COLLEGE.

The SUMMER SESSION will commence on THURSDAY, MAY 1. The Hospital, which is the largest general Hospital in the Kingdom, contains nearly 800 beds, all in constant use. There are wards for accidents, surgical and medical cases, diseases of women and children, and ophthalmic cases. Special departments for diseases of the eye, ear, throat, skin, and teeth, and for cancer, tumours, diseases of the bladder, piles, and fistula. Number of in-patients last year, 8873; out-patients, 101,548; accidents, 7456.

Surgical operations daily.

APPOINTMENTS.-Resident Accoucheur, House Physicians, House Surgeons. Forty of these Appointments are made Annually. Numerous Dressers, Clinical Clerks, Post-mortem Clerks, and Maternity Assistants are appointed every Three Months All Appointments are Free. Holders of Resident Appointments are also provided Free Board. The New College Buildings are no w complete, and afford more than double the former accommodation

SCHOLARSHIPS AND PRIZES.-Twenty Scholarships and Prizes are given annually. Students entering in May are eligible to compete for the four Entrance Scholarships in September.

Luncheons or Dinners, at Moderate Charges, can be obtained in the Students' Club.

The London Hospital is now in direct communication with all parts of the Metropolis. The Metropolitan District and other Railways have Stations within a Minute's Walk of the Hospital and College.

For further Information apply Personally or by Letter to
Mile End, E.

MUNRO SCOTT, Warden.

GUY'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL.
The SUMMER SESSION commences on THURSDAY, MAY 1.
The Hospital contains 695 Beds, of which 500 are in constant occupation.
Special Classes are held for Students preparing for the Examinations of the
University of London, and other Higher Examinations.

APPOINTMENTS. - All Hospital Appointments are made strictly in accordance with the merits of the Candidates, and without extra payment. ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS in September 1890.-Two Open Scholarships in Arts, one of the Value of 100 Guineas, open to Candidates under 20 Years of Age; and one of 50 Guineas, open to Candidates under 25 Years of Age. Two Open Scholarships in Science, one of the Value of 125 Guineas, and another of 50 Guineas, open to Candidates under 25 Years of Age.

PRIZES are awarded to Students in their various years, amounting in the aggregate to more than £300.

GOLD MEDAL awarded at the FISHERIES EXHIBITION to THOMAS BOLTON, 83 CAMden Street, BIRMINGHAM, Who last week sent to his subscribers Lophopus crystallinos, with sketc and description. He also sent out Argulus foliaceus, Corethra. Trout Ok. Philodina roseola, Floscularia, Corethra plumicornis, Melicerta ringe Stephanoceros; also Amoeba, Hydra, Vorticella, Crayfish, Dog-Fish,¡Âm phioxus, and other Specimens for Biological Laboratory work. Weekly Announcements will be made in this place of organisms T B is supplying.

Specimen Tube, One Shilling, post free.

Twenty-six Tubes in Course of Six Months for Subscription of £1 11 or Twelve Tubes for 10s. 6d.

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which affords to Students all the instruction required for a License in Dental Surgery.

COLLEGE.-The Residential College accommodates about Fifty Students in addition to the Resident Staff of the Hospital. The College contains a large Dining Hall, and Reading Rooms for the use of the STUDENTS' CLUB. For Prospectus and further information apply to the Dean, Dr. PERRY, Guy's Hospital, London, S.E.

ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL

SCHOOL,

ALBERT EMBANKMENT, LONDON, S.E.

The SUMMER SESSION will commence on MAY 1. Students enter ing in the Summer are eligible to compete for the Science Scholarships of 125 Guineas and £60 awarded in October.

There are numerous Prizes and Scholarships, and all Appointments are open to Students, without extra charge.

Special Classes for the Examinations of the University of London are held throughout the year. A Register of approved lodgings, and of private families receiving Students to reside, is kept in the Secretary's Office. Prospectus and all particulars may be obtained from the Medical Secretary, Mr. G. RENDLE. E. NETTLESHIP, Dean.

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON

FACULTY OF MEDICINE.

The Classes re-commence on MAY 1, and are so arranged as to after a convenient opportunity for Students to commence their Medical Counse Full information may be obtained from the Office of the College, Gor Street, W.C. JOHN WILLIAMS. M.D., Dean J. M. HORSBURGH, MA, Secretary

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, ASPATRIA.

PRINCIPAL DR. H. J. WEBB, B.Sc.

Thorough practical and scientific Training in Agriculture Prepar for the Colonies. Students gained the First, Third, and Fourth Sch ships of the Royal Agricultural Society, 1888.

A Gentleman having a sound knowledge of Technical and Theoretical Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Phot graph and conversant with Science generally and with Business deare Purchase a Partnership in a sound Business.-Apply to H MASHALA Solicitor, 31 Threadneedle Street, E.C.

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JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

THURSDAY, MARCH 27, 1890.

