the commercial and industrial centre of the town of Torrington, which contains 20,623 inhabitants.

TORSION BALANCE, an instrument in which small forces are measured by noting the torsion that they can produce in a fine wire or a delicate fibre of some other material. The invention of the instrument is usually ascribed to Coulomb (1736-1806), who employed it in his extensive researches on electricity. Cavendish also made use of it for the purpose of determining the mass of the earth; his experiment consisting in determining the attractive power of a pair of leaden spheres, and comparing this with the attractive power of the earth itself. In its conventional form, the torsion balance consists of a light horizontal arm, suspended at the centre by the fibre whose torsion is to measure the force that is applied to the arm. Quartz is now extensively used for the suspending fibre, its employment having been suggested by C. V. Boys, who showed how to prepare fibres of this material, which are very strong and elastic. Boys dipped an arrow into melted quartz and then shot the arrow from a bow; the quartz being thereby drawn out into a fibre of exceeding fineness. The upper end of the torsion fibre is attached to a graduated head, by whose rotation the fibre can be twisted through a known angle. In applying the torsion balance to the measurement of electrical repulsions, the horizontal arm, f, is provided at one end with a light ball, g, which can be charged to a definite electrical potential, and the torsion head is turned so that this ball is brought to a known distance from a similar fixed ball, g',

which can also be charged. The reading of the graduated head being observed when the fibre is fre from torsion and the balls, g g', are at a known distance from each other, the balls are charged. They at once separate, owing to the repulsive action exerted between two electrical charges of the same sign. The graduated head is then turned so as to produce a torsion on the suspending fibre, tending to restore the balls to their original position. The twisting of the head is continued until the relation of the balls is the same as at first; and when this state is established, it is evident that the torsion of the fibre is exactly balanced by the repulsion of the charges. In order to deduce the electrical repulsion in definite measure, it is only necessary to determine, by a separate experiment, what force is required to twist the suspending fibre

through one entire turn; and a simple proportion then gives the repulsive force desired. The application of the torsion balance to experimental work of other kinds will be readily understood from the foregoing description of its application to the measurement of electrical repulsions; for the principles involved are the same in all cases, the force that is to be measured being determined by noting the torsion required to neutralize it, in a fibre whose torsional constant has been determined by direct comparison with a known force. The fact that the torsional moment of a homogeneous twisted fibre is proportional to the angle through which the fibre is twisted was established experimen tally by Coulomb. In actual service the torsion balance is surmounted by a case of metal or glass, the air in which is kept dry by a dish containing calcium chloride, or phosphorus pentoxide or pumice stone wetted with concentrated sulphuric acid or some other powerful and non-volatile drying agent.

The name "torsion balance» has also been applied to a form of commercial balance in which the pans that contain the weights and the objects to be weighed are supported, not upon knife edges, but upon the middle points of narrow, thin, horizontal ribbons of stretched steel, in such a manner that when the balance de

scends at either end, the steel ribbons are exposed to a torsional moment which tends to restore the balance to the normal position of equilibrium.

ALLAN D. RISTEEN.

TORSIONAL RIGIDITY, that species of rigidity by which a cylindrical bar of any material resists the action of a force (or "couple") which tends to twist the bar in such a manner as to convert its originally straight, longitudinal elements (or fibres) into a helical form. The torsional rigidities of a pair of cylindrical bars of identical dimensions but composed of different substances may be compared by comparing the twisting moments that are necessary in order to twist both of them through the same small angle. If one end of such a cylindrical bar is held fixed, while the other end is twisted by a lever applied to it after the manner of a wrench, the angle r, through which the bar will

be twisted, is given the formula x

CLPR

D*

;

L being the length of the bar that is twisted, D being its diameter, and C being a constant peculiar to the material of which the bar is composed; while P and R are respectively the twisting force, and the length of the lever to the end of which this force is applied. The minimum diameter that a shaft should have, in order to transmit a given horse power safely, may be calculated by the following formula: D=F VH/R, where D is the diameter of the shaft in inches, H is the number of horse power to be transmitted, R is the number of revolutions of the shaft per minute, and F is a numerical factor peculiar to each kind of material. For wrought iron, F may be taken as about 4, and for steel it may be taken as 3.8. Consult Kent, 'Mechanical Engineer's Pocket Book'; Rankine, 'Applied Mechanics.'

