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SPECIAL AND TYPICAL COLLECTIONS FOR STUDENTS EVERY REQUISITE FOR PRACTICAL WORK, CABINETS New Catalogues and Lists now ready, Free, of JAMES R. GREGORY, 88 CHARLOTTE STREET, FITZROY SQUARE, LONDON. Sale by Auction. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26. FINE COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES, &c. Mr. J. C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his Great Rooms, 38 King Street, Covent Garden, on TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26 at half-past 12 precisely, a Fine Series of Butterflies. collected by Mr. C. M. WOODFORD in the Solomon Islands, comprising Ornithoptera, Durvilliana, and many other Rare Species. Also, a small Collection of Rare Sikkim Butterflies, in papers, received direct from the Collector. Likewise, Butterflies, in papers, from Burmah, &c., &c. On View the Day prior from 2 till 5, and Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Now Ready, Price 2s. 6d. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY FOR 1889, VOL. I., No. 2. Containing: Common-sense Philosophies, by Shadworth M. 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CHARTS of the CONSTELLATIONS, from the North Pole to between 35 and 40 Degrees of South Declination. By ARTHUR COTTAM, F.R.A.S. 36 Charts, each 30 by 22 inches, printed on Drawing Paper, and supplied in a Portfolio. Price £2 net per Set. After 2co Sets have been sold the price will be raised to £3 35. Early application is therefore recommended. With one exception (Hydra) each Constellation is shown complete on a single Chart. The Scale is one-third of an inch to a degree, and all the Double Stars in the Catalogues of the two Struves are shown. LETTERS on INFANTRY. By Prince Translated by KRAFT ZU HOHENLOHE INGELFINGEN. Plates of Battles. Crown 8vo, Cloth, Price 6s. The above are uniform in size and style with the recently published "Letters on Artillery" from the same pen, and combined with that work form a very complete account of the operations of troops of the three arms in recent warfare. The NEW FAR WEST and the OLD FAR EAST. An Account of Recent Travel and Observation along the Line Works by James Croll, LL.D., F.R.S. STELLAR EVOLUTION AND ITS RELATIONS TO GEOLOGICAL TIME. By JAMES CROLL, "All men of science who pay due heed to the ultimate principles to which they are perforce brought in the course of their researches, will find this work deserving a thorough scrutiny. Mr. Croll has swept away a cloud which seemed at one time likely to obscure the general significance of evolution."-Chemical News. CLIMATE AND TIME IN THEIR GEOLOGICAL RELATIONS: a Theory of Secular Changes of the DISCUSSIONS ON CLIMATE AND | 24. TURKESTAN, WEST. 27. JAPAN. 28. INDIA, NORTH. 29. INDIA SOUTH. 30. CEYLON. 31. EAST INDIES. 32. HOLY LAND. 33 AFRICA 34. EGYPT 35. SOUTH AFRICA. 37. DOMINION of CANADA. 38. CANADA, EAST. 40. UNITED STATES, FAST. 43. SOUTH AMERICA. 44. AUSTRALIA 45. TASMANIA. 46. NEW ZEALAND. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TOWNS, called a medium atlas for general use, something between the cheap but meagre school collections and the elaborate but rather costly and unyi library atlases, the London Atlas' deserves hearty recommenda ica"Saturday Review, on the First Edition. STANFORD'S AFRICAN LIST. STANFORD'SLIBRARY MAP of AFRICA New Edition, Revised, and Reduced in Price. This Map embodie the Results of the most Recent Explorations, shows the Possessions 1 the different European Powers, and the various Means of Communi. tion. For the study of the many questions of interest connected with this great Continent it is invaluable. Size, 65 inches by 58; scule 94 miles to 1 inch. Price, Coloured Sheets, 358.: Mounted to Fold is Morocc Case, 6os.; Mounted on Rollers and Varnished, 45′ : Spring Roller, £5. STANFORD'S MAP of the TRANSVAAL A Continuation of the above Map, Uniform in Scale and Price. BETWEEN POPO and ZAMBESI, 1889. A Map of the Matabili, Mashona, and Bamangwato Countries, showing the Territories of Khama and Loben gula, within the British Sphere of Influence, with an Inset Map of Sur Africa, showing the Present Political Situation. Size, 40 inches by y STANLEY'S ROUTE to EMIN PASHA -STANFORD'S NEW LONDON ATLAS of CENTRAL AFRICA, showing the Line of March taken by Stanley's Expedition, Enun Pashas Province, and the Coast-Line on both Sides of the Continent, Size, : inches by 22; Scale, 94 miles to 1 inch. Price, Sheet, 38.; per Pont. packed on Roller, 38. 6d; Case, 58.; per Post, 58. 3d. SOUTH AFRICA from CAPE COLONY to the ZAMBESI. Nev and Revised Edition, 1889. Compiled from the best Colonial and Impera Information. Railways and Roads are shown by Symbols, Governnet and District Boundaries are Coloured Red, and the Areas are various Tinted. Scale, 40 miles to 1 inch; Size, 48 inches by 35. Pri Coloured Sheet, 215.; per Post, packed on Roller. 215 6: Mounted Case, 28s.; per Post, 28s. 6d.; Mounted on Mahogany Rollers Varnished, 328. AFRICA, STANFORD'S COMPENDIUM of GEOGRAPHY and TRAVEL. By the late KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.G.S., Leader of the Royal Geographical Society's East Africar Exe dition. Third Edition, Revised and Corrected by E. G. RAVESSTO F.R.G.S. With Ethnological Appendix by A. H. KEANE, MAI Lary Post 8vo, Cloth Gilt, with 16 Maps and Diagrams, and 68 Illustration Price 218. This book is the only one published giving as full a résumé as possible too pages of all the known facts regarding the vast Continent of Africa I. will now be found especially valuable for reference as to Egypt, the Sucm. the Congo, and South Africa. London: EDWARD STANFORD, 26 and 27 Cockspur Street, Charing Cross, S.W. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1889. ROCK METAMORPHISM. Chemical and Physical Studies in the Metamorphism of Rocks, based on the Thesis written for the D.Sc. Degree in the University of London, 1888. By the Rev. A. Irving, D.Sc. Lond., B.A., F.G.S. (London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 1889.) especially near the crests of the waves, would imply stretching and consequent lowering of temperature, a circumstance favourable to local solidification. Who shall say that in the later and feebler struggles of this kind, as secular cooling went on, and the magma approached nearer and nearer to the conditions required for consolidation, some of these tidal waves may not have become in situ sufficiently rigid to outline some of the earliest lines of elevation?" This is speculative enough in all conscience. On R. IRVING is well known as a writer on Bagshot p. 29, the author discusses the influence of the salts pounder of theories dealing with the metamorphism of suggests that serpentinization and the conversion of rocks. His ideas on this subject are classified under orthoclase into albite are the result of some process of three heads: paramorphism, metatropy, and metataxis." submarine paramorphism" effected by this agency. Paramorphism, according to the author, includes those This, again, is pure hypothesis, there being no facts to changes within in the rock-mass, involving changes in the support such a view. chemical composition of the original minerals and the formation of new minerals; metatropy denotes changes in the physical character of rock-masses; and metataxis, mechanical changes, such as the development of cleavage. Changes brought about by the introduction of a new, or the removal of an old mineral (e.g. dolomitization) are treated under the head of hyperphoric change. The author writes, he tells us, for those who are willing to look at geological phenomena "in the light of physical and chemical ideas." To all others his dissertation **must read rather like romance than sober science." He is not far wrong when he complains that the chemical side of geology has been neglected since the time of Bischof. The reason for this is to be found in the fact that geologists have been too busily engaged in reaping golden harvests in the demesnes of palæontology and stratigraphy to be much tempted by the allurements of chemical geology. With the resuscitation of petrology, however, the chemical constitution of rocks begins again to present problems of great interest and importance. But the author turns his chemical knowledge to bad account, we think, in applying it to the elaboration of sweeping generalizations. The views he puts forward may or may not be founded on sound chemical and physical axioms; but mere test-tube reactions will not suffice to explain the operations of Nature in the vast laboratory of the universe. The phenomena of metamorphism represent the net result of numerous and often antagonistic forces; and are not always simple reactions that may be expressed by a neat chemical equation. Dr. Irving appears to be highly gifted with what he terms a "scientific imagination," the meteoric flights of which carry him far above the solid ground of fact or even justifiable theory. An instance of this faculty of the author's will be found on p. 66, where he seeks to explain the origin of foliation in Archæan rocks by the influence of "solar and lunar tides upon the non-consolidated magma in the Archæan and pre-Archæan (sic) stages of the earth's evolution." He proceeds :— "In such an unequally viscous mass there would be tension, contortion, and shearing to any extent during the tidal pulsations which the magma was suffering. . . Portions already solidified, or nearly so, by segregation or otherwise, as time went on, would by their vis inertia present obstacles around which a fluxion structure would develop itself in the contiguous portions of the yielding magma, giving us perhaps in some cases 'Augengneiss.' The local tension of parts of the viscous lithosphere, VOL. XLI.-No. 1047. There is a flavour of pedantry in the use of such expressions as "burnt hydrogen" for water (p. 64), or in such sentences as "orthoclase is probably the embryonic silicate of the terrestrial lithosphere" (p. 67). As the old lady is said to have remarked of the word Mesopotamia, there is something especially comforting and satisfying about this last sentence. are The pages bristle with "hard words," some of which new to science. "Vitreosity" has an uncanny sound; "apophytic " is curious; and " dehydrodevitrification" is as inelegant as it is long. Indeed, so technical is the author's language that a clear understanding of his meaning involves constant reference to his definitions. Unfortunately such reference is rendered impracticable by the absence of an index. The book bears witness to Dr. Irving's extensive acquaintance with foreign chemical and geological literature; references to foreign sources being abundant, sometimes superfluous. Indeed, there is more evidence of the author's acquaintance with literature than with facts derived from original observation. Good ideas may here and there be picked out; and the work no doubt contains some plausible explanations of geological phenomena; but of this we are assured, that the science of geology will not be advanced by those who spend their time in manufacturing wide-reaching generalizations or attractive theories in the library, but rather by those who are content to labour, with the hammer in the field, the microscope in the cabinet, and the balance in the laboratory at the ofttimes wearisome task of unravelling details. This book may be placed in the same category as Sterry Hunt's "Chemical and Geological Essays." Such books can be recommended to those with a taste for speculation and rumination. To others they may be productive of mental confusion and headache. HAND-BOOK OF DESCRIPTIVE AND PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY. Hand-book of Descriptive and Practical Astronomy. By G. F. Chambers, F.R.A.S. Part I. The Sun, Planets, and Comets. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1889.) THE avowed aim of the author of this work, since the publication of the first edition in 1861, has been to keep its pages up to date-to make it a sort of vade mecum to astronomers; and, regarded as a book en D |