of no obstacle that may not be overcome by sufficient motive" ("Methods of Ethics, Ch. V). The determinist is further able to show that freedom, when conceived as indeterminism or "contingency," is not only useless as a moral postulate, but is even subversive of morality. For if "freewill" is something out of all relation to the rational organization of experience, if it is not connected with the character and motive of the individual, it is a mere accident (the "freedom of indifference," liberum arbitrium indifferentia), and as foreign to the personality of the individual as an external fate. As Leslie Stephen has expressed this argument: "Identify free-will with the occurrence of chance, and the conception of merit becomes contradictory and repulsive. Exclude chance, and you are virtually a determinist.» It may perhaps be questioned whether to exclude chance is "virtually" to accept determinism; but one must in any event admit that the conception of "contingency," or "freedom of indifference" is both logically and ethically indefensible.

At the present time controversies regarding freedom and determinism do not occupy the same prominent place in ethical literature as formerly. Modern ethical writers tend to avoid the question as a metaphysical problem that may be left out of account in dealing with the facts and principles of the moral life. However unsatisfactory this avoidance of the problem may be, recent ethical theorizing may be said to take as its assumption a more concrete view of the nature of mind than that afforded by atomistic psychology. It recognizes implicitly that the causal category in terms of which the discussion has hitherto been largely carried on, is inadequate to exhibit concretely the movements of history and of individual life, and that for ethics, at least, human conduct must be regarded as the process of realizing ends and purposes which are personal rather than merely natural forces. See ETHICS; ELECTION; WILL; FREEWILL; PREDESTINATION; NECESSITARIANISM; HISTORY, LOGIC OF; Psy

CHOLOGY.

Bibliography.- Bergson, H., "Time and Freewill> (London 1910); Bosanquet, B., 'Principles of Individuality and Value' (1912) Fouillée, A., La liberté et la déterminisme (3d ed., 1890); Haldane, J. S., Mechanism, Life and Personality) (1914); James, W., 'Principles of Psychology) (Chap. XXVI, 1890), A Pluralistic Universe (1909); PringlePattison, A. S., Man's Place in the Cosmos' (1897); Schopenhauer, A., 'Die Beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik' (English trans. "The Basis of Morality, London 1903); Seligman, E. R. A., The Economic Interpretation of History> (1902); Ward, J., "The Realm of Ends' (1912). JAMES E. CREIGHTON, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, Cornell University.

DETINUE, (1) the unlawful detention of the personal property of another. (2) A commonlaw action, or the writ therein used, for the recovery of a chattel wrongfully detained or for the value thereof and damages. In some States it has been superseded by replevin (q.v.). The plaintiff in this action must show that he has an absolute or a special property in the chattel. If the defendant is detaining the property illegally, it is no defense that he obtained

it legally. The plaintiff in this action sues for the recovery of the property itself and damages for its wrongful detention, but if the defendant has not the property in his possession, the plaintiff may sue for its value and damages for its wrongful detention. If the property was obtained illegally, demand need not be made before suit is brought. However, demand is necessary if the plaintiff sues to recover damages for detention between demand and the commencement of the suit.

DETMOLD, Germany, city, capital of Lippe, on the Werra, 50 miles southwest of Hanover. It consists of an old and a new town, the former poorly, the latter regularly built. Its principal edifice is the palace, a fine old castellated building, with a vast round donjon tower. It contains also several educational institutions and a library. The industries consist of the manufacture of cloth, especially linen; leather furniture, beer, buttons; and the quarrying of marble and gypsum. In the vicinity, on the Grotenberg, the loftiest summit of the Teutoburger Wald, a colossal statue, 45 feet high, placed on a solid circular pedestal twice that height, has been erected to the Hermann or Arminius who overthrew Varus and his legions, in the year 9 A.D. In 783 at Detmold Charlemagne defeated the Saxons. Henry II donated the town to the bishops of Paderborn in 1011, whence it descended to the Lippe family. It became a city in its own right in 1350. Pop. about 15,000.

