nominata. It is a large vessel about an inch long, which emerges from the chest below the windpipe, and divides into the right and left carotids. These bend upward, having the wind pipe between them gradually inclining inward at the upper part, where each divides into external and internal carotids, and a large anastomosing branch arising from between these two. Consult Toldt, Anatomischer Atlas (Berlin and Vienna, 1900).

CAR'OTIN (Lat. carota, carrot). A group name for the yellow pigments common in leaves. Carotin is probably identical with the so-called xanthophyll. The yellow pigments may be dissolved out from leaves by alcohol and partially separated from the green ones (chlorophyll) by shaking the solution with benzine. After standing a short time, most of the green, being more freely soluble in the benzine, floats on the alcohol, which contains most of the yellow. Crystals of carotin may also be formed in the leaf-cells by appropriate treatment. Similar slender orange crystals are found in the color-bodies (see CHROMOPLASTS) of the carrot, from which the pigment took its name, and in some fruits. According to Arnaud, carotin is a hydrocarbon having the composition CH3. See ETIOLIN.

CAROTO, kå-rō'tô, GIAN FRANCESCO (14701546). An Italian painter, born in Verona. He studied under Mantegna, whom he surpassed in majesty and harmony. His later works, which are said to imitate the manner of Leonardo, are severe in outline, but warmly colored. Most of his works are found in Verona, where the best-known is his series of pictures on the "History of Tobias," in Sant' Eusemia.

CAROUGE, kå'roozh'. A town of Switzerland, situated about one mile south of Geneva,

on the left bank of the Arve (Map: Switzerland, A 2). It is regularly built, is surrounded by villas, orchards, and meadows, and has a handsome church. There are manufactures of thread, clay pipes, leather, watches, and pottery, as well as of machinery and ironwork. A bridge across the Arve connects the town with Geneva. In 1780 the King of Sardinia, as ruler of Savoy, tried to make Carouge the industrial rival of Geneva, but failed. Population, in 1900, 7400.

CARP (Ger. Karpfe, OHG. charpho, Icel. karfi, Welsh carp, Russ. karpů, probably borrowed from the Germanic). A fresh-water fish (Cyprinus carpio), typical of the family Cyprinidæ (q.v.), now acclimated in all parts of the world. The body is robust, compressed, and covered with large scales; head naked; mouth rather small, toothless, with fleshy lips and four welldeveloped barbels. The dorsal fin is quite long, the anal much shorter. The color is a uniform dark brown above, growing quite light on the ventral side. The carp may attain a weight of 40 to 50 pounds, but the usual weight is much less than this. It thrives best in lakes and ponds, and in streams seeks the quiet, sluggish waters, where it feeds largely on vegetable matter, but will also eat insect-larvæ, worms, etc. The carp may reach an age of 200 years. spawns about June; the eggs, which are small, transparent, and number several hundred thousand, are fastened to aquatic weeds, where they will endure great vicissitudes of weather and temperature. During the winter months it hibernates and does not take food. So exceedingly hardy is it, that it may be kept alive even for days in moist moss if properly fed, and consequently may be transported great distances with facility.

The original home of the carp was southeastern Asia, where it has been tamed and cultivated since the earliest times by the Chinese, and where it is still found wild. It was introduced into northern Europe several centuries ago, and transplanted about the Fourteenth Century to Great Britain, under the name of German carp. From Europe it has been brought casually to North made to plant it extensively in the still waters America, and about 1870 a strong effort was of the United States; this succeeded widely, but the extreme prolificacy of the fish, quickly overcrowding small ponds, and the comparative coarseness of its flesh, which is readily tainted by foul waters, have prevented it finding as great favor with the American public as in German Europe. There are three varieties of carp: (1) the scale-carp, which, excepting the head, is entirely covered with scales; (2) the mirrorcarp (Spiegelkarpfe of the Germans), which has three to four rows of very large scales along the sides, the rest of the body remaining bare; (3) the leather-carp (Lederkarpfe), in which the scales are entirely wanting. All these are equally good as food, although a preference is often shown for the scaled variety. To the angler, the carp is not a very valuable fish, as he is by no means a free biter. Several other fishes are called carps, notably the European congener called Crucian (q.v.), and the closely allied goldfish; also some entirely different ones, as the seabream and the American carp-suckers. See Plate of CARPS AND EUROPEAN ALLIES.

CARP, PETRACHE (1837-). A Rumanian statesman. He was born at Jassy, studied at

It

CAR'PENTA'RIA, GULF OF. A broad and deep indentation of the north coast of Australia, with an average length and breadth of 350 miles, stretching from latitude 11° to 17° 30′ S., and from longitude 136° to 142° E. (Map: Australia, F1). It was named after Carpenter, a Dutchman, who discovered and partly explored it in 1627. The gulf contains many islands. The shores are generally low with extensive indentations on the western coast.

