out the Devil standing near him; Saint Anthony of Padua has been portrayed vanquishing the Devil; Saint Norbert has been represented with the Devil at his feet, or chained up; Saint Oswald (bishop confessor) has been pictured driving the Devil off a large stone; Saint John Thaumaturgus has been depicted driving the Devil out of people; Saint Gaudentius of Rimini has been portrayed administering Holy Communion to a man while the Devil is issuing from him; Saint Theodore (bishop confessor) has been represented trampling on the Devil; Saint John Gualbert has been depicted standing on the Devil, a cross and tau staff set on the Devil's head; Saint Benedict has been portrayed with the Devil on each side of him, he piercing one of them through the head with the foot of his pastoral staff; Saint Theodulus has been represented with the Devil at his feet having a great bell; Saint Cyriacus has been depicted with the Devil or dragon under him, or chained near him; Saint Wulstan has been pictured fixing his pastoral staff in Saint Edward's tomb, the Devil behind him with a hook; Saint Dunstan has been portrayed seizing the Devil by the nose with redhot pincers; Saint Justina has been represented vanquishing the Devil by the cross; Saint Euphrasia (410 not of 1534) has been depicted trampling on the Devil, or the Devil throwing her into a well; Saint Dympna has been pictured leading the Devil bound; Saint Gertrude of Nivelles has been portrayed with two mice at her feet and the Devil mocking at her side; Saint Juliana has been represented as scourging the Devil, held by a rope round his neck, or holding the Devil in chains; Saint Theodora (empress) has been pictured with the Devil taking hold of her hand; Saint Genevieve has been pictured with the Devil on her shoulder blowing out her lighted candle with a bellows. CLEMENT W. COUMBE.

DEVIL IS AN ASS, The, a comedy of Ben Jonson (1616), which sets about proving the thesis laid down in the title.

DEVIL-IN-THE-BUSH. See NIGELLA. DEVIL OF EDMONTON, The. See MERRY DEVIL OF EDMONTON.

DEVIL-FISH, huge rays of the family Mantida, which have a lozenge-shaped disc broader than long, with the head free from the pectoral fins and provided with a pair of anterior processes and the tail long and whip-like. The two genera and six or seven species are confined to warm seas. So far as known the young are produced alive after the eggs have hatched within the oviduct. The best-known species are M. birostris, sometimes called the blanket-fish by tropical American pearl-fishers, from their belief that it attacks and devours men after enveloping them in its great winglike pectoral fins, which reach a breadth of 20 feet. It is common in tropical American waters and occurs on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. The name also applies to the Octopus and allied eight-armed Cephalopoda.

DEVIL UPON TWO STICKS, The. Foote's English adaptation of Le Sage's 'Le Diable Boiteux.'

DEVIL-WORSHIP, the worship paid to the devil as a malignant deity, or the personified

evil principle in nature, by many of the primitive tribes of Asia, Africa and America, under the assumption that the powers of evil are as mighty as the powers of good and have in consequence to be conciliated. There is a sect called Devil-worshippers, or Yezidees, inhabiting Turkish and Russian Armenia and the valley of the Tigris and numbering more than 200,000. They venerate the authority of the Old Testament above that of either the New Testament or the Koran. They practise both infant baptism and circumcision and have a religious ministry of four orders. Their Christian ideas have reached them through Gnosticism. They pay respect to the devil, to Christ and to Allah or the supreme being, and also worship the sun.

DEVILLE. See SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE. DEVILLE, dé-vel', Jean Achille, French antiquarian: b. Paris 1789; d. 1875. He was made director of the museum of Rouen and wrote several works on local history and archæology, including 'Histoire du Château-Gaillard' (1829); Tombeaux de la Cathédrale de Rouen) (1838); Essai sur l'Exil d'Ovide' (1859); and his monumental 'Histoire de l'art de la verrerie dans l'antiquité) (1874).