A SOUTH LONDON POLYTECHNIC.1

of the future of Polytechnics is in an experimental stage. Since then, Sir Bernhard Samuelson and other members of the Executive Committee of the Technical Association have publicly impressed similar views upon the Vice-President of the Council, into whose hands the

general scheme put forward by the Charity Commissioners for the establishment of Polytechnics (we must use the word, however inapplicable) in various parts of London. Since then we have received a copy of the architect's report on the requirements of a Technical Institute for Battersea. It may be well to recall to the minds of readers the main features of the proposed scheme. The Polytechnic in Regent Street, and the People's Palace at Mile End, are to receive large endowments to enable them to continue and develop the work on which they are already engaged, a large sum is to be given to found a City Polytechnic, and series of three new Institutes are to be established in various parts of South London; whilst others, at present more or less shadowy and prospective, are talked of for other parts of the metropolis.

Of the three new Institutes, the plans for which may be said to be in an advanced condition, two will be housed in buildings already established. The Goldsmiths' Company have bought the Royal Naval School at New Cross, and are adapting and altering it so as to be ready to be opened for its new purpose in October next. The premises of the Borough Road Training College have been secured for the second of the Institutes, which is probably to be partly endowed by the Ironmongers' Company. The scheme in this case is not, we believe, yet published, and some delay may take place; but, if all goes smoothly, this Institute also may be ready to begin work before very long.

The third of the proposed South London Polytechnics is the Battersea Institute, for which we have received the draft plans. Here there is no existing building to be adapted. Everything must start de novo, and only the limits of the funds at their command, and their uncertainty as to the future tastes and wants of the district, need restrict the trustees in their efforts to make the Institute in every way worthy of its purpose.

And here we may at the outset congratulate the trustees on the mode in which they have determined to proceed. They have intrusted to Mr. Rowland Plumbe the task of visiting other technical schools, obtaining necessary information, and preparing a detailed statement of the requirements of the Battersea Institute, and have since circulated his draft Report among various experts, with requests for criticisms and suggestions. The plans with which the Report is illustrated are not intended to be in any way final, but merely to suggest the nature of the requirements of the Institute to the architect, whoever he may be, who is ultimately selected to design the building. It is clear that no stone will be left unturned, so far as the Committee are concerned, to make the Battersea Institute a model Polytechnic.

We may congratulate the Committee on another matter. In our former article we pointed out the inexpediency of attempting too much at once, while the whole question

***South London Polytechnic Institutes-Report on Requirements for the Battersea Institute." By Rowland Plumbe, F.R.I.B A.

VOL. XLI.-No. 1065.

fore, glad to see that Mr. Plumbe expressly states that his plans are drawn up so that the proposed building may be gradually constructed as the need arises; and though he does not conceal his own desire to have the whole building erected at once, we are glad to learn that the Committee have decided to let the institution grow as the number of students increases, and not to erect a great shell until they see more clearly the extent of the demand which it is to supply. We gather further that the sum required for the endowment of the Institute is not yet complete, and we may take it for granted that no attempt will be made to start operations until this necessary preliminary step is completed. Thus those who are anxious that the whole scheme for Polytechnics should not be imperilled by hastily founding too many at once before one new Institute has been made a success, may feel assured that the necessary interval which must elapse before the foundation-stone of the Battersea Institute can be laid will give some further opportunity to the promoters to profit by the experience which accumulates every day of the working of similar institutions elsewhere.

To quote Mr. Plumbe's Report, "The combined form of Institute. . . is a growth almost of the present day, and the subject as now presented is, with the hereinafter mentioned exception, comparatively new and without precedent." The exception referred to is Mr. Hogg's Polytechnic, and as this is the product of the gradual growth of seventeen years, the argument for going "slow and sure" is irresistible. The promoters of the Goldsmiths' Institute at New Cross are, we understand, equally alive to this necessity.

Mr. Plumbe has made inquiries, for the purpose of his Report, into the nature of the industries of Battersea, and has visited several of the chief Technical Institutes in London, from the Bow and Bromley Institute up to the Central Institution of the City and Guilds Institute. He might, perhaps, with advantage have extended his visit to some of the more important provincial centres, which in some ways offer examples which are not to be found in the metropolis of the kind of equipment required for a popular technical school. London has long been behindhand in the matter, except for the higher Colleges at South Kensington, which are intended to serve a purpose so different that their example may be disregarded. There are, indeed, the two existing Polytechnic Institutes, and apparently Mr. Plumbe has derived from them almost all his information as to the requirements of the Battersea Institute. The Regent Street Polytechnic he considers "most undoubtedly must serve as a model to all succeeding institutions." He presumes that the Committee will "follow to some extent the curriculum of study adopted at Mr. Quintin Hogg's Polytechnic and the People's Palace."