DETONATION. Certain chemical compounds, which, on being exposed to heat or suddenly struck, explode with a loud report, owing to one or more of the constituent parts suddenly assuming the gaseous state. They often have the power of initiating explosions in more stable compounds. A mixture of equal volumes of chlorine and hydrogen exposed to direct sunlight detonates violently, forming hydrochloric acid gas. The chloride and iodide of nitrogen are very powerful detonating substances, but too unstable for practical use. For exploding charges of powder mixtures of chlorates with reducing agents such as charcoal have been employed. Fulminate of silver and of mercury detonate by slight friction, by means of heat, electricity, or sulphuric acid. The compound used in the priming of percussion-caps and fuses is the fulminate of mercury or silver (C=NO), Hg or (C-No)—Ag, respectively), collected as a precipitate when the metal, dissolved in nitric acid, is poured in warm alcohol and the precipitate formed is collected, washed and dried. The salts of triazoic acid, N.H, are also coming into use for the purpose. See EXPLOSIVES.

DETONATORS are the devices used in

firing high explosives by detonation. They consist of small cylindrical copper tubes closed at one end and charged with mercuric fulminate or a mixture of mercurial fulminate and potassium chlorate which is compressed in the bottom of the tubes. Those used for blasting in mines and quarries are also known as blasting caps and exploders. They are rated as single force, double force, triple force and so on, the charge for the single force cap being about five grains of the detonating substance, and the charges for the higher force increasing about

two grains for each grade. To fire them a piece of Brickford or "running" fuse of the desired length is inserted in the mouth of the detonator or cap and then the copper tube is bent or "crimped securely about the sides of the fuse. The detonator is inserted in the borehole so as to come in close contact with the first cartridge or "stick" of explosive and the borehole is filled with tamping. When a flame is applied to the end of the fuse that projects from the borehole, the column of powder in the fuse takes fire, the fire travels slowly down to the charge in the detonator, causing the detonation of the dynamite.

For military mines and naval torpedoes and, to a considerable extent, for commercial blasting detonators to be fired by an electric current are employed. These are known as electric detonators. They differ from those previously described only in that the mouth of the copper cap is closed by a plug made of sulphur and ground glass, through which two copper wires, known as the "legs of the detonator," are led. Inside the cap these wires are bridged over by a very fine wire made of an alloy of iridium and platinum. Around the bridge and between it and the fulminating composition is placed a layer of mealed gun-cotton. When it is desired "to fire," the legs of the detonator are connected with a dynamo-electric machine and the current generated. As the current passes it heats the bridges to incandescence, which sets fire to the gun-cotton; this causes the fulminate to detonate, and this detonates the charge of dynamite or other high explosives. The detonators used on the Whitehead torpedoes in the United States navy contain 35 grains of mercuric fulminate, this large quantity being used to make sure that the detonator will do its share of the work in torpedo attacks on an enemy. See EXPLOSIVES.

DE TREVILLE, tra'vil', Yvonne, American prima donna: b. Galveston, Tex., 25 Aug. 1881. She received her musical education from Madame Marchesi, Paris, being the youngest member of her class. She made her début in grand opera and created La Bohéme in English in New York at the age of 16. Thereafter she sang entirely abroad, appearing in the rôle of Lakmé at Opéra Comique, Paris, and at the Stockholm Royal Opera and Petrograd Symphony Concerts in 1903-04. She sang at the Cairo Khedivial Opera and the Saint Petersburg Imperial Opera 1904-05; in Bucharest, Berlin, Budapest and Nice 1905-06; in Brussels, Vienna, Munich and Trevano Castle, Switzerland 1906-07. In 1910-11 she made a concert and operatic tour of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland and Rumania. She sang 'Ophelia' in the gala performance of Ambroise Thomas centenary celebrations in France during the summer of 1911; and in the following winter made another operatic tour of Germany, Austria and Russia. Her repertoire_covers operas in all the principal languages of Europe.

DETRITUS, applied in geology to accumulations formed by the disintegration of rocks, may consist of angular and sub-angular debris, or of more or less water-worn materials, such as gravel, sand or clay, or an admixture of these. Especially applicable to that fragmentary matter which if consolidated into a solid would form what is known as breccia.

DETROIT (Fr. D'Etroit, strait), Mich., capital of Wayne County, in the southeast; largest city of the State and the fourth largest in the United States; situated on the northwest bank of the Detroit River dividing the United States from Canada, one end fronting west of Lake Saint Clair and the other about 18 miles from Lake Erie. It is 88 miles from Lansing, the State capital; 284 from Chicago; 60 from Toledo, Ohio; 251 from Buffalo; and 291 from Mackinaw. Pop. (1920) 993,739.

