The Desert Land Law is the result of conditions found as the settlement of the public lands pushed westward beyond the hundredth meridian. It soon became evident that a large part of the public domain was semi-arid and that new agricultural conditions must be met by legislation.

The first attempt was by means of special legislation passed 3 March 1875 for the sale of desert lands in Lassen County, Cal., in tracts of not more than 640 acres at a price of $1.25 per acre. The land was to be reclaimed by conducting water thereon within two years. This act was a departure in two particulars from the policy of the Homestead Act enacted 13 years before and being then the principal mode of disposing of public lands, first in not requiring residence on the land, and second in allowing an individual to take four times the limit of area fixed in the homestead law.

The general Desert Land Act was passed 3 March 1877, and applied to practically all the States and Territories in which desert land is found. The principal difference from the former act was in allowing three years for reclamation instead of two.

The Act of 30 Aug. 1890 limited the amount of land which anyone could acquire under any or all the public land laws to 320 acres. The Act of 3 March 1891 provided more in detail as to the requirements of reclamation and demanded for three years the annual proof of an expenditure of $1 per acre in the reclamation of the land and in permanent improvements thereon. The entryman is also required to cultivate one-eighth of the land.

The lack of residence requirement and the ease with which the proof of expenditure could be made opened the way for much fraud under this act and the amount of land permanently improved under it is disappointingly small.

The opportunities for irrigating lands on a scale which could be handled by a small number of individuals were comparatively few and experience showed that irrigation companies which did not also own or control the land to be irrigated were seldom financially successful. Congress has not been willing to give individuals or corporations control of large areas such as was necessary for the success of the more extensive and costly irrigation enterprises. The limit of individual development was therefore soon reached and some new plan became necessary.

To meet this situation Congress provided a method of encouraging reclamation by the States under the Act of 18 Aug. 1894 known as the Carey Act, and later Congress provided for the reclamation of the arid lands by funds from the public treasury under the Act of 17 June 1902 known as the Reclamation Act. See RECLAMATION LAWS. For the soldiers' and sailors' relief acts of 1917-18, see HOMESTEAD LAWS.

MORRIS BIEN,

United States Reclamation Service.

DESERT PLANTS, such plants as are characteristic of arid regions; in general marked by structures adapted to check transpiration of water, such as reduced leafsurface, absence of leaves, thickened epidermis, hairy or waxy coverings, stomata ("breathing apparatus") in sunken Dits. the entrances to

which may or may not be protected by hairs, perennial underground parts such as bulbs, tubers, rhizomes; and annual plants which flourish during the wet season, where such occurs, and, like the tops of many of the perennial herbaceous species, die during the dry season. On the other hand water-absorbing organs are often highly developed; the root-systems are not only large but the root-hairs are exceedingly numerous. Storage organs other than underground parts are common, as in many plants with fleshy leaves and in the thick stems of cacti. In regions of less and less rainfall. the vegetation becomes more and monotonous and restricted to the most resistant forms. In addition to intense heat and light, drying winds and small rainfall, the plants have often to adapt themselves to withstand salts which are brought to the surface in solution and left as the water evaporates.

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Structural differences and similarities may be observed in the plants characteristic of Alpine and Arctic conditions. Another striking character of desert plants is their restriction to a limited area by isolation and by enforced adaptability to peculiar conditions, in which respects desert and Alpine plants are similar, but in which each differ from Arctic plants that have a wide range. See ALPINE PLANTS; ARCTIC REGION; BEACH PLANTS; HALOPHYTES; PLANT GEOGRAPHY; XEROPHYTES.

DESERT VARNISH, a hard dark brown coating that occurs on the surface of most rocks in desert regions. As waters circulate through the rock they gather a certain amount of mineral matter in solution. In humid regions this mineral matter is carried out in springs and removed by river waters. But in deserts all this water evaporates as soon as it gets to the surface of the rock, and the mineral matter is left behind to form the desert varnish.

DESERTAS, da'sĕr-tás, a group of four small rocky islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 30 miles southeast of Madeira, visited at certain seasons of the year by fishermen and herdsmen. They are named Sail Rock, the northernmost and smallest, Deserta Grande, Chao and Bugio, the southernmost.

