for its immense insurance interests, there being in the city 45 insurance companies. The insurance pay-roll approximates $200,000 per month. Des Moines is the greatest farm journal centre in the world. The products of Des Moines' 412 factories, employing more than 5,000 operatives, amount to more than $30,000,000. The city has a growing jobbing trade of $103,000,000 a year- an increase of 100 per cent in six years.

Banks and Publications.-There are 21 banks and trust companies in the city, with a combined capital of $3,200,000 and annual deposits of over $40,000,000. There are published in the city four daily newspapers, four weekly newspapers, and 47 other periodicals.

Public Buildings, Churches, Educational Institutions, etc.-Among the most imposing structures in the city are the State capitol, erected at a cost of $3,000,000; the Soldiers' Monument, costing $150,000, erected on the site of the old State house; capitol extension park, $2,000,000; the State Historical building, for the collection and preservation of historical records, specimens of art, science and taxidermy, frontage 260 feet, depth 90 feet, height 60 feet, cost $500,000; the county courthouse; the United States government building, containing the post-office and Federal courts; the State arsenal; the city library, containing over 50,000 volumes; two large hospitals and the city hall. There are several small libraries, five large opera houses and 32 hotels. The education of the young is provided for by 50 public schools and several high schools, the pupils being furnished with free textbooks. For higher and technical education there are Drake University (Christian), founded in 1881; Des Moines College (Baptist) (q.v.), founded in 1865; Danish Lutheran College; Highland Park Normal College (Presbyterian); Iowa College of Medicine and Surgery; one college of osteopathy and seven technical schools. The college population of the city is 6,500. A military post for cavalry was established there by Congress, the land and buildings costing $1,200,000.

Public Works.-The city has 19 public parks covering in all 970 acres of land, and the Iowa State Fair Grounds, 600 acres in extent, are also permanently located there. The streets are well laid out and paved, there being 150 miles of brick and asphalt pavement; the city is lighted by gas and electric light, the gas distributed by 100 miles of mains, and the electric current carried over 110 miles of wire; the sewage and water systems are excellent, the waste being carried off by 93 miles of brick and pipe sewers, and the water conveyed to all parts of the city through 110 miles of mains by the Holly system for general use and fire protection.

History, Government and Population.Fort Des Moines was built in 1843 to protect the rights of the Sacs and Foxes, and around it a settlement was made in 1846 by emigrants from Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Missouri. In 1851 it was incorporated as the town of Fort Des Moines and in 1857 received its charter as the city of Des Moines. In 1856 it became the capital of the State by act of the legislature. The form of government before 1907 was under the general incorporation laws of the State and council of nine members elected annually and representing the seven

to

wards into which the city is divided. In 1907 the Des Moines plan of commission government was adopted. Five commissioners elected at large direct the affairs of the city. The annual income of Des Moines is about $1,100,000, and the budget of expenditures amounts $1,000,000, the principal items being $965,763.84 for schools, $155,875 for the fire department, $90,580.09 for street lighting and $99,968.61 for the police department. The city debt, exclusive of school debt, amounts to $2,057,028.41; property valuation $127,164,442, and tax rate 33.5 mills. The population of Des Moines in 1920, according to the United States census, was 126,468.

DES MOINES COLLEGE, a coeducational institution at Des Moines, Iowa, was organized in 1865 under the name University of Des Moines. This name was afterward changed to Des Moines College in order to conform more nearly to the aim of its supporters, the Baptists of Iowa. Like most schools of the kind, it has passed through severe financial struggles and reverses. It has an invested endowment of about $100,000 and pledges sufficient to increase this sum to $200,000. It also has a beautiful campus comprising two blocks upon which are three substantial brick buildings and a good gymnasium. An additional block adjoining is set apart as an athletic field, the whole comprising about nine acres and valued, with the buildings, at $150,000. The school has four departments: college, academy, music and art. The college has steadily maintained as its aim a high class of work, and has taken rank with the best of Iowa colleges. It has 36 instructors and an average annual enrolment of 1,500 students.

