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Spain, Italy, East Africa, Central America and Mexico; the whole representing a large capitalization. In addition, communities of interest have been established with 13 important banks throughout Germany, these last having 94 branches. Through its ramifications there is hardly a financial organization in any community in the German states in which the Deutsche Bank has not some proprietary connection; and no commercial country in which it has not an active or silent financial connection. In addition to its purely banking functions, it has representatives on the boards of German and foreign manufacturing and trading organizations, many of which are pre-eminent internationally in their respective lines. This representation in 1910 concerned 116 such institutions. The capital of the Deutsche Bank (1915) was 250,000,000 marks; surplus, 180,000,000 marks; and dividend 122 per cent. The capital power of the Deutsche Bank group (1908) was 786,858,095 marks, of which 588,900,800 marks constituted capital, and 197,957,295 marks surplus. Consult Riesser, J., 'Die deutsche Grossbanken und ihre Konzentration' (1909); 'Germany's Economic Forces' (1913); 'Report on Cooperation in American Export Trade' (Washington 1916).

DEUTSCHLAND, The, a German submarine merchant vessel, the first of its class to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Commanded by Capt. Paul Koenig_and a crew of 28 men, the boat sailed from Bremen 14 June 1916, stopped at Heligoland for nine days and then set out for Baltimore, Md., arriving 10 July 1916. The whole distance of about 3,800 miles, with the exception of about 90 miles when it was necessary to submerge, was traversed above water. The speed of the vessel was about 14 knots an hour. While the vessel could submerge to a depth of 300 feet, it did not go deeper than 150 feet. With a total gross tonnage of 711 tons, net 447 tons, and scuff iron for ballast, the Deutschland brought 3,042 cases of scarce and valuable dyestuffs of 157 tons gross, 125 tons net. The daring voyage attracted great admiration and praise. While both British and German submersible boats on warlike errands had sailed as far, the Deutschland was the first to achieve a noteworthy victory of a peaceful utilitarian commercial character during her hazardous voyage through enemy waters, without armed escort, eluding pursuers and accomplishing her mission safely. The vessel left Baltimore at 8:30 P.M. 2 August on her return journey, carrying a cargo of rubber, crude nickel and a consignment of gold, and arrived at Bremen 23 August. A sister ship, the Bremen, left port shortly after and never arrived at its destination. The Deutschland accomplished a second voyage across the Atlantic in 17 days and arrived in New London, Conn., 1 Nov. 1916, bringing a cargo of chemicals, gems and securities valued at $10,000,000. Later she returned to Germany, was surrendered to France after the armistice and sunk by gunfire during target practice by the French navy on 18 June 1921.

DEUTZIA, doit'si-a, or dut'sĭ-ą (so named in honor of the Dutch botanist Deutz), a genus of plants of the family Hydrangeacea, containing 50 species, all of which are interesting for the beauty of their flowers. Some of the species are cultivated in America as hothouse flowers

or ornamental shrubs. The nearest relatives growing wild in the United States are the syringas (Philadelphus). The deutzias are small shrubs indigenous to Asia, one species occurring in Mexico. They are covered with stiff stellar hairs, on which account one species (D. scabra) is used by joiners in Japan to polish wood. The flowers are arranged in thyrsi like the lilac.

names

DEUX-PONTS, de'pón', the French name for the German town of Zweibrücken, in Latin which Bipontium, all signify twobridges. There was formerly a county of this name, which took its name from this town, which is now in the Bavarian Palatinate. It was afterward erected into a duchy. By the Peace of Lunéville (1801) the duchy was ceded, with all the left bank of the Rhine, to France, and afterward composed a part of the department of the Donnersberg. It contains 70,000 inhabitants, on 760 square miles. By the peace of 30 May 1814 it was restored to Germany. See ZWEIBRÜCKEN.

DEUX-SÈVRES. See SÈVRES.

