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for Niebuhr's collection of Byzantine writers. Dindorf ranks among the leading Hellenic scholars of the 19th century. Consult Sandy, 'A History of Classical Scholarship) (Vol. III, Cambridge 1908).

DINDYMENE. See CYBELE.

DINEIR, dē-nā-ēr', or GEYIKLAR, Asia Minor (the ancient CELÆNÆ), a town in the province of Aidin, close to the headwaters of the Mæander River. It lies at an altitude of 2,845 feet and commands the road from the Lycus Valley to the interior. Because of this Celænæ was at an early period an important centre of commerce and civilization. After

long centuries of decline modern railway construction is again operating in its favor. It is now the easternmost terminal of the Aidin Railway from Smyrna and a railway is projected from Adalia north to Dineir. These roads would greatly enhance its commerce, as it is in the heart of a rich agricultural district. It has manufactories of flour. Many of the houses are partly constructed of blocks of marble from the ruins of the ancient town. Pop. 2,000, the majority of which are Turks.

DINGELSTEDT, Franz von, BARON, German poet and dramatist: b. Halsdorf, Upper Hesse, 30 June 1814; d. Vienna, 15 May 1881. His 'Songs of a Cosmopolitan Nightwatchman' (1841) shocked all officialdom, but had a great popular success; and his Poems (1845) showed true poetic feeling and great descriptive power, the latter also visible in his travel sketches and stories; one of the most successful of the latter is 'The Amazón,' a society novel. His tragedy 'The House of the Barneveldts' (1851) was a splendid success. plays from Molière, Shakespeare and others to the German stage and wrote a volume of 'Studies and Copies After Shakespeare' (1858). He was a successful theatrical director at Munich, Weimar and Vienna; was ennobled in 1867 and made baron in 1876. In 1877 a complete edition of his works was issued in 12 volumes. Consult his autobiography, entitled 'Münchner Bilderbogen) (1879).

He adapted

DINGLE, Philippines, a city of Panay, in the province of Iloilo, on Jalaur River, 18 miles north of the city of Iloilo. It was founded in 1825. There are gold deposits in the vicinity. Pop. 12,129.

DINGLEY, Nelson, American legislator and journalist: b. Durham, Me., 15 Feb. 1832; d. Washington, D. C., 13 Jan. 1899. He was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1855; admitted to the bar in 1856; purchased the Lewiston Journal in 1856; edited a daily edition in 1865 and was its editor and proprietor till his death. He was elected to the State legislature in 1861; served in that body till 1865 and in 1868 and 1873, and was speaker of the house in 1864-65. He was elected governor of Maine in 1873 and re-elected in 1874 and was a member of Congress from 1881 till his death. From the beginning of his congressional career he was conspicuous as an advocate of the principle of protection and was author of the Dingley Tariff Bill of 1897. In 1908 he was appointed a member of the Joint High Commission on controversies between Canada and the United States.

DINGO, the Australian wild dog (Canis dingo), the only species of dog known to exist in both the wild and the domesticated states and also the only carnivorous placental mammal in Australia. It is sometimes considered as being of Asiatic origin, the theory being that it was brought to Australia by the first men who came there, and that it has since become wild. The finding of its remains in the Quaternary strata of Australia and in Pleistocene cavern deposits apparently disposes of this theory. It is not found in Tasmania or New Zealand, in which the fauna is generally like that of Australia. The dingo has decreased in numbers, retreating before the advance of civilization and suffering from the war made upon it by the settlers, whose flocks it preys upon. The animal is about two and a half feet long and nearly two feet high; has large erect ears and a bushy tail. It is tawny in color; some specimens, however, being pale and others almost black. In the wild state it is especially crafty and courageous and hunts in packs sometimes containing 100 dogs. The native Australians seek the young dingoes and having taken them from the lairs where they are found, bring them up as domestic animals. When well treated they are affectionate and trustworthy and are used to help their masters in hunting the animals on which the natives live-opossums, snakes, lizards, etc. While the domesticated dingo is his friend and companion, the native Australian will hunt the wild dog, kill him and, having roasted him, will eat him with a keen appetite. Consult Lydekker, New Natural History' (Vol. I, 1897); Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria' (Melbourne 1878); Wheelwright, 'Bush Wanderings' (London 1865). See DOG.