DES MOINES PLAN OF CITY GOVERNMENT. See COMMISSION FORM OF GovERNMENT.

DES MOINES RIVER, the largest river in Iowa; formed by the east and west forks in southwest Minnesota; flows south-southeast to the capital city, then southeast to a point about four miles below Keokuk, where it empties into the Mississippi River; estimated length, 500 miles. It drains 10,000 square miles in Iowa; flows through a region rich in agricultural and grazing grounds, bituminous coal and timber; receives the water of Raccoon, North, Middle, South and Boone rivers. In its lower course it falls rapidly and affords abundant water power for manufacturing.

DESMOND, Humphrey J., American editor: b. Ozaukee County, Wis., 14 Sept. 1858. He was educated at Milwaukee University and entered on the practice of law in 1881. In 1891-92 he was a member of the Wisconsin legislature, and subsequently became proprietor of the Northwestern Chronicle, Saint Paul, and the Memphis Journal, of Memphis, Tenn. In 1891 he drew up the compulsory education law and later the freedom of worship law, both of which were enacted. He was one of the founders of the Western Catholic Summer School and is a member of the American Historical Association. He has published 'Mooted Questions of History (1895); Random Notes of a Trip to Europe (1897); The Church and the Law> (1898); Ways of Well Doing) (1902); History of the Know-nothing Party (1904); Good Cheer' (1919). He was a collaborator

of 'The World's Best Literature' and has contributed articles to the American Catholic Quarterly Review, the Century, the Forum, North American Review and The Catholic Encyclopedia.'

DESMOULINS, Lucie Simplice Camille Benoist, French revolutionist: b. Guise, Picardy, 2 March 1760; d. Paris, 5 April 1794. He studied at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and later took up law. In 1785 he appeared before the Parliament of Paris as an advocate, but a defect of speech made him unsuccessful in this capacity. Before the general republican movement came to a head, he published in 1788 a pamphlet called 'La philosophie au peuple français.' But on the removal of Necker, Desmoulins suddenly found himself one of the prime instigators of the revolutionary movement. Carried along by the enthusiasm of the first few weeks, he published a political pamphlet called 'La France libre, which scored an instant and prodigious success. It was followed shortly afterward by 'Discours de la Lanterne aux Parisiens,' which gained him the nickname of "Procureur général de la Lanterne." In November 1789, there appeared his famous journal La Revolution de France et de Brabant. It inflamed the hatred of the royalists and the loyalty of the republicans, and established beyond question the position of Desmoulins as one of the foremost of republican journalists. He became a strong adherent of Robespierre, with whom he had studied at college, and of Danton, the leader of the Cordeliers. In April 1792 he founded with Fréron the journal La Tribune des patriotes, which expired after the fourth number had been issued. He abandoned journalism for the platform for a while, but he was less influential as an orator than as a pamphleteer. He was, moreover, not an original thinker nor consistent in his political adherence. The brilliance of his philippics was always the ornament of his devotion to one or another of the great leaders of the various democratic parties, rather than the lustre of his own deeply-rooted policies. His attack on the Girondists, which he wrote at the suggestion of Robespierre, was so effective in undermining that party that he earnestly regretted having written it. He even thought that the total expulsion of the Bourbons was far too extreme a measure. finally alienated from the Jacobins by his opposition in Le Vieux Cordelier, the Dantonist paper, to the tyrannical character of the Committee of Public Safety. He advocated just trials, less drastic punishments and more liberal policies. This led to his arrest by the committee, along with Danton and others of the party; and after a semblance of a trial and a half-hearted defense by Robespierre, Desmoulins was condemned and executed. His wife met the same fate eight days later. Consult "Euvres de Camille Desmoulins, avec notice biographique, ed. by Matton (Paris 1838); Claretie, Camille Desmoulins, Lucile Desmoulins étude sur les Dantonistes' (Paris 1875); and Aulard, Les orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention' (Paris 1885-86).