DE VILLIERS, de vil'yerz, John Abraham Jacob, Anglo-Dutch geographer: b. London, 23 Sept. 1863. He is the son of a Hollander who settled at Prince Albert, Cape Colony. He was educated at the City of London College. He assisted at the Foreign Office as expert in Dutch in preparing evidence for the boundary arbitration with Venezuela in 189699; acted similarly in Dutch and Portuguese in the boundary arbitration with Brazil in 190104. He was engaged in researches for the Foreign Office in Lisbon 1901, at Berlin 1902, and at other places. In 1911 he lectured in Dutch throughout Holland. He is superintendent of the map room in the British Museum, is acting commercial attaché at The Hague and honorary secretary of the Hakluyt Society. His publications include 'Famous Maps in the British Museum'; Holland and Some Jews'; 'Objects of Jewish Interest in the British Museum'; 'The Transvaal'; translations of Lepelletier's 'Madame Sans-Gêne'; Gaulot's Chemises rouges'; Bourget's Mensonges); Biré's 'Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris; Richard Schomburgk's 'Reisen in Britisch Guiana,' and other early works on Guiana. He is also author of various articles in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica.'

DEVIL'S ADVOCATE. See ADVOCATE. DEVIL'S APRON, brown alge, of the order Laminariales, usually called kelp. See ALGE; PHEOPHYCEÆ.

DEVIL'S BIBLE, The, the popular name of a manuscript Bible written on ass-skin. The name arose from a legend that the writing was the work of a man who, by the Devil's help, accomplished it in a few hours in order to save his life, but who in return became the slave of the Evil One. After the Thirty Years' War it was taken to Stockholm.

DEVIL'S-BIT, the common name of a species of scabious (Scabiosa succisa), of the natural order Dipsacea. It has nearly globular heads of blue flowers, ovate leaves and a fleshy root, which is, as it were, cut or bitten off abruptly. In America devil's-bit is one of the

common names of Lacinaria spicata, which is known as dense button snakeroot, gay feather, backache-root, colic-root, etc. It belongs to the Composite, and is found in moist soil from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to Wisconsin and Louisiana.

DEVIL'S BRIDGE, (1) an ancient bridge in Cardiganshire, Wales; it crosses the ravine through which flows the Mynach. (2) A bridge in Switzerland, crossing the Reuss, on the road over Saint Gothard, from Germany to Italy.

DEVIL'S CLAW, a stout split hook at the end of a hawser or chain, for manipulating the chain cable in mooring, etc. A firm grip is obtained by slipping one claw on each side of one link, so that the next link is held at right angles to it. A capstan serves to secure the hawser.

DEVIL'S DYKE, (1) an earthwork in Cambridgeshire, England, of prehistoric construction, about 20 feet in height. It is supposed to have been erected as a defense against enemies advancing from the Fen country. It extended from the fens or marshes to the wooded hills and thus closed the only way of approach from the interior towns of England, and prevented raids upon whatever band of conquerors held the country near the sea. (2) A natural formation near Brighton, England. The old legend said this was the work of the "good spirits," who thus prevented the devil's attempt to flood the country because the people had abandoned paganism.

DEVIL'S-FINGER, a name sometimes applied to the starfish (q.v.).

DEVIL'S ISLAND (ISLE DU DIABLE), a small rock formation off the coast of French Guiana, belonging to France. The area is about 16 square miles and the island itself is sandy, dry and torrid. Here Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned for alleged treason.

DEVIL'S LAKE. See MINNEWAUKON.

DEVIL'S PARLIAMENT, a nickname for an English parliament which met in 1459 at Coventry. The Parliament, under the control of Henry VI, at his instigation unjustifiably proscribed and attainted for treason the Duke of York and his adherents.

DEVIL'S PUNCH-BOWL, Ireland, a lake near the summit of Mangerton Mountain in the vicinity of the Lakes of Killarney. It is between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, and is supposed to be the crater of an ancient volcano. It is about half a mile in length and one-third in breadth.

DEVIL'S RIDING HORSE. See PIRATE

BUG.