DESERTED VILLAGE, The. "The Deserted Village, the best known of Oliver Goldsmith's poems, appeared in May 1770, and reached a 5th edition by August of that year. There has never been any marked diminution of the favor in which it is held by lovers of poetry, though pentameter couplets and didacticism were even in 1770 not the newest poetic fashion and were soon dispossessed. Goldsmith's couplets, less epigrammatic than Pope's and less austere than Dr. Johnson's, are easier and more natural than those of either of his masters, not because Goldsmith paid less attention to his workmanship but because he gave his measure, by means of unusual variety of pauses and a singularly limpid diction, a flowing rhythm that matches the deeper rhythm of his genuine emotion. The didactic element grew out of his wish to exhibit the harm done by those rich men who, merely to enlarge their private grounds, buy up neighboring farms or villages and drive the inhabitants out. Doubtless he was somewhat melodramatic in his plea, but the evil did exist, as it does still, and he merely used a poet's weapons against selfish

and inhumane luxury. Argument, however, is not the essential merit of the poem. Grief at finding his native village deserted and in ruins brings back to the poet, who is partly Goldsmith himself and partly a mere poetic generalization, the memory of its prosperous days. The images which rise within him - the evening sports on the green, the parsonage, the schoolhouse, the inn are described with an exquisite fidelity, a kindly humor, a tender sympathy and an unexcelled felicity of language which, even if there had never been such an abuse as Goldsmith wrote against, would have made his poem unforgettable and universal.

CARL VAN DOREN.

DESERTER, in military affairs, a soldier or sailor who absents himself without leave with the intention not to return. An officer who absents himself without intent to return upon tendering his resignation, before that resignation has been accepted, or a soldier who enlists in the army, navy or marine corps of the United States or in a foreign army, before receiving his discharge, is considered ipso-facto to be a deserter. In the United States desertion from the army or navy in time of war is subject to a court-martial which may inflict a sentence of death. Desertion under ordinary conditions is punishable by dishonorable discharge and two and one-half years hard labor, but if done during an insurrection or similar disturbance, by five years' hard labor. The United States government offers a monetary reward for the arrest and delivery of a deserter, the sum usually paid at present being $50. In every civilized country the laws against desertion are similar to those of our own land-always severe upon the man who abandons his duty, punishing him with harshest discipline, and, sometimes, death.

DESERTION, in legal terminology a word applied almost exclusively to violations of the obligation of husband and wife to live together in the state of matrimony. Desertion may be defined as the wilful termination of the marriage relation by one of the parties without lawful or reasonable cause; or the voluntary refusal to renew a suspended cohabitation, without justification either in the consent or wrongful conduct of the other. Where the party absenting himself or herself from marital community with the other has a reasonable cause for so doing the severance of relations is not a desertion. It has been held that only such misconduct as would constitute a ground for divorce will excuse either a wife or a husband who separates, and lives apart, from the other; but the justification of the act would probably be a matter to be determined on the merits of each case. The refusal of matrimonial intercourse, the parties continuing to live in the same house, would not of itself constitute desertion; this would be a breach of a single conjugal obligation only. Desertion imports a complete cessation of relations, and the abnegation of the duty of companionship and all other obligations of marriage by a refusal to live together. Where the separation is by mutual consent, and the husband makes adequate provision for the support and maintenance of the wife, desertion cannot be imputed, of course. Where husband and wife are living separate without reasonable cause, and without mutual

consent, and an offer of reconciliation and the renewal of marital relations is made by one party and refused by the other, the party refusing becomes a deserter. The refusal to return must be voluntary, however. If the refusal is given under restraint or duress from a third party, the remedy is against the restrainer, either by writ of habeas corpus or by a suit for alienation. Probably only the husband could sue out the writ. At common law the remedy for desertion is a suit for the restitution of conjugal rights. A deserted husband or wife may obtain a decree requiring the deserter to return; and the decree remains in force until cohabitation is resumed. Formerly, the deserter could be imprisoned for a refusal to comply with the decree. The ecclesiastical courts in England originally had jurisdiction in such cases, which devolved on the Probate and Divorce Division of the Supreme Court of Judicature when the high courts were consolidated. Under the present English Divorce law the deserter cannot be imprisoned for the desertion; but he must pay alimony if cohabitation is not resumed and he may be imprisoned for non-payment of the alimony. The English proceeding has thus been practically assimilated to the American practice. In the United States the institution of suits for the restitution of conjugal rights has never found judicial favor. The deserted spouse was relegated to the equity jurisdiction for a proper remedy. This was usually a decree of separation, with alimony to the wife if guiltless, or without alimony if she was in fault. Desertion is now a ground for divorce, absolute or limited, in nearly all States of the Union (see DIVORCE). A deserted wife, of course, has authority in law to contract debts for necessaries and charge her husband with the obligation to pay. The failure of a husband, or his gross, wanton and cruel refusal or neglect, to provide a suitable maintenance for his wife, would justify the latter in separating herself from his bed and board; and the fact that the wife has been forced by such neglect to support herself, and has been able to do so, is no defense in his favor.