He was

une

DE SOLA, Abraham, Canadian rabbi: b. London, England, 18 Sept. 1825; d. New York, 5 June 1882. Under the careful supervision of his father he received a thorough Hebrew edu

cation, and having perfected himself in his general studies, he was called in 1847 to Montreal, Canada, by its Portuguese-Hebrew congregation. His scholarship and energy soon brought him to the front, and in 1848 he was appointed professor of Hebrew and Semitic literature in McGill College, Montreal. Among his more (The important works may be mentioned:

Sanatory Institutions of the Hebrews'; 'Lectures on the Mosaic Cosmogony); and (Scripture Zoology. He was for many years president of the Natural History Society of Montreal.

DESOLATION LAND, or DESOLATION ISLAND, an island belonging to Chile, in the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego. It is 70 miles long and about 15 miles in breadth. The name Desolation Island is also sometimes applied to Kerguelen Land (q.v.) in the Indian Ocean.

DE SOTO, Hernando, Spanish nobleman, conqueror and explorer: b. Villanueva de la Serena (Badajoz) about 1496; d. 1542 or 1543. As a captain in 1523-24 he shared the adventures of Córdoba's fleet on the Nicaraguan coasts, but was overcome by Gil Gonzalez Dávila through treachery. Joining Francisco Pizarro in Panama with two ships, 60 men and 10 horses, to take part in the conquest of Peru, he was appointed second in command. In 1532 he was the first Spaniard who spoke with Atahualpa; going to visit the unfortunate Inca in the character of an ambassador, he continued to be well disposed toward him during his captivity. He returned to Spain in 1536, where he married in Madrid, the following year, Inés de Bobadilla, daughter of Pedrarias Davila (q.v.). Wholly misled by the first reports of the wealth of Florida, De Soto resolved to undertake the conquest of that country, which was represented to be as rich as Peru. He sold his property and devoted the proceeds to the equipment of his ships and the outfit of his men. Charles I bestowed upon him readily enough the title of governor of Florida and Cuba. At Sanlúcar he collected 950 fighting men, besides sailors. Seven large ships and three small formed the fleet, his wife and family accompanying him in the San Cristóbal. De Soto sailed from Sanlúcar 6 April 1538, reached Santiago de Cuba safely, and there entered upon his duties as governor of the island, but transferred his authority at that point to his wife before proceeding to Havana (August 1538). By his orders Havana harbor was fortified (see CUBA). During the stay in Cuba his command was strengthened; 1,000 well-armed men were finally got ready, and this was probably the best force which up to that time had undertaken the conquest of any part of America. The fleet sailed from Havana 12 May 1539. In Florida the Spaniards were moderately successful until they reached the province of Tascaluza, where a great host of natives attacked them. It was said that in this nine hours' fight 11,000 Indians fell, while on the Spanish side 70 were killed and nearly all (including De Soto himself) were wounded. Worn out by the long marches, which did not lead to the discovery of treasure, the soldiers plotted to abandon the enterprise. On learning of this, De Soto marched his men toward the interior, hoping to reach New Spain (Mexico)

by land, and knowing that, at any rate, his followers would not care to desert him when the ships had been left far behind. In a nocturnal battle (December 1540) the Spaniards were again severely handled. Four months later they came upon a fort surrounded with a stockade, in storming which many were killed and nearly all wounded. De Soto still led them forward, through the present Gulf States and probably as far north as Kentucky, until he contracted a fever and died — according to Garcilaso, in 1542, though Herrera says 1543. The Spanish soldiers, who had thought to leave their commander in the lurch, were in this manner finally separated from him. At first they buried him in a trench the natives had opened near a village on the bank of a great river he had discovered; but several days afterwardeither fearing the hostiles would dishonor the body or suddenly realizing how they themselves might best honor it-they hollowed out the trunk of an evergreen oak, weighted the rude coffin with armor, placed the disinterred body within it and sank it by night in the deepest part of the river, which they called the Grande and we call the Mississippi.

MARRION WILCOX.