Detroit has the finest harbor on the Lakes; the river, on the city front, is often called "the Dardanelles of America." The broad outlet of Lake Saint Clair, running west and dividing around Belle Isle, narrows to about half a mile and deepens to an average of 32 feet for some miles with a southwest course, before turning directly south, with a current of about two miles an hour. Fed by the Great Lakes, it has always a full stream, neither rising or sinking much, and is little disturbed by storms; and the largest vessels can lie up to the wharves. Here is built Detroit, extending some 11 miles along the river front, lined with wharves, elevators, foundries, factories, warehouses, railroad stations, freight depots, etc. Area, 80.70 square miles, but with well-built suburbs outside not yet incorporated; indeed, from Grosse Pointe at the northeast to Gibraltar at the south where Lake Erie begins, the whole river front for 30 miles is built up with handsome villages and lined with the summer villas of its wealthy business men, all really parts of Detroit. About three miles west of the centre of the city, commanding the channel, is Fort Wayne, an unfinished military post once intended to be the. most formidable fortification in the Northwest, and still garrisoned and armed with batteries. Across the river in Canada are Windsor in the centre, the terminal of railroads, through Canada, Walkerville on the northeast, Sandwich on the southwest and just below Sandwich is the site of the proposed city of Ojibway, the Canadian City of the Steel Trust.

runs

- a

The ground of Detroit is a gentle slope for 300 or 400 feet back from the river to 20 or 30 feet high; then sinks slightly, and again rises to about 50 feet, and 661 above the sea. The original plan, on a very small scale, was a series of concentric semi-circles, or rather segments of polygons, with the Grand Circus semi-circular park of five and a half acres — as a centre, nearly a mile from the river, toward which they extended. This feature is still preserved; but all the new growth has been laid out in checkerboard system, relieved by a series of noble avenues, 100 to 200 feet wide radiating from the river. Jefferson avenue extends along it; Woodward avenue at right angles to it, dividing the city into halves and the Grand Circus into quadrants; west of Woodward are Michigan and Grand River avenues, at different angles, and east is Gratiot. Between the Grand Circus and the river is the Campus Martius, an open space about 600x200 feet, crossed by Woodward and Michigan avenues, and from which start Monroe avenue and Fort street running toward Fort Wayne. The streets in the city are generally wide — 50 to 100 feet-and in the residence district well shaded and notably clean. The chief retail business is on Woodward avenue and the streets radiating from the Grand

Circus and the Campus Martius. Griswold street, with the great banking houses, office buildings, etc., is the Wall street of Detroit; and others spreading from the Campus Martius and Grand Circus are of importance. The chief of the show streets is the Grand Boulevard, a macadamized parkway 150 feet wide and 12 miles long, encircling the heart of the city in a vast sweep from Belle Isle bridge at the east to the river at 26th street. The outer portions of all the great avenues mentioned, of Lafayette avenue and of Fort street, are full of fine residences; and a notable residence district clusters around Woodward avenue as it stretches toward Palmer Park.

Public Buildings and Monuments.-The chief of these are on or near the Campus Martius. Within it, facing the City Hall, is the Michigan Soldiers and Sailors' Monument, by Randolph Rogers, of bronze and granite, 55 feet high, with a colossal bronze allegorical statue of Michigan on the summit; it cost $75,000 and was unveiled in 1871. On the west, facing four streets, is the City Hall, three stories and mansard, of sandstone in the Italian style; 200x90 feet, 60 feet high to top of cornice, 180 to top of tower; it originally, in 1870, cost $600,000, and is one of the finest in the West. Near by are the handsome Wayne County courthouse, the largest public building in the city, the splendid Majestic office building, the Ford building, Penobscot building and new Dime Bank building, 22 stories high. On the north of the Campus is the Detroit opera house. The United States government building, accommodating the post-office, customs and interǹal revenue office and United States courts, occupies a whole block bounded by Fort and Lafayette, Shelby and Wayne streets. Within the past three years the blocks fronting the West Grand Circus have been built up with lofty office and hotel structures, and near the East Grand Circus are the Y. M. C. A. and Athletic Club buildings. Monuments to Stevens T. Mason, first governor of the State, Gen. Alexander Macomb, who commanded at the battle of Plattsburg in 1814, and Mayors Pingree and Maybury adorn the central squares.

Public Service and Improvements.- The city has 836 miles of streets, of which 593 are paved, mostly with brick, asphalt or creosote block. It has 236 miles of public sewers and 600 miles of laterals, and is inaugurating extensive additions to its sewer systems to accommodate future growth. The water supply is taken from a crib at the head of the American channel of Detroit River, 1,500 feet from the shore and at a depth of 46 feet. The pumping stations house has eight engines with a daily capacity of 250,000,000 gallons. The average daily consumption for the last reported year was 142,578,231 gallons, or 173 gallons per capita per day. The maximum for any single day's pumping was 194,000,000 gallons. There are in the system 1,076 miles of pipe and 6,350 public hydrants. The works are owned by the city and are supported by rates. The value of the waterworks buildings and pumping plants is about $5,000,000.