DEV, dāv (Persian, demon), identical with daeva of the Avesta and the Sanskrit deva. According to Zoroaster these beings were created by Ahriman and are frequently represented as a source of guile, cunning and evil. Consult Geiger and Kuhn, Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (Vol. II, Strassburg 1896-1904).

DEVA, da'va (Lat. deus, divus), among the Aryans in general, an epithet of divine persons and things; hence often opposed to the dev of the Parsees. It is commonly applied to the goddess Durgā, the wife of Siva, of terrific form and irascible temper. Devakātmajā is the mother of Krishna, who is also named Devāki. Devataru is the holy fig-tree, belonging to Sverga or paradise. Devată denotes a deity; Devadatta, the younger brother of Buddha, who is called Devadattarraja (Deodatus senior). Devadeva is a name of Brahma; Devapati is Indra, the god of the sky; Devayajna is the Homa or burnt sacrifice; Devarishi a celestial saint. There are many great classes of choirs of inferior devatās, who are ministers to the higher gods, such as the 12 Adityas or forces. of the sun; the Maruts or winds, the celestial musicians; in short, endless motley hosts with variable attributes.

DEVA-DASI. See BAYADERE.

DEVANAGARI, da'va-nä'gā-rē, or NAGARI, the name of the character in which Sanskrit is written, especially in northern and middle India. Devanagari means "writing of the divine city» and Nagari "(writing) of the city, urban." The alphabet consists of 48 letters written from left to right. It is believed to have reached its present form about 700 A.D. and is traced to the oldest form of Indian alphabet, the Brahmi lipi, or writing of Brahma, which is known from coins, etc., of about 350-400 B.C. This Brahmi is itself supposed to be an adaptation of a form of Semitic writing which reached India about 800 B.C. Kircher's China illustrata (Amsterdam 1667) contains five tables of Devanagari letters contributed by Heinrich Roth, a missionary. Consult Bühler, Indische Paläographie (Strassburg 1896), and Taylor, 'The Alphabet' (Vol. II, London 1899).

or

DEVAPRAYAGA, dā-vä-prǎ-yä'gä, DEOPRAYAG, India, a sacred city of the Hindus, in the district of Garhwal, Northwest Provinces, on a mountain side, 2,266 feet above the sea, in the fork of the Alaknanda and the Bhagirathi, which join to form the Ganges. Devaprayaga possesses a notable temple and is a favorite place of pilgrimage. See DEOPRAYAG.

DEVAUX, de-vo', Paul Louis Isidor, Belgian statesman: b. Bruges 1801; d. 1880. He was educated at Liége and early entered the political arena. In 1824, in conjunction with Lebeau and Rogier, he founded the Journal Politique, and in 1830, with the same associates, established the so-called Doctrinal party. Through the journal Devaux drew together the Catholic and Liberal elements and consolidated the opposition to William I, king of the Netherlands, to the extent of being largely instrumental in bringing about the separation from Holland and the setting up of an independent government. Devaux assisted in framing the constitution and also the Treaty of London. He was made Minister of State in 1831, but soon afterward resigned. He became leader of the Moderate Liberals in the Chamber and for several years edited the party organ, the Revue Nationale, which he founded in 1840. In his last years he was afflicted with blindness. He published 'Mémoires sur les guerres mediques (1874), and 'Etudes politiques sur les principaux Événements de l'histoire romaine (1880).

DÉVAY, da'voi, Mátyás Biró, Hungarian leader of the Reformers: b. Déva, Transylvania, about 1500; d. 1574. He studied theology at Cracow, was ordained a priest and in 1529 embraced the doctrines of the Reformation. Thereafter he spent two years with Luther at Wittenberg, and on his return home preached the new faith abroad at the risk of his life until 1534, when he secured the protection of a nobleman. The Turkish invasion of 1541 obliged him to flee to Switzerland, where to Luther's great regret he adopted the sacramental doctrines of Zwinglius. For many years previous to his death he labored zealously at Debreczin, Hungary.