DE SOTO, de sō'tō, Mo., mining city in Jefferson County, on the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, about 40 miles south by west of Saint Louis, and 15 miles west of the Mississippi River. In addition to its mining interests of zinc and lead, it has a large trade in agricultural products and exports grain, flour, produce and live stock. Its industries include a flouring-mill, shoe factory and the repair shops of the railroad. The waterworks are owned by the city. Pop. about 5.003.

DESOXYBENZOIN, phenyl-benzyl-ketone, C.H.CO.CH.C.H.; obtained by the action of zinc and hydrochloric acid on chlorobenzil C.H..CO.Cbl2.C.Hs, or by heating monobrom-stilbene with water. It crystallizes out of alcohol in large tablets which melt at 60° C. Desoxy-benzoin can also be obtained by reducing benzoin C.H.CO.CH(OH).C.H..

DESPARD, Edward Marcus, Irish soldier: b. Queens County 1751; d. London, 21 March 1803. He served as ensign in 1766 and in 1779 played an important role in the engineering service of the San Juan expedition. In 1781 he was made commander of the island of Rattan and from there was transferred to the position of supervisor, with the rank of captain, of the English colony in Honduras. În consequence of complaints made against him he was recalled in 1790. This made him disaffected and he matured a plan to assassinate the king on his way to open Parliament. The conspirators were arrested and tried by special commission at Southwark 5 Feb. 1803. There being no doubt of their guilt, Despard and nine of his associates suffered death.

DESPENSER, dě-spěn'sèr, Hugh le, English jurist: b. about 1210; d. Evesham, 4 Aug. 1265. He was justiciar of England in 1261 and during the war of the barons with Henry III joined the former. He was killed at the battle of Evesham.

DESPENSER, Hugh le, THE ELDER, EARL OF WINCHESTER: b. 1262; d. 27 Oct. 1326. He was the son of the preceding. He served with

Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, in the Welsh War. Later he supported the king in Gascony. He was called to Parliament in 1295; fought at Dunbar; joined the expedition to Flanders in 1297, and was sent to negotiate a treaty of peace between Edward, the king of the Romans and the king of France. In the following year, he went as ambassador to Boniface VIII and served in the various Scottish campaigns. Though originally of the barons' party he abandoned it, doubtless for selfish reasons, in order to support Gaveston, the king's favorite. He was temporarily dismissed from the council but soon restored, and rewarded by the grateful king for his services with the gift of the castles of Devizes and Marlborough. He and his son succeeded Gaveston as the king's favorites and honors and grants were heaped on them. This incurred the hatred of the barons who, in 1321, finally secured their banishment. At the instigation of the clergy they were soon restored and once more joined forces with the king. They assisted at the trial of the monarch's great enemy, Lancaster, and became generally hated throughout the country. Queen Isabella, wife of Edward II, was driven to drastic action against her weakwilled spouse and his favorites and finally succeeded in defeating his troops at Bristol, seizing the Despensers and having the elder executed as a traitor.

DESPENSER, Hugh le, English courtier, son of the preceding: b. about 1290; d. November 1326. He was made knight on the same day as the Prince of Wales and established himself in power and financial status by marrying Eleanor of Gloucester. He served in the wars against Scotland. He deserted the baronial party for that of Edward II, and became a royal favorite. He and his father were involved in the misfortunes following the flight of King Edward from London, and were beheaded in the same year. His grandson, Henry of Norwich, was chosen by Urban VI to lead a crusade against the antipope Clement VII. Consult Tout, 'Political History of England, 1216-1377) (London 1905).

DES PÉRIERS, dã-på-rē-ã, Bonaventure, French writer: b. Arnay-le-Duc, about 1505; d. 1544. In 1535, he published with Dolet, his 'Commentaries on the Latin Language. He became secretary to Margaret of Navarre in 1536. He wrote a series of 90 stories: 'Nouvelles récréations et joyeux devis (1558). In 1537 was published his Cymbalum Mundi' in French, a virulent attack on the Christian religion, which was burned by the common hangman, and of which only one copy is in existence. He ended his life by suicide. Consult Frank and Chenevière, Lexique de la langue de Bonaventure des Périers (Paris 1888); Chenevière, 'Bonaventure des Périers' (ib. 1886); Rübner, 'Syntaktische Studien zu Bonaventure des Périers' (Leipzig 1897).