The city is lighted by electricity furnished by a plant municipally owned. There are 9,920 lights furnished for street lighting and the public buildings and school buildings are lighted by this plant. Private lighting and power is

furnished by the Edison Company. Value of public lighting plant in 1917, $1,300,000.

1511

The police department has a force of 1,600 men and the fire department one of 900 men, with 42 engine companies, 15 ladder companies, 7,257 hydrants and 517 reservoirs.

The electric railway system is owned and operated by a single company, the Detroit United Railway. It consists of 298 miles within the city limits and nearly 600 miles of interurban lines radiating in all directions. In 1917 there were 484,727,818 passengers carried. The fare on about one-third of the city lines is eight tickets for a quarter during the day and six for a quarter at night, with transfers to other portions of the same lines. On the rest of the city system the fare is five cents with universal transfers. There are three railway passenger stations in the city, the Grand Trunk, foot of Brush street; the Union Depot, corner of Third and Fort, accommodating the Pere Marquette, Wabash and Canadian Pacific; the Michigan Central, Michigan avenue and 15th street, accommodating that road and the Lake Shore.

Parks, Pleasure Resorts, Public Amusements, Etc.-Detroit has 31 public parks besides a number of small triangular squares caused by the intersection of the radiating avenues with the streets, often with fountains. The largest, and the principal public resort, is Belle Isle in the river, whose entire 707 acres have been parked with great beauty. It is reached by ferries and by a temporary wooden bridge. The island has cost the city for purchase price and improvements $2,021,689. The annual cost for maintenance is about $150,000. The next largest is Palmer Park, of 141 acres, on Woodward avenue, about 61⁄2 miles from the river, sedulously made a colonial museum; it has a colonial log house; and a most interesting collection of colonial and other historical relics, besides a colonial casino. The park was a gift to the city by the late Thomas W. Palmer. Clark Park in the west has 32 acres; in part a gift from J. P. Clark. Voigt Park, 82 acres, and the Grand Circus, in each of whose quadrants made by Woodward avenue there is a fountain, 52 acres. Besides these, there are opportunities for delightful summer trips on the river and lakes; and the river is dotted with charming places where excursion steamers run, from Grosse Pointe, on Lake Saint Clair, famed for its cherry orchards, to Grosse Isle, where Lake Erie opens. There are 20 theatres and opera houses in the city, the largest of which are the Detroit, Garrick and Washington theatres and the Lyceum. There are also 148 moving picture theatres. The finest cemeteries are Elmwood (Protestant) and Mount Elliott (Catholic), side by side on the northeast, about two miles from the centre; beautiful in keeping and monuments; Woodmere, four miles to the southwest of the centre of the city and within the city limits; Woodlawn, a beautiful cemetery, situated seven miles on Woodward avenue, and Mount Olivet, another large (Catholic) cemetery about seven miles out at the northeast. Grand Lawn, the largest and newest, is nine miles from the city limits, on Grand River avenue. There are a number of Lutheran and Jewish cemeteries, making 23 in all.

Schools, Libraries, Newspapers, Etc.- In

1917 there were 135 public schools, of which nine were high schools. For the school year 1917-18 there were about 95,000 pupils enrolled with 2,400 teachers. Aside from the ordinary school curriculum there are classes for cripples, for the blind, for special and prevocational studies, open-air schools and summer schools. Especial attention is given to night schools for teaching foreign-born residents the English language, the rights and duties of citizenship and the elementary principles of our government. One of the high schools is a fully-equipped technical industrial training school. The school appropriations for 1917-18 aggregated $6,566,278. There are also about 80 private and parochial schools, with an enrolment of 32,000. The number of "children of school age" (i.e. 5 to 20 years) in 1917 was 164,532. For professional or higher education there is Detroit University (Jesuit); a normal training school for teachers, which is part of the public school system; the Detroit College of Medicine, which has recently been taken over by the city, the Detroit College of Law. One of the State Normal schools is at Ypsilanti, 28 miles distant, and Michigan University is at Ann Arbor, 38 miles away.