In nearly all of the States the desertion and non-support of wives and dependent children by the husbands and fathers is now actionable criminally in a quarter sessions court, a police court, or in the Domestic Relations Court, which is a branch of almost every one of the municipal courts recently established in the greater cities. The process is summary, sometimes on relation of the overseer of the poor, sometimes on petition of the deserted wife. The husband being shown to have separated himself from his wife and children, or to have neglected to support them, will be required to pay a suitable sum weekly for their maintenance. Failing to do so the delinquent may be sentenced to imprisonment at hard labor. This provision for imprisonment at hard labor makes desertion and nonsupport an extraditable offense. Formerly it was easy for a deserting husband to evade the requirement to pay a stipend to the cast-off wife by simply going into an adjoining State to live. A deserted wife for the same reason, namely, the huband's absenteeism, found it difficult to cite the deserter into the courts of her domicile. The process of the State courts does not run beyond the State's boundaries:

but, armed with a requisition of extradition issued by their governor, the police officers of any State can now take a fugitive wife deserter from any other State to which he has fled or may flee. A propertyless husband in prison, of course, cannot comply with the order to pay maintenance. In some States, therefore, the law permits the delinquent to be committed into the custody of a probation officer, who is charged with the duty to see that the order to support the wife is complied with, and the stipend is regularly paid. An alternative method to insure payment is to require the institution wherein the delinquent is imprisoned to pay a stated sum per diem to a person designated by the court as the proper recipient. The per diem is written off as part of the running expense of the penal institution and is charged to the county. In the last analysis, however, it comes out of the labor of the prisoner breaking stones, digging ditches or building roads. The deserter is thus made to earn bread for his abandoned dependents by the sweat of his brow. The legislation on this subject, the more drastic parts of which have gone into effect during the past five or six years, provides the means whereby women in the humbler walks of life can obtain expeditiously and inexpensively the equivalent of a judicial separation with alimony.

DESFONTAINES, da-fôn-tan', Pierre François Guyot, ABBÉ, French writer: b. Rouen 1685; d. Paris 1745. He was one of those known to us more for their controversies with Voltaire, and his biting attacks, than from their own productions. Voltaire, by the superiority of his wit, succeeded in gaining many to his opinions; but impartial judges have long agreed that he was not altogether correct, and that the criticisms of the Abbé Desfontaines, though severe, are by no means unjust. One of the works of the abbé, which had the misfortune to excite the particular displeasure of the poet, was the well-known 'Dictionnaire néologique, of which the sixth edition appeared in 1750 and which was intended to guard the purity of the French language, as the great writers of the 17th century had formed it; and in this respect it has certainly proved of much service.

DESFUL, des'fool, or DIZFUL, dez'fool, Persia, city in the province of Khuzistan, its chief commercial centre, 30 miles northwest of Shuster. It is on the Diz or Coprates River here crossed by a stone bridge of 20 arches. Pop. 30,000.

DESGOFFE, da-gof', Blaise Alexandre, French painter: b. Paris, 17 Jan. 1830; d. 1901. He is famous for having imitated jewels and trinkets with pastes, and transparent coats of color. Among his works are Oriental Agate Cup of the 16th Century,' after the original in the collection of jewels in the Louvre; Oriental Vase on Enameled Pedestal of the 16th Century; Amethyst Vase of 16th Century) (Luxembourg); Onyx Jug'; 'Money Bag of Henri II, Enamels of Jean Limousin) (Luxembourg); and many fruit and flower pieces. In the Corcoran Gallery, Washington, are his (Souvenirs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. He is also represented in the Metropolitan Museum, New York; the Walters Gallery, Balti

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more; the Brooklyn Museum and many private collections in America.