DES PLAINES RIVER (named from a species of maple called by the French plaine). A river of Illinois which rises in the southeastern part of Wisconsin and flows south and southwest until it unites with the Kankakee River at Dresden, Ill., to form the Illinois River. In length the Des Plaines is about 150 miles. For some distance the river flows almost parallel with the shore line of Lake Michi

gan. For 13 miles the waters of the Des Plaines have been made to contribute to the Chicago Drainage Canal.

DESPOBLADO, dāz-po-blä'dō (desert), a name given in South America to barren tracts in the Andes, which are so high and cold as to be uninhabitable. It is given as a specific name to (1) a treeless, uninhabited plateau, nearly 10,000 feet above the sea, on the Bolivian_and Argentine frontier; and (2) a region in Peru between the central and western Cordilleras, ranging from 14,000 to 18,000 feet above the sea-level.

DESPOT (from the Greek despotes), originally a master, a lord; at a later period it became an honorary title which the Greek emperors gave to their sons and sons-in-law when governors of provinces. Alexis III, surnamed Angelus, toward the end of the 12th century, is said to have first introduced this title, and to have made it the first in rank after that of emperor. Thus there was a despot of the Morea, of Serbia, etc. At present, despot means an absolute ruler. In a narrower sense, it conveys the idea of tyranny, since in fact the possession of absolute power and the abuse of it are two things bordering very closely on each other.

or

DESPOTO DAGH, DAGH, děs-pō'tō-däh, RHODOPE MOUNTAINS, a mountain chain of European Turkey, extending 30 miles from the east of the main range of the Balkans to the basin of the Maritza. Its highest summit is Muss-Alla, 9,600 feet. See RHODOPE.

DESPRÉS, dā'pra', Suzanne Isabelle, French actress: b. Mexico 1876. She studied at the Paris conservatory and was awarded first prizes in comedy and tragedy in 1897. She married Aurelien Lugné-Poë, manager of the Théâtre l'Oeuvre. She appeared in 'Remplaçantes' at the Antoine and in 'L'Assommoïr> at the Porte Saint-Martin, and in 1902 made

her first appearance at the Comédie Française in 'Phèdre. She appeared in 'Elektra in 1910. Her greatest success has been the portrayal of Ibsen rôles. She has appeared in London and made a tour of Germany in 1906. Consult Nouvelle Revue (May 1902).

DESSAIX, dā'sa', Joseph Marie, French general: b. Thonon, Savoy, 24 Sept. 1764; d. 26 Oct. 1834. He served at the siege of Toulon, and in Italy under Bonaparte; was elected in 1798 to the council of 500, where he opposed the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire. He was made a brigadier-general by Bonaparte in 1803, and, in the campaign of 1809 against Austria, a general of division, receiving from the emperor the surname of L'intrepide, and the title of count of the empire. He was also made governor of Amsterdam; served in the Russian campaign of 1812 when he was wounded at Borodino; in 1814 fought against the Allies in Savoy; and became commander of the National Guards at Lyons after 1830. Consult Dessaix and Folliet, 'Etude historique sur la révolution et l'empire en Savoie: Le général Dessaix sa vie politique et militaire (Paris 1879).

DESSALINES, da-så-len', Jean Jacques, emperor of Haiti: b. 1760; d. 14 Oct. 1806. He Iwas sold as a slave and took the name of the person in whose service he remained until 1790; after that time he fought under Biasson, and still

In his

later, joined Toussaint L'Ouverture. struggle against General Rigaud he signalized himself as much by his cruelty as his bravery. In 1802 he surrendered to General Leclerc. But when an epidemic of yellow fever fell upon the French army and almost annihilated it, he attacked Rochambeau with an army of 30,000 blacks, thus obliging the French commander to surrender to the English, and to leave the island (1803). In 1804, when governor-general of Haiti, he issued an order for the general slaughter of the white inhabitants. In October of the same year he was proclaimed emperor and made an unsuccessful attempt to take the city of Santo Domingo in March 1805. Incurring the enmity of his own followers, he was killed in an ambuscade near Port au Prince. Consult Dubroca, Vie de J. J. Dessalines (Paris 1804).