The city owns a central public library, with 14 branches, 27 school and factory stations and 489,854 volumes. The appropriation for 1917-18 was $307,000 for maintenance and $1,250,000 for a new main library building. The Bar Association has an excellent law library. The city also owns an art museum with a fine collection of paintings, statuary and Oriental curios and a good art library. During the last year 177,535 visitors passed through its turnstile.

There are in the city, including trade and advertising sheets, 124 regular publications. Of these six are English dailies, two Polish and one German.

Religion and Charities.-The church and religious assemblies and missions number 316. Of these 53 are Roman Catholic churches, 43 Lutheran, 35 Methodist, 30 Baptist, 25 Protestant Episcopal, 21 Presbyterian and 16 Jewish. Architecturally may be noted Saint Anne's, Saint Hedwig's and Saint Albertus, all Roman Catholic; the First and Fort Street Presbyterian; the Central Methodist; Trinity, Saint John's, Saint Paul's Cathedral (Episcopal); Woodward Avenue Baptist; the First Church of Christ, Scientist; church of Our Father (Universalist); First Unitarian, Woodward Avenue Congregational, First_Congregational, First Baptist Church and the Temple Beth El.

The charities include a city poor fund, managed by a commission; the Detroit Associated Charities and a large number of denominational and special charities. There are several large general hospitals, of which the most noted are Grace and Harper, with training schools for nurses; Saint Mary's (Catholic); the Ford General Hospital; Kiefer Hospital for Contagious Diseases; the City Receiving Hospital; House of Providence (Catholic) and the United States Marine Hospital.

Manufactures, Commerce and Transportation.- Detroit is above all else a manufacturing centre and its most rapid growth in this respect has come within the last few years. the calendar year 1909, according to the United Sitates census reports, its 2,036 manufacturing

In

establishments employed 81,011 wage earners and had a production valued at $252,939,000. It was then 13th in rank among industrial centres of the country. In 1916, according to the report of the State labor commissioner, there were 251,000 industrial employees in Detroit and its adjoining manufacturing suburbs. The value of the product was about $900,000,000 and the city stood fourth in this respect, being surpassed only by New York, Chicago and Philadelphia. A large part of this gain was due to the phenomenal growth of the automobile business. In 1909 there were 68 establishments in the city which either assembled automobiles or devoted their whole business to the making of auto parts and accessories. They employed 15,675 wage earners and their product was valued at $59,536,000. In 1916 there were 31 companies that assembled automobiles and 120 others whose sole business was the making of auto bodies, parts or accessories. They had 130,000 employees and put out 959,000 cars, valued at about $600,000,000. One of the companies, the Ford, had 42,000 men on its pay-roll and the Cadillac, Dodge Brothers, Packard and Studebaker had over 10,000 each. In 1917 and the first part of 1918 the production of cars was less rapid, as the large companies diverted part of their activities to the production of aeroplane parts, shipbuilding parts, the metal parts of munitions and other government war work. In addition to its primacy in the automobile industry, Detroit is either first or conspicuously near the front in the making of adding machines, aluminum castings, brass and bronze products, malleable iron, corsets, overalls, soda ash and furnaces. The city is also a large producer of furniture, foundry and machine shop products, tobacco and cigars.

The interests of Detroit in connection with the lake marine are great. It is first or second every year among the lake cities in shipyard production. It has the largest fleet of passenger steamers of any port in the country except New York. They number 31, with tonnage of 38,000 and licensed passenger capacity of 60,000. Several of the steamers are licensed to carry 3,500 to 4,000 excursion passengers each. Their routes include nearby ports on the adjacent rivers and lakes, and also longer trips as far as Buffalo in the East and Mackinac to the north. Detroit is also a port of call for all steamers going from Buffalo to the Upper Lakes. The tonnage passing through Detroit River is more than twice that passing through the Suez Canal, and much larger than the tonnage arriving and leaving at New York or any other seaboard port in the world. The vessel passages in 1916 numbered 37,852, with net registered tonnage of 76,677,264 and actual freight tonnage of 100,907,279.

Not only are the transportation facilities by water unsurpassed but the city is the centre of far-reaching railroads. They include the Michigan Central, five divisions; Pere Marquette, three divisions; Wabash, two divisions; Lake Shore; Detroit, Toledo and Ironton; Detroit and Toledo Shore Line; Grand Trunk, four divisions; and the Canadian Pacific. The Pennsylvania has also acquired terminals here in order to bring in trains over its Own tracks.

The foreign trade of the district of Michigan, of which Detroit is the port of entry,