DESHOULIERES, da-zoo'lē-ar', Madame Antoinette de Ligier de la Garde, French poet: b. Paris, 1 Jan. 1638; d. there, 17 Feb. 1691. During the war of the Fronde she followed her husband into exile at Brussels, and he rescued her after she had been for eight months imprisoned at Vilvoorden as a suspicious personage. She was called the 10th Muse and the French Calliope on account of her idyls 'Les moutons and Les fleurs. Her subsequent failure in writing tragedy caused this advice to be given her: "Retournez à vos moutons." Voltaire was of opinion that of all the French poets of her sex she had the greatest merit. Several learned societies elected her a member, and her agreeable manner, her animation and wit, which sometimes, but rarely, gave way to a gentle melancholy, made her the centre of attraction in the best societies at that period. A good edition of her works appeared in 1749.

DESICCATION, the evaporation or drying off of the aqueous portion of bodies. It is practised with fruit, meat, milk, vegetable extracts and many other matters. It is usually done by a current of heated dry air, and as such may be considered as distinguished from evaporators, so called, to which furnace heat or steam heat is applied. See FOOD PRESERVA

TION.

DESIDERIO DA SETTIGNANO, dăse-da're-ō dä set-ten-yä'no, Di Bartolommeo Di Francesco, Florentine sculptor: b. 1428; d. 1476. He was a pupil of Donatello. His chief works are the tomb of Carlo Marsuppini, chancellor of the Florentine republic, in the church of Santa Croce; and the great marble tabernacle of the Annunciation in San Lorenzo. Another church in Florence possesses a statuette of the Infant Jesus by this sculptor,_of which there is a replica in the Louvre. The genuineness of many busts attributed to him has of late been disputed. The Paris and Vienna museums possess some fine examples of these.

DESIGN, in painting, the first plan of a large work, drawn roughly, and on a small scale, with the intention of being executed and finished in large. See DRAWING.

In music, design means the invention and execution of the subject in all its parts, agreeably to the general order of the whole, especially in the composition of works of classical formulæ as required by a sonata or symphony

In manufactures, design expresses the figures with which the workman enriches his stuff or silk, and which he copies after his own drawing, or the sketches of some artist.

signing is of a purely mechanical nature and application, and schools for the training of artists; yet in actual practice this distinction is not always followed. The best results in applied art are produced by foundation work similar to that essential in preparation for a distinctively æsthetic career. The courses in such schools vary in detail but generally include most of the following branches: free-hand drawing; the theoretical principles of decoration, and the history of art especially in its decorative aspects; copying and variation of designs; original designing for textile fabrics, wall-paper, stained-glass, pottery, leather-work, book-covers, etc.; and the study of the best examples of designing for which accessible museum collections are essential. To this is added instruction in technical manipulation.

The definite endeavor to promote art education with the purpose of developing and improving the art industries of the nation.had its rise in England as a result of the first international exhibition, that of 1851, at Hyde Park, London. In the United States a similar movement originated in Boston in 1870, and was an outcome of the former. The related branches of industrial art drawing and manual training owed much to the impetus given by the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. The new spirit was felt by the public schools and wrought marked changes in them during the next quarter of a century, and museums of art were created and developed. Among the institutions offering courses in applied art in the United States, may be mentioned the schools of Cooper Union; the Lowell Free School of Industrial Design (1872), affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the School of Design for Women in Philadelphia; the School of Design of the University of Cincinnati; and the University of Minnesota, which has a four years' course in drawing and industrial art. The large cities of Europe were provided with facilities for teaching industrial art long before such a necessity was apparent in Great Britain and the United States. In Paris the Ecole Nationale et Spéciale des Arts Décoratifs, in Berlin the Bau Akademie and in Vienna the Imperial Art Institute, may be especially noted. The great schools devoted to the training of artists created the atmosphere and impulse without which the more practical schools would be impossible, but they hardly come within the scope of this review. Among the results produced in Great Britain by the recognition in 1851, of the superiority of France in the arts of applied design, was the creation of the South Kensington schools and Museum of Art, which have been powerful factors in effecting the great change in that nation. Consult Münsterberg, The Principles of Art Education (New York 1904); and Adams, Theory and Practice in Designing) (New

York 1911).

DESIRADE, da-zē-räd', an island of the West Indies, dependency of Guadeloupe, from which it lies about nine miles to the east. Since 1814 it has been a French possession. It has an area of 10 square miles, and a population of about 1,500, composed mainly of emancipated slaves. It is known as the island which Columbus first discovered on his second voyage in 1493, and to which he gave the Spanish name Deseada, "desired."