DESSAU, děs'sow, Germany, capital of the state of Anhalt, in a valley on the Mulde, on the railroad between Berlin, Köthen, and Leipzig, 65 miles southwest of Berlin. Situated in a region well-wooded and well-cultivated it has wide tree-shaded streets, a 16th century_palace, containing fine collections of Dutch, Flemish and Italian masters, relics of Napoleon and Prince Leopold, the palaces of the former ruling prince and of Princess Louise, the parliament buildings, post office, municipal theatre and the old and new town halls. In the church of Saint Mary, erected in 1512, restored in 1857, is the tomb of Prince Leopold, noteworthy for the six stone figures which guard the sarcophagus. The city has a modern water-supply system and an electric-lighting plant, several schools and gymnasia, three libraries, one of which is the property of the municipality, two museums, with priceless art collections, and monuments to Moses Mendelssohn, the philosopher, and Wilhelm Müller, the poet, both of whom were born here, as also the composer Friedrich Schneider. War, on 25 April 1626, Wallenstein won a great In the Thirty Years victory over Count Mansfield on the Elbe bridge at Dessau. Modern commercialism has taken possession of the city during the last decades. It now has thriving industries, such as sugar refining, carpet-making, paper-making, cloth weaving, machinery manufactures, railroad car works, carriage works and distilleries. Being the centre of an intensively cultivated region it has a large trade in agricultural produce, especially grain. Albert the Bear founded Dessau in the 12th century and it became a city in 1213. In 1603 it was made the capital of the Anhalt-Dessau division of the duchy. It suffered much during the campaigns of the Thirty Years' War, but recovered within the century following. Consult Würdig, 'Chronik der stadt Dessau (Dessau 1876). Pop. 56,600.

DESSEWFFY, COUNT Aurel, Hungarian statesman: b. Nagy-Mihaly, county Zemblen, Hungary, 1808; d. 9 Feb. 1842. He was famous for his euridition, his knowledge of European literature and the political economy of Bentham. Early acquainted with the proceedings of the diet of which he kept a journal, after minor state appointments he achieved fame as a member when he eloquently opposed Kossuth in the sessions of 1832-36. In 1840 he was a member of the committee for the reform of the criminal law.

DESTINN, Emmy, Bohemian operatic soprano: b. Prague, Bohemia, 1878. She studied under Marie Loewe-Destinn and adopted stage name Emmy Destinn in place of her real name Kittl. She secured an engagement at the Berlin Royal Opera, where her début in 1897 was so successful that she obtained a permanent engagement. She appeared as Senta in 'Der Fliegende Holländer, upon the invitation of Cosima Wagner at Beyreuth in 1901. She created the rôle of Salome, in Strauss' opera, at Berlin and was selected to sing the part in Paris. She had a notable success in London in Madame Butterfly, and as Donna Anna and Aïda 1905. She first appeared in New York in 1908, and has since been prominently identified with the Metropolitan Opera Company of that city. She is a great favorite, not only because of her splendid singing but also because of her qualities as a superb actress. Her repertoire includes over 80 operas.

DESTOUCHES, dã-toosh', Philippe Néricault, French dramatist: b. Tours, France, 22 Aug. 1680; d. near Melun, France, 4 July 1754. His comedy, 'Le glorieux' (1732), is a masterpiece in matter, in elaboration and in character delineation. Lessing classes that work, with its companion piece, Le dissipateur) (1736), as "models of the finer high comedy." Hardly inferior to these is 'Le philosophe marié (1727). Consult Bürner, A., Destouches et ses comédies' (Albe-Royal 1906).