DINGRAS, den-gräs', Philippines, city in the province of Ilocos Norte, in Luzon, 11 miles southeast of Laoag. It is on the Grande de Laoag River. It is situated in a fertile plain, surrounded by mountains, which is subject to inundations. Dingrás was founded in 1598. Pop. 15,792.

DINGWALL, Scotland, a royal burgh_and county town of the united counties of Ross and Cromarty, at the head of the Cromarty Firth, 18 miles northwest of Inverness. A short canal enables vessels of light draught (9 feet) to come up to the town. Nearby are traces of the ancient castle of the earls of Ross. The town lies low, in the midst of a rich, fertile and well-wooded ground. The sulphur springs of Strathpeffer lie five miles to the westward of the town. Pop, 2,639.

DINIAS and DERCYLLIS, characters in an old Greek novel, in 24 books, no longer extant, with the title, 'Incredible Things in Thule.' The author was a Syrian, Diogenes Antonius, who lived about the 2d century of our era. The work was used as a source by many later writers.

DINICHTHYS, di-nik'this, (Gr. dew65; terrible; xùs fish), a genus of enormous fossil fishes found in Carboniferous and Devonian rocks. They are usually classed with the Dipnoi (q.v.) as members of the order Arthrodira. The body is estimated to have been from 15 to 18 feet in length. Its general shape closely follows that of the Coccosteus. The head, often 3 x 4 feet, was composed of heavy plates well joined

together. The eyes were large and the teeth were formidable. There is a hinge joint between the head plates and the body plates. A great number of these fossils have been dug out of the Upper Devonian shale of Ohio. The best-known species are Dinichthys hertzeri and D. terrelli. Consult Dean, Fishes, Living and Fossil (New York 1895); id., "Contributions to the Anatomy of Dinichthys," in Transactions' of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. XV, 1896; Vol. XII, 1894; and Vol. XVI, 1898); id., "Studies on Fossil Fishes" in 'Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History Vol. IX, New York 1900); Newberry, "The Paleozoic Fishes of North America," in (Monograph of the United States Geological Survey (Vol. XVI, Washington 1890).

DINIZ DA CRUZ E SILVA, dē'nēs dä kroos ē sēl'vä, Antonio, Portuguese poet: b. Lisbon, 4 July 1731; d. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5 Oct. 1799. A lawyer and official, in 1776 he was made counsel to the Superior Court at Rio de Janeiro. He was one of the founders of the celebrated literary society, the Arcadia Lusitana. His poetry comprises sonnets, eclogues, elegies, songs, epigrams, epistles and several volumes of Pindaric odes; a lengthy poem, 'Brazil's Metamorphoses'; and a heroicomic epic, Hyssop, modeled on Boileau's Lutrin, but a spirited, original composition, far superior to Boileau's-which was republished several times in France, and translated into French prose. He is referred to as the "Portuguese Pindar." His odes are fine and local color pervades all his works. The 'Hyssop pictures faithfully and graphically the vanities and intrigues of the society of a provincial town dominated by two cliques. Boissonade translated the work into French and it ran through two editions (Paris 1828, 1867). Selections have appeared in English in the Foreign Quarterly Review and in the Manchester Quarterly. The work was edited by J. R. Coelho (Lisbon 1879), with introductory study of the poet and his works. collected works, Poesias,' were issued at Lisbon (1807-17).

His

DINIZULU, last king of Zululand: b. 1869; d. Transvaal, 19 Oct. 1913. He was the son of King Cetewayo (q.v.), after whose death in 1884 he was proclaimed king. The British annexed Zululand in 1887, when the regulations which came into force did not recognize the pre-eminence of Dinizulu, who nevertheless continued to act as king, ordering executions and imposing fines and taxes. Trouble ensued with the British government and the dusky monarch fled, but surrendered 15 Nov. 1888. Brought to trial, he was convicted of high treason and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment 27 April 1889. This was commuted to transporation to Saint Helena in 1890. He was allowed to return to Zululand in 1897, was given a house and a pension of $2,500 per annum. He was con

victed of complicity in a rebellion in 1906, was fined $500 and given four years' imprisonment. He was released in 1910 and allowed to reside at Middleburg on his farm, where he died.