TORSK, a Scandinavian species of cod. See CUSK.

TORSO, an art term applied to the trunk of a statue of which the head and limbs are wanting, or to the trunk of a statue considered independently of the head and extremities; also to the trunk or thorax of a model. Many examples of ancient sculpture recovered in the last five centuries have been incomplete in this manner. The most famous is the Torso Belvedere, a torso of a statue of Hercules, seated. It derives its name from the Belvedere, at Rome, in the Vatican Palace where it is preserved, and is attributed to the school of Lysippus, being believed by some authorities to be the work of that master, although a Greek inscription ascribes it to the artist Apollonius. It is considered by connoisseurs one of the finest works of art remaining from antiquity.

TORSTENSSON, tor'stěn-son, Lennart, Swedish general: b. Torstena, 17 Aug. 1603; d. Stockholm, 7 April 1651. At 14 he became a page at the court of Gustavus Adolphus and in 1630 accompanied him to Germany as captain of the bodyguard. He was commander of artillery at the battle of Lech, 5 April 1632, was taken prisoner before Nuremberg in August and confined for six months in a subterranean dungeon in Ingolstadt. In 1641 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Swedish army in Germany. He defeated the Archduke

Leopold and Piccolomini at Breitenfeld, 2 Nov. 1642, threatened Prague and relieved Olmütz in 1643, and after the declaration of war by Denmark in December he advanced into that country and in six weeks had conquered the whole peninsula with the exception of the fortresses Rendsburg and Glückstadt. He defeated the Austrian general, Gallas, at Jüterbok, 4 Nov. 1644, and Katzfeld at Jankau, 6 March 1645, pushed through Moravia to the Danube and destroyed the fortifications on Wolfsbrücke before Vienna. His siege of Brünn was unsuccessful owing to the stubborn defense and a pestilence among his troops, and after withdrawing into Bohemia, in 1646, he was compelled by illness to resign his command. He was made Count of Ortaba and governor-general of West Gothland by Queen Christina in 1647.

TORT is a legal term indicating an injury or wrong; tort may be committed with force, as trespass which may be an injury to the person, such as assault or false imprisonment or to property in possession, or a tort may be committed without force, such as an injury to one's character or affecting one's personal liberty. One may be liable in damages for a tort, but same is distinguished from a similar right growing out of a contractural relation. An action in tort is a civil action which undertakes to discover if a wrong or crime is involved. A misappropriation of funds by a trustee, for example, must be inquired into before it can be certainly known: (1) that the fund is short; (2) that the defendant is responsible for the shortage; (3) whether there is a question as to the amount of the misappropriation; (4) whether the defendant simply owes such shortage, or (5) whether he stole it, and should be arrested. Actions in tort are common in cases of breach of contract, libel, trespass, conversion, assault, negligence resulting in accident, etc. Consult Burdick, F. M., The Law of Torts' (1905); Bohlen, F. H., Cases in the Law of Torts (1912).

TORTICOLLIS, twisted neck, an affection in which, while the head is bent usually toward one of the shoulders, the twisting of the neck turns the chin to the opposite side. In this condition, known in various forms as stiff-neck or wryneck, lateral movement of the head often causes great pain, especially when the affection is due to rheumatism (q.v.). This attacks the muscles lying on the side of the neck, especially the sternomastoid. In the great majority of cases only one side of the neck is affected, the head being drawn more or less obliquely toward that side; but occasionally, in a form more strictly to be regarded as stiff-neck, both sides are equally attacked, in which case the head is kept stiffly erect and looking straight forward. As long as the head is allowed to remain at rest there is merely a feeling of discomfort; but every movement is apt to be extremely painful. This affection is usually caused either by exposure of the part affected to a current of cold air, or by wearing wet or damp clothes round the neck, but may also arise from spasm or strain of the muscles of the neck, causing a crick. It is usually temporary, but in some cases muscular contraction renders it perma

nent.