DEVIL'S SLIDE, Utah, a formation of the Wasatch Mountains, consisting of a natural arrangement of parallel crags resembling an inclined plane. The accidental juxtaposition of two such boulder masses is accounted for by

DEVIL'S TOWER, a huge shaft of columnar igneous rock on bank of Belle Fourche River, 25 miles northeast of Moorcroft, Wyo., visible from Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. It was made a United States National monument 4 Oct. 1915. Greatly venerated by Sioux Indians as the "Bad god's tower.» It is 600 feet high and rises from a platform 600 feet above the river; diameter at top 325 to 375 feet. The columns are an exceptionally fine example of prismatic structure which some igneous rocks assume in cooling, notably Palisades of Hudson and Giants Causeway. Described by Newton, Jaggar, and Darton, in reports of United States Geological Survey.

DEVIL'S WALL, an ancient fortification in the southern part of Germany, about 368 miles long. This wall was originally a Roman ditch, with palisades behind it. It was intended to protect the Roman settlements on the left bank of the Danube, and on the right bank of the Rhine, against the inroads of the Teutonic and other tribes. Remains of it are found at present only from Abensberg, in Bavaria, to Cologne. As to the time when this rampart was built our information is very scanty. Some parts of the northern Roman fortifications may be as old as the time of Drusus. The Decumat or Tithe Lands, however; that is, the lands to the east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, which the Roman emperors allowed immigrants to settle on, on condition of paying tithes to the state, do not appear to have had any protecting wall about 14 B.C. The main rampart, stretching southward from the Main to the Danube, was probably completed under Hadrian, and parts of it which had been destroyed seem to have been restored by Probus. All the parts of this great rampart are still far from being thoroughly investigated.

DEVINE, Edward Thomas, American social worker: b. Union, Hardin County. Iowa, 6 May 1867. He was graduated at Cornell College, Iowa, in 1887. He was for some years a principal of schools in Iowa; in 1891-96 he was staff lecturer on economics for the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching; and was secretary of the Society in 1894-96, when he was appointed general secretary of the Charity Organization Society of New York. He was editor (from 1897 to 1913) of Charities, á paper later published as Charities and the Commons, and after 1909, as the Survey. In 1905 he was called to the chair of social economy in Columbia University. He was director of the New York School of Philanthropy in 1904-07 and again after 1912. He was president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections in 1906, and as special representative of the American Red Cross had charge of relief at San Francisco after the

fire and earthquake in April 1906. He was in charge of storm and flood relief in Dayton, Ohio, in 1913. He has been connected with various congresses and organizations interested in social betterment. His published works include 'Economics' (1898); The Practice of Charity) (1901; new ed., 1904); The Principles of Relief) (1904); Efficiency and Relief (1906); Misery and Its Causes) (1909); Report on the Desirability of Establishing an Employment Bureau in the City of New York' (1909); Social Forces (1909); The Spirit of Social Work' (1909); The Family and Social Work (1912); (The Normal Life' (1915).

DEVINS, John Bancroft, American clergyman and editor: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1856; d. 1911. He was graduated from New York University in 1882, and was on the staff of the New York Tribune from 1880 to 1888. In the latter year he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry and thereafter until 1905 held various pastorates in New York city. From 1890 until 1911 he was managing editor of the New York Observer. He organized the Federation of East Side Workers and the New York Employment Society. He was a collaborator in the 'Life of Dwight L. Moody) and published "The Church and the City Problem) (1905); 'An Observer in the Philippines' (1905); On the Way to Hwai Yuen (1905); The Classic Mediterranean' (1910), and several hymns.