DINKA, a powerful tribe of Negritos who live on both sides of the White Nile between lat. 6° and 12° N. in the Egyptian Sudan. Their territory covers about 40,000 square miles.

They are intelligent, have some skill in making articles for houschold use and also follow agriculture. Each village is governed by its own chief. Polygamy is practised. They are brave and of good physique and for these reasons many find their way to the Sudanese army. It is the common practice to extract the lower incisor teeth in both men and women. A good grammar of their language was written by Mitterutzner (Brixen 1866). Consult Gleichen, 'The Anglo-Egyptian Soudan) (London 1905); Kaufmann, Schilderungen aus Central Afrika' (Brixen 1862) and Schweinfurth, 'In the Heart of Africa (Frewer's trans., London 1873).

DINKARD (the enactments of religion), an important compilation of information concerning the doctrines, customs and writings of the religion of Zoroaster, compiled shortly after the Mohammedan conquest of Persia. In its present form, much of the work is a descriptive list of the contents of a larger and earlier work. It has been edited, with English and Gujerati translation, by Peshotan Behramji Sanjana (Vols. I-XIII, Bombay 1874-1912).

DINOHYUS, a genus of gigantic, primitive, swine-like animals, some of which were six feet in height at the shoulders, found fossil in Lower Miocene rock of the western United States.

DINORNITHES.

A group of extinct, flightless, ratite birds of gigantic size, the moas of New Zealand, with small heads, stout legs, the bones without air-passages, wings absent or extremely reduced, furculum absent and aftershafts large. The genera were Dinornis, Pachyornio, Mesopteryx, Anomalopteryx and Megalopteryx. See MoA.

DINOSAURIA. A group of reptilian animals which flourished during the Mesozoic Era, or the Age of Reptiles. They were in many ways the ruling or dominant forms of that time and as such filled the various rôles of terrestrial animals as do the warm-blooded mammals of to-day. Dinosaurs were air-breathing animals and, in common with other reptiles, such as the modern crocodiles, to which they were somewhat distantly related, possessed a more or less scaly or armored skin and were probably cold-blooded or poikilothermous, that is, possessing no mechanism for the maintenance of bodily heat, but having an internal temperature which varied with that of the outside air. It is assumed that they were egg-laying, but this can neither be proved nor disproved until either eggs or unborn young are found.

In their anatomy the dinosaurs show certain features which link them with the crocodiles on the one hand and with the birds on the other, and while due in part to community of habit, such as bipedal running on the part of dinosaurs and birds and the consequent modification of the hind limbs, these similarities of structure also imply genetic or blood relationships.

In size the dinosaurs ranged from that of a house cat to a length and bulk exceeded only by the greater of the modern whales upward of 90 feet long and 40 tons in weight. In habits they were as varied as in size, for some were light of foot and bipedal while others were quadrupeds of unwieldy bulk, some armored, others armorless, some endowed with horns or with talons and terrible teeth, yet others

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whose only apparent means of defense lay in their huge size and inaccessible habitat. They were carnivorous and herbivorous, some of the latter having very defective dentition which made mastication of the food impossible, while others were provided with a dental battery of marvelous detail and perfection.

Their habitat was in all probability the land, at any rate at the beginning of their racial career; indeed, the initial stimulus to their evolution may well have been aridity of climate, which is generally an incentive to the development of traveling powers and hence may have brought about the cursorial adaptation which so distinguishes the earlier forms. Later the dinosaurs, at any rate such as are known to us, were inhabitants of low-land lying along the shores of seas and oceans and some were actually partly, if not wholly, water-living, although none show an extreme of adaptation to aquatic life and none were salt-water inhabitants, the occasional inclusion of their remains in marine strata being the result of accident.

There is reason to believe that the dinosaurs were diphyletic, that is, consisted of two races which ran separate though in many ways parallel evolutionary courses, the one group, the carnivores (Theropoda) and their plantfeeding derivatives (Sauropoda) being nearer the crocodiles, and the true herbivores (Predentata) being nearer the birds. It is probable, however, that each phylum was derived from the same ancestral stock, but that the divergence began at once, possibly in Permian time.