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DEVELOPMENT HYPOTHESIS, the doctrine that all nature, inanimate and animate, is the result of a gradual unfolding of inherent qualities and powers, with ever-increasing combinations and complexity, from certain assumed primordial elements, the origin of which is unknown. In biology the term is specifically applied to the alleged derivation of modern differentiated forms (species) of animals and plants from early synthetic types. See ANIMALS, CLASSIFICATION OF; EVOLUTION; DARWINIAN THEORY, etc.

DEVENS, Charles, American jurist and general: b. Charlestown, Mass., 4 April 1820; d. Boston, Mass., 7 Jan. 1891. He was educated at Harvard, became a member of the State Senate in 1848-49, and was United States marshal for the district of Massachusetts at the time when the case of Thomas Sims, a fugitive slave, attracted widespread attention. Devens delivered Sims to his master in accordance with the law,

and afterward tried to purchase his freedom, but did not succeed until after the outbreak of the Civil War. He served in the Union army from 1861 to 1865, retiring with the full rank of brigadier-general and the brevet rank of major-general. In 1873 he was made associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court; in 1877 became Attorney-General of the United States, and in 1881 resumed his place on the Supreme bench of his native State. His orations and addresses with a memoir by John C. Ropes were published in Boston 1891.

DEVENTER, da'vĕn-tèr, or DEMTER, Holland, ancient town in the province of Overyssel, eight miles north from Zutphen, on the navigable river Yssel and 66 miles east of Amsterdam. It has a large town-hall, a courthouse and prison, places of worship for Calvinists, Lutherans, Mennonites, Roman Catholics and Jews. The Groote Kerk has a fine Gothic tower and a crypt dating from the end of the 11th century. The followers of Gerard Groot, or "the Brethren of the Life in Common," have their college here. Besides the manufacture of carpets and Royal Smyrna rugs, there are factories for the molding of iron, cigar making, rope and glue making. Cotton products are also manufactured, and a certain honey cake known as "Deventer Rock." Considerable trade is carried on in linen, agricultural products and grain. Erasmus spent his boyhood here. Pop. 28,223.

DE VERE, dẹ vēr', SIR Aubrey Hunt, Irish poet b. Curragh Chase, Ireland, 28 Aug. 1788; d. there, 5 July 1840. His works are Julian the Apostate: a Dramatic Poem' (1822); The Duke of Mercia: an Historical Drama, the volume containing also 'The Lamentations of Ireland' (1823); The Song of Faith, Devout Exercises and Sonnets (1842), and Mary Tudor: an Historical Drama, published posthumously (1847). His sonnets Wordsworth declared to be "the most perfect of our age."

DE VERE, Aubrey Thomas, Irish poet and essayist: b. Curragh Chase, Ireland, 10 Jan. 1814; d. there, 21 Jan. 1902. He was a son of Sir Aubrey De Vere (q.v.) and became a Roman Catholic in 1851. In 1842 his first volume of verse appeared, "The Waldenses, and The Search after Proserpine (1843). His subsequent books of verse include 'Poems, Miscellaneous and Sacred' (1853); May Carols (1857); 'The Sisters' (1861); The Infant Bridal (1864); Irish Odes (1869); 'The Legends of Saint Patrick' (1872); Alexander the Great' (1874); 'Legends of the Saxon Saints' (1879); The Foray of Queen Meave and other Legends of Ireland's Heroic Age (1882); Legends of the Records of the Church and the Empire' (1887); and 'Saint Peter's Chains) (1888). Among his prose works are English Misrule and Irish Misdeeds' (1848); Picturesque Sketches of Greece and Turkey) (1850); Ireland's Church Property and the Right Use of It' (1867); "The Church Establishment of Ireland' (1867) 'Constitutional and Unconstitutional Political Action (1882); Essays, Chiefly on Poetry' (1887); Essays, Chiefly Literary and Ethical' (1889); Recollections of Aubrey de Vere' (1897)

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