DESJARDINS da-zhär-dǎn', Alphonse, Canadian journalist and politician: b. Terrebonne, Quebec, 6 May 1841. He was educated at Masson and Nicolet colleges, and was admitted to the bar in 1862. In 1868 he turned his attention to journalism, was on the staff of L'Ordre, and later became editor-in-chief of Le Nouveau Monde. He assisted in organizing the Papal Zouaves sent to the aid of the Pope in 1868, and is a member of the Order of Pius IX. He was a member of the lower house of the Canadian Parliament (1878-92) and was then called to the senate. In 1893 he was mayor of Montreal and in 1896 for a short time minister of militia and then minister of public works.

"The

DESJARDINS, Martin, gallicized name of Martin Vanden Bogaert, French sculptor: b. Breda 1640; d. Paris, 2 May 1694. He became a member of the Academy in 1671, professor (1681); rector (1686); and court sculptor to Louis XIV. He was a gifted sculptor, decorator and woodcarver, executing many works for the churches of Paris, the College of the Four Nations, palace of Versailles, etc. His chief work was a monument to Louis XIV (1686), removed in 1792 and destroyed save a few parts now in the Louvre and the Invalides. Another Louis XIV, an equestrian statue, remains at Lyons, with several portraits in busts and bas-reliefs at the Louvre and at Versailles. DES KNABEN WUNDERHORN. Boy's Marvelous Horn' (Vol. I, 1806, really published in 1805, II-III, 1808), the most famous collection of German folksongs, was the work of Clemens Brentano (q.v.) and Achim von Arnim (q.v.), both members of the Heidelberg Romantic group. The title was furnished by the title of the introductory poem, the theme of which suggests in symbol the content of the whole collection. Romantic mediævalism began to bear fruit in a profound and varied study of the national past, conspicuously in collections of older tales and poems and in scholarly editions of older masterpieces. German interest in folkpoetry, which was awkened soon after the middle of the 18th century largely through the stimulus of Percy's Reliques, centred mainly in Herder and his followers. Herder's great collection of folk-poetry (1778-79) in accordance with his conception of the term, was cosmopolitan in scope. 'Des Knaben Wunderhorn, on the contrary, was distinctly national, in part conceived as a witness to national treasures at a time when the political fortunes of Germany were at a low ebb. The transcription of the texts of the songs, whether from older printed sources or derived from oral tradition, is sometimes careless and linguistically inaccurate; the collectors even made deliberate alterations. Later collections have been more extensive and more scientific, but the importance of 'Des Knaben Wunderhorn' remains it is a treasure-house of popular song and ballad, of infinite variety and beauty, an index of a people's soul. The influence of this work on the lyric poets and ballad-writers of the early 19th century can hardly be overestimated, notably on Uhland, Eichendorff, Wilhelm Müller and Heine. The collectors dedicated the first volume to Goethe, who reviewed it favorably and significantly in the Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung (21 and 22 June 1806). Among several editions with notes and

critical material, those of Boxberger, and of Birlinger and Crecelius may be mentioned. Consult also, Rieser, 'Des Knaben Wunderhorn und seine Quellen' (Dortmund 1908). HARVEY W. THAYER.

DE SMEDT, Charles, Belgian ecclesiastic: b. Ghent, 6 April 1833; d. Brussels, 4 March 1911. He received his education at the College of Saint Barbara, Ghent, the College of Our Lady of Peace, Namur, the Jesuit scholasticates of Namur, Tronchiennes and Louvain. In 1851 he entered the Society of Jesus, taught several years at Tronchiennes, was ordained in 1862 and from 1864 to 1870 was professor of church history and of dogmatic theology at the scholasticate of his order in Louvain. In 1871-76 he was a member of the staff of the Acta Sanctorum' and from 1876 to 1911 was a member of the Bollandists at Brussels, serving also (1899-1902) as acting rector of Saint Michael's College. He made an address on 'Des devoirs des écrivains catholiques dans les controverses contemporaines,' at the Second Congress of the Catholics of Normandy at Rouen in 1885. Many other important addresses were made by him, notably that on 'Les origines du duel judiciaire,' at the International Catholic Scientific Congress at Brussels in 1894. He was a member of very many learned societies, Belgian and foreign. His works include 'Dissertationes selectæ in primam ætatem historiæ ecclesiastica (1876); Principes de la critique historique (1883); Notre vie surnaturelle (2 vols., 1911); he collaborated also in Acta Sanctorum Hiberniæ) (1887); 'Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum, latinorum antiquiorum sæculo XVI (3 vols., 1889-93); 'Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquæ et mediæ ætatis (2 vols., 1901); also contributions to The Catholic Encyclopedia (1910) and to various scientific and historical reviews.