The duration of dinosaurian existence was immensely long, for their remains are first found in rocks of Middle Triassic time, but these are already in a state of development that implies a long antecedent evolution. And they continue, despite the extinction of certain lines, until the very close of the Mesozoic, a lapse of time measured by millions of years. Their 'fossils appear first in Germany, but this does not necessarily imply a Germanic origin; on the contrary, the belief has been expressed that one must go farther west to a continental mass which once linked Europe and North America across what is now the North Atlantic to find their ancestral home. Thence they spread the world over, their remains being found in Europe, North and South America, Africa, Madagascar and Australia; but, with the exception of India, they are as yet unknown from the great continent of Asia. Whether this is significant or merely because they have not thus far been discovered, is not known.

The classification of the dinosaurs may be given as follows:

COHORT DINOSAURIA:

Order Saurischia. Primitively carnivorous dinosaurs.
Suborder Theropoda. Bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs.
Suborder Sauropoda. Quadrupedal, amphibious, plant-
feeding dinosaurs.
Order Ornithischia. Predentate or beaked herbivorous
dinosaurs.

Suborder Ornithopoda. Bipedal unarmored dinosaurs.
Suborder Stegosauria. Quadrupedal armored dinosaurs.
Suborder Ceratopsia. Quadrupedal horned dinosaurs.

The two main phyla or orders of dinosaurs have received the rather cumbrous names of Saurischia (Gr. caupus, lizard, and oxiov, hip joint) and Ornithischia (Gr. opvis, bird), because of the basic structure of their pelvis, which in the one case resembles that of the

crocodile or saurian and in the other that of the bird, and, as has been said, there is evidence that the relationship thus implied is real. In many ways the two groups give evidence of having undergone closely parallel lines of evolutionary progress, especially in their method of locomotion and consequently in their motor organs. This is particularly true of the first suborder in each phylum, the Theropoda and Ornithopoda. Out of each of these more conservative stocks arose aberrant lines in which a premium was placed either on bulk (Sauropoda) or on armor (Stegosauria) or on weapons (Ceratopsia), with consequent modifications and specializations far removed from the primitive stock. Then, too, there was on the part of the two main orders the diametrically opposed dietary flesh on the one hand, with its relatively simple dental and digestive mechanism, and vegetal food on the other, with a resultant complexity of dentition in the more highly specialized members which has never been surpassed.

Saurischia Theropoda. The earliest known dinosaurs belong to the Saurischia, suborder Theropoda, and they existed with but little change until the close of the Mesozoic. They were bipedal, with four-toed, bird-like feet, armed with increasingly powerful claws, and with four-fingered hands provided with grasping talons. The skull was lightly constructed, somewhat bird-like in form, but possessing no beak. On the contrary, their powerful jaws were armed with a single row of teeth, often flattened, curved and dagger-like, with finely serrate margins which must have made them highly efficient for tearing and rending their prey, but not for mastication. The teeth were mainly in the forward portion of the jaws. The head was poised at right angles to the rather short neck and the compact trunk was followed by a long and often very slender tail which served to counterbalance the weight of the body and head when they were borne on the hind limbs in a semi-erect posture. From an exhaustive study of dinosaurian footprints which exist by the thousands impressed upon the Triassic rocks of the Connecticut Valley, one is justified in assuming that the fore feet were never brought into contact with the ground, although they doubtless were of use in fighting or in grasping the prey. There is as yet no direct evidence of the nature of their skin except on the sole of the foot, but we have no reason to suppose that it was other than reptilelike, clothed in all probability with a flexible scaly covering, but otherwise unarmored.

The Theropoda were highly conservative, increasing in general dimensions and consequent prowess, with the peculiar exception that in the larger forms, the megalosaurs, the hands failed to keep pace with the general increase in stature until in the final forms they were relatively so absurdly small that it is difficult to conjecture their use. But not all Theropoda were of this sort, for another group remained relatively small, agile forms until the end of their racial career. . At least one of these (Struthiomimus) became entirely toothless -a sign of degeneracy, but in this instance coupled with an otherwise efficient body, which makes the interpretation of habits and habitat a matter of great doubt.

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