CAR/PENTER (OF. carpentier, Med. Lat. carpentarius, from Lat. carpentum, cart, from Ir. carbad, cairbh, chariot, carb, basket), NAVY. An officer of warrant rank in the United States and British navies who acts as assistant to the executive officer in keeping the hull, spars, boats, etc., of a man-of-war in good condition. In the days of wooden ships he was a skilled mechanic in wooden shipbuilding, but since the advent of iron and steel ships he has been required to have a thorough knowledge of metal-working and a practical knowledge of shipbuilding in iron and steel, as well as of wood-working. The carpenter of a ship of the navy is assisted by several artisans, called collectively the carpenter's gang, which includes shipwrights, plumbers, blacksmiths, painters, and carpenter's mates. When a carpenter has served ten years as such he is commissioned as a chief carpenter, with the rank of ensign. His pay and status are the same as those of the boatswain.

CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840). An English Unitarian minister. He was born in Kidder. minster, studied at the University of Glasgow, taught school from 1803 to 1805, and was employed in the Liverpool Athenæum. He then became pastor of a church in Exeter, and in 1817 removed to Bristol. At both places he conducted schools, having Harriet and James Martineau among his pupils in Bristol. He was much interested in the religious instruction of children, and established several Sunday-schools. He did much to broaden the spirit of English Unitarianism. He rejected the rite of baptism as a superstition and substituted a form of infant dedication. Among his works are: Unitarianism, the Doctrine of the Gospel (1809); Systematic Education (2 vols., 1815); Examination of the Charges Made Against Unitarians (1820); and Principles of Education (1820). Consult his Memoirs, edited by his son, R. L. Carpenter (London, 1842).

CARPENTER, LOUIS GEORGE (1861-). An American irrigation engineer, born in Orion, Mich. He graduated in 1879 at the Michigan Agricultural College, studied at Johns Hopkins University, and was appointed assistant professor of mathematics and engineering at the former institution. In 1888 he was appointed professor of engineering and physics at the Colorado Agricultural College. He was special agent of the United States artesian-wells investigation in 1890; founded the American Society of Irrigation Engineers in 1891, and in 1899 was appointed director of the agricultural experiment station at the Colorado Agricultural College. The first systematic instruction in irrigation engineering given in any American college was organized by

him.

CARPENTER, MARY (1807-77). An English philanthropist, the eldest child of the Rev. Dr. Lant Carpenter (q.v.). She took an active

part in the movement in behalf of orphaned or neglected children, and besides advocating their cause in her writings, founded several reformatories for girls, one of which, the Red Lodge Reformatory, she superintended. In the prosecution of her philanthropic labors, she visited India three times, and in 1871 organized the National Indian Association, whose journal she edited. Among her intimate friends were Harriet Martineau and Frances Power Cobbe, the latter being for some time associated with her at Red Lodge. She published: Reformatory Schools (1881); Juvenile Delinquents (1853); Our Convicts (2 vols., 1864), a book which drew public attention to the treatment of young criminals; and Six Months in India (2 vols., 1868). Consult J. E. Carpenter, Life and Work of Mary Carpenter

(London, 1879).

CARPENTER, MATTHEW HALE (1824-81). An American lawyer and politician, born in Moretown, Vt. He spent two years in the United States Military Academy; studied law with Rufus Choate, and in 1848 settled in Wisconsin. He was remarkably successful as a lawyer, and was especially notable for his defense of W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, when the latter was impeached before the House of Representatives, and for his argument in favor of Samuel J. Tilden before the Electoral Commission (q.v.). Carpenter was twice elected United States Senator from Wisconsin, serving from 1869 to 1875, and again from 1879 until his death. Consult Flower, Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter (Madison, Wis., 1883).

CARPENTER, ROLLA CLINTON (1852-). An American engineer. He was born at Orion, Mich., and was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1875. In 1878 he was appointed professor of mathematics and civil engineering in the Michigan Agricultural College, where he also had charge of the mechanical department from its organization until 1888. In 1890 he was appointed professor of experimental engineering at Cornell University, also conducting the laboratory of the department of experimental mechanics and research, probably the best department of its kind hitherto established. He was president of the Michigan Engineering Society in 1889; chairman of the national committee for the education of engineers in 1891; and president of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (1898). In addition to numerous scientific papers, he has published the following works: Instructions for Mechanical Laboratory Practice; and Text-Book of Experimental Engineering (1892).

CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (181385). An English physiologist, born at Exeter. Soon after his graduation in Edinburgh, in 1839, he published his Principles of General and Comparative Physiology, afterwards divided into The Principles of Comparative Physiology and The Principles of General Physiology. These works, together with The Principles of Human Physiology (1846, and still a standard work, after going through many editions) and The Principles of Mental Physiology (1874), form a perfect cyclopædia of biological science. Carpenter likewise published: A Manual of Physiology; The Microscope, Its Revelations and Its Uses (6th ed., 1881); a prize essay upon The Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Liquors (1851); and numerous