Without in any way challenging these conclusions, it is only fair to point out that the first-hand inquiries on which they are based are mostly derived from these very

Y

institutions. Now it is important that in a new departure like that which it is proposed to make at Battersea we should not blindly follow in the rut of any one existing institution, and the only way to avoid this is to profit by the experience of other technical institutes in various parts of the country. Mr. Plumbe quotes the Report (now nearly six years old) of the Royal Commission on Technical Instruction, but many of the more important provincial schools have sprung up since that date, and the Commission on Elementary Education to which he refers only dealt with elementary schools. He is consequently led to the very doubtful conclusion that provincial schools offer no example for London because of the "thoroughness and great cost of the education given (which further required the whole time of the pupils for a number of years)." "I have not," he continues, "thought it necessary to spend any further time on the examination of buildings of this character, particularly as I found those of most experience with whom I conferred on the subject were distinctly of my opinion."

Who these experts were we are not told, but the above remarks are scarcely applicable to such technical schools as those at Bradford, Huddersfield, Keighley, Manchester, Bristol, and other large centres, which are doing for the artisan population of those districts much the same service as is expected from the Battersea Institute.

Whether instruction be elementary or advanced, whether it be intended for masters or for workmen, it ought to be "thorough," and thoroughness implies to some extent costliness. "To educate the industrial classes on a large scale at a comparatively nominal cost" is an attempt which looks better on paper than in practice.

And this brings us to the question of the financial aspect of the scheme. Mr. Plumbe states that his estimate of the cost of a given amount of accommodation is based on a memorandum by Mr. H. Cunynghame, in which he calculates that the building, including land, &c., ought to be erected and fitted up for £11 per student or member and that the cost of annual maintenance, in addition to fees and grants, will amount to 15s. per head per annum. This estimate is naturally considered by Mr. Plumbe to be "moderate in the extreme." It is much to be desired that the basis of Mr. Cunynghame's calculation should be made public, so that the materials should exist for the formation of a sound judgment thereon.

As regards the cost of building, all depends of course on the kind of building proposed; but it would be melancholy, indeed, if an institution directly designed to elevate the ideas and refine the taste of the population of dismal and ugly South London, were to be housed in a building "of the plainest and most utilitarian character" -to say nothing of the quality of materials used in its construction.

But from an educational point of view an even more important consideration is the necessary amount of endowment. The allowance of 15s. a head, "including repairs and maintenance," seems very meagre, if fees are to be low, and at the same time first-class teaching power and management are to be secured, and paid for. To base an estimate on the current expenses of the Regent Street Polytechnic is to run the risk of serious error, for it is well-known that much of the work of organization and

direction has there been performed gratis, or at far below market value, thanks to the enthusiasm of a few devoted workers. Can the Committees of the new Institutes call into existence a similar amount of enthusiasm among men of leisure and means in connection with each of the proposed Institutes (not, be it remembered, of a religious character), which will justify them in relying on being permanently saved the bulk of the expenses of management? If not, it is clear that a good deal will have to be added to the estimate of 15s. a head.

Another matter which is of importance from a financial point of view is the question of the position to be occupied by the day-school with respect to other sections of the new Institute. On this point, the language of the Commissioners' scheme is vague almost to the point of unintelligibility. There are evident advantages in utiliz ing the Polytechnic buildings in the day-time for the pur pose of a school which may afterwards serve as a feeder to the evening classes. But it should be an organic pan of the Institute; not a mere appendage, the existence of which may be tolerated so long as it interferes with no other department of work and claims no share in the endowment. Yet such seems to be the present intention of the Charity Commission, so far as we can gather from their published statements. The language of Mr. Plumbe's Report confirms this conclusion, against which it is time to record an emphatic protest. In our opinion, the day-school, if properly conducted, should ultimately become the corner-stone of the whole educational work of the Institute, for much more systematic teaching can be done in the case of boys working all their time that can be hoped for with students devoting a couple evenings a week to instruction and recreation. Dock less, in Regent Street a secondary school can be made self-supporting, and even profitable, by its fees; but such an attempt would be undesirable, and indeed impossible in the case of a school for the "poorer classes" in a pour district. A high-fee'd school might perhaps fill itself at the expense of emptying other schools in the neighbourhood, but it would not fill the gap which wants filling Under these circumstances, to condemn the day-school to pay its way is to condemn it to become a mere grantearning machine, neglecting all subjects which do not pay, and constructing its curriculum strictly on the lines of the South Kensington Directory. What is wanted is a good modern school with a low fee, and a large number of scholarships for competition among the scholars of elementary schools. But such a school cannot be made self-supporting, and the Battersea Committee would do well to induce the Charity Commissioners, before it too late, to recognize this fact frankly in the scheme which they are about to draw.

Again, we should be glad to know how wide a margin Mr. Cunynghame's estimate allows for the cost of what we may term "local adaptation." For example, in Mr Plumbe's list of local industries we find chemical wors match factories, and gas-works. From this it would seen that there is room for the teaching of chemistry in its application to various industries. But such instruction. though it is one of the chief objects with which the technical side of the Institute is started, must involve extra cost, for it will not produce grant; and Mr. Plumbe's conclusion from his inquiry, that the "science and an