DEVISE, de-viz', a gift of real property by a person's last will and testament. The term devise technically and properly only applies to real estate; the object of the devise must therefore be that kind of property. The word, however, is sometimes improperly applied to a bequest or legacy. In regard to a lapsed devise, where the devisee dies during the life of the testator, although there may be a residuary devisee, the estate will go to the heir. But if the devise be void, as where the devisee is dead at the date of the will, or is made upon a condition precedent which never happens, the estate will go to the residuary devisee, if the language is sufficiently comprehensive (4 Kent Com., 541, 542, and cases cited in notes). But some of the cases hold in that case, even, the estate goes to the heir (4 Ired. Eq., N. C., 320; 6 Conn., 292). In England a residuary bequest operates upon all the personal estate which the testator is possessed of at the time of his death, and will include such as would have gone to pay specific legacies which lapse or are void. A general devise of lands will pass a reversion in fee, even though the testator had other lands which will satisfy the words of the devise, and although it be very improbable that he had such reversion in mind. A general devise will pass leases for years, if the testator have no other real estate upon which the will may operate; but if he have both lands in fee and lands for years, a devise of all his lands and tenements will commonly pass only the lands in fee simple. But if a contrary intention appear from the will, it will prevail. A devise in a will can never be regarded as the execution of a power, unless that intention is clear, as where otherwise the will would have nothing on which it could operate. But to have that operation the devise need not necessarily refer to the power in express terms. But where there is an interest on which it can

operate, it shall be referred to that, unless some other intention is obvious. The devise of all one's lands will not generally carry the interest of a mortgagee in premises, unless that intent is apparent. Devises are contingent or vested after the death of the testator; contingent, when the vesting of any estate in the devisee is made to depend upon some future event, in which case if the event never occur, or until it does occur, no estate vests under the devise. But when the future event is referred to merely to determine the time at which the devisee shall come into the use of the estate, this does not hinder the vesting of the estate at the death of the testator.

DEVIZES, England, a municipal borough in the county of Wilts, 86 miles west of London. It is the seat of a large corn market, and has cheese and bacon factories. The chief manufactures are steam-engines, boilers, gas-engines and beer. Pop. 6,739.

DEVON, a river of Scotland, which has its source at the foot of the Ochill Hills, and flows into the Forth about two miles above Alloa. Its length is 34 miles. Below the Crook of Devon are a series of cascades, the most noted of which are the Caldron Linn and those at the Rumbling Bridge.

DEVONIAN. The name Devonian appeared in geological literature in 1839, when Murchison and Sedgwick applied it to a rock system in Devonshire and Cornwall, England, consisting of conglomerates, shales and fossiliferous limestones lying below the Carboniferous rocks and above the great mass of the graywacke or transitional series of Werner, that was already included in the Cambrian or Silurian. Murchison and Sedgwick also included in the Devonian the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. The Devonian Period is that part of Paleozoic time following Silurian and preceding Carboniferous. At the beginning of the period, the seas were greatly restricted in North America, much as they were in the late Silurian (q.v.). Embayments existed on the present site of the Appalachians, and perhaps somewhat farther west. An arm of the Pacific also covered part of the Great Basin and other smaller embayments probably covered various areas. For the most part, however, the United States was land. By the middle of the period another great interior sea had encroached over a large part of central North America. Europe was also largely submerged in mid-Devonian. In Scotland and Wales were landlocked seas or lakes, and there were others in western Russia. A large part of central South America was covered by water. Fossil evidence indicates that in early Devonian there were land connections between North and South America and between South America and South Africa. Volcanic activity was extensive in western Europe, in New England and probably in California. Some folding took place in northeastern North America, probably near the middle of the period. The rocks of the Devonian System in North America have been variously subdivided. H. F. Cleland (1916) gives the following as the New York type section, beginning with the lowest formations: Helderberg limestone, Oriskany sandstone, Onondaga limestone, Marcellus shale, Hamilton shale, Tully limestone, Genesee shale, Portage shale and sandstone, Catskill and

Chemung sandstones. Where the line between the Silurian and Devonian systems should be drawn in North America is still a matter of dispute, the lower Helderberg formation being variously assigned to the Silurian and to the Devonian. In eastern United States Devonian rocks outcrop extensively in New York and southward throughout the Appalachian Mountains and plateaus. In the central Mississippi Valley Devonian is present but very thin. In Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, Canada, the Devonian System includes limestones and shales and is of moderate thickness. There is an area of Devonian rocks extending along the Rocky Mountains from