DE SMET, Peter John, American Jesuit missionary to the Indians: b. Dendermonde (now Termonde), Belgium, 31 Dec. 1801; d. Saint Louis, Mo., 23 May 1873. In 1822, being yet only a scholastic in the order, he was sent by his superiors to join the Jesuit mission in the United States and at the suggestion of the government became an instructor in the Indian school at Florissant, Mo.; later (1828) he became instructor in the university newly founded at Saint Louis. After this, having been ordained priest, in 1838 he entered on his destined field of labor as missionary to the aborigines, traversing on foot or in canoes or with whatever means of conveyance was possible, the regions inhabited by the Pottawatomies, Sioux, Blackfeet, Flatheads, Pend' d'Oreilles and other tribes in the valleys of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Platte and Columbia and on both sides of the Rocky Mountains.

On many occasions he was a commissioner on behalf of the United States government in pacifying the redmen when, provoked to fury by the wrongs done them, they went on the war path, United States officials reporting that Father De Smet alone of the entire white race could penetrate to these cruel savages and return safe and sound. In his journeys he wandered over 180,000 miles in those wildernesses in the course of his labors of 40 years. But in the meantime he made visits to Europe repeatedly, to collect funds for support of the mis

sions and to enlist young men for labor in the same field. His collections in Europe amounted to 1,000,000 francs.

He wrote several narratives of his experience in the western wilds, among them: 'Letters and Sketches of a Residence in the Rocky Mountains) (1843); Oregon Missions and Travels over the Rocky Mountains' (1847); Western Missions (1863); New Indian Sketches) (1868).

DES MEERES UND DER LIEBE WELLEN (Waves of the Sea and of Love). Among the poetic dramas of the world so many have been marred either by inadequate verse or undramatic material that 'Des Meeres und Ider Liebe Wellen' (1831), by Franz Grillparzer, stands out by virtue of the harmony of its material and treatment. It is, as the Germans say, "aus einem Gusse," all of the same mold verse, story, handling, setting- all beautiful, majestic, tender, compelling. For his theme, Grillparzer goes back, as he did in (Sappho and Das goldene Fliess' to the Greek world, taking the age-old story of Hero and Leander to illustrate the tragedy of love when it comes to those who are dedicated to the service of the gods. While Grillparzer's method has not the august simplicity or economy. of the Greeks in their handling of tragedy, it has a classic strength that is rare in romantic literature. His verse, moreover, and his characterization, have a warmth and a tenderness that is partly traceable to his appreciation of the great Spanish dramatists. Nowhere in his work does his special gift show to greater advantage than in the radiant love-poetry of 'Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen, which fact makes it the more strange and pathetic that a public which gave his earliest and far less favored works a welcome, turned its back on this splendid achievement and on those that followed it. It was not until after Grillparzer's death that 'Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen' was properly estimated; but to-day it is quite generally conceded to be one of the finest versedramas in the German language.

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EDITH J. R. ISAACS.

DES MOINES, de-moin, Iowa, city, capital of the State, and county-seat of Polk County; near the geographical centre of the State, long. 16° 43′ 52" W.; lat. 41° 35' 45" N. It is situated at the junction of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers, and is entered by 19 lines of steam railroads and 4 lines of interurban electric roads, operating 203 miles of track. The city is built on a plateau 849 feet above the sea-level, is intersected by both rivers, which are spanned by eight bridges, and is 54 square miles in area. The business portion lies near the rivers and the residences are on the higher grounds beyond.

Industries. The city is located in the heart of a rich coal mining district, the mines in the vicinity employing over 3,500 persons, and having an annual output of 3,500,000 tons. The principal industries, besides coal mining, include pork packing, structural iron, brick and tile, foundry and machine shop products, brass goods, clay products, carriages and wagons, furniture, cotton and woolen goods, cement, wall paper and proprietary medicine, shoes, caskets, art glass, aluminum ware, gloves and caps, work garments, suspenders. It is also noted