DESTROYERS. See ANTI-TORPEDO BOATS; SUBMARINES; TORPEDO BOATS.

DESTROYING ANGELS. See DANITES.

DESTUTT DE TRACY, dă-stüt' dè trä'sē, Antoine Louis Claude, COUNT, French philosophical and metaphysical writer: b. Paris 20 July 1754; d. there, 10 March 1836. During the French Revolution he held several important posts and was in repeated peril. He represented the nobility of Bourbonnais at the States General. In 1792 he went into exile with Lafayette. On his return to France he was sentenced to imprisonment, where he remained until the downfall of Robespierre. He served as senator under Napoleon and was raised to the peerage under Louis XVIII. He wrote 'Elements d'idéologie (1817), a development of Condillac's philosophy and in part an exposition of what then passed for economics. His 'Delineations of the Politics of the World's Nations' (1820), and prior works, received considerable notice in the United States through Jefferson, who translated the 'Commentaire sur l'esprit des lois de Montesquieu (1806) into English and had it published in Philadelphia (1811).

DESULTORES (from desilio, "I vault"), the Latin name for vaulters or leapers, who jumped from one horse to another. The Scythian, Indian and Numidian cavalry were very expert desultores and each man brought at least two horses to the field. When one was weary he jumped with great agility upon an

other, which he led by his hand. The Greeks and Romans introduced the same practice in their games, races and funeral solemnities, but Homer never, as far as we know, in war. describes a vaulter of this sort, who performed his feats on four horses at once (Iliad, xv, 679); and Livy (xxiii, 29) describes a kind of Numidian cavalry in Hasdrubal's army in Spain, in which the soldiers had two horses each, and in the heat of an engagement frequently leaped, fully armed, from one to another. Ælian gives a similar account of a tribe dwelling not far from the Danube, who, on this account, were called Amphippi. Modern representatives of the desultores are the Russian Cossacks whose equestrian feats surpass those of the ancients.

DETACHMENT, a body of troops or part of a fleet selected from the main body for some special service.

DETAILLE, de-tä'ye, Jean Baptiste Edouard, French painter: b. Paris, 5 Oct. 1848; d. 1912. He is distinguished for his treatment of battles and military subjects. He was a pupil of Meissonier. His first picture was 'Repose during Drill in Camp Saint-Maur) (1869) which was awarded a medal. He served in the War of 1870 and his studies of army life were afterward used in his paintings with great effectiveness. Among his pictures are Salute to the Wounded' (1877); 'Movement of Troops, "The Dream (at the Luxembourg Museum); 'Defense of Champigny (at the Metropolitan Museum); decorative paintings at the Hôtel de Ville, Paris, and The Pantheon'; 'General Lassalle at Wagram' (1912). He was a member of the Legion of Honor. One of his best pictures, 'The Passing Regiment,' is in the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington, D. C. Consult Valmy, Baysse, 'Peintres d'aujourd'hui›. (Paris 1910).

DETAINER, (1) the unlawful detention of a person against his will or the wrongful detention of the property of another. The term is applied to the unlawful detention of both personal and real property. The property may have been acquired either legally or illegally, but it must be wrongfully held either as against the owner or one entitled to immediate possession, If the person wrongfully detains the property after demand made by the owner or one entitled to the immediate possession, he is deemed to have converted it, and he may be sued in trover for damages. The usual remedy for the detention of personal property is replevin, but in some jurisdictions detinet.

If the

Where land is the subject of the controversy, the usual action is ejectment. original entry was legal, no action in trespass can be brought. If a tenant at will detains the property with force after the will has determined, he is deemed guilty of forcible detainer. A detainer of land is held to be forcible where the entry was unlawful and with force and retained by force illegally, or even where the entry was peaceable and lawful if the detainer was by force and against legal right.

(2) A writ instructing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep in custody a person detained there. It was superseded by 1 & 2 Vict. c. 110, §§ 1, 2.

DETECTIVE, one who searches for criminals or ferrets out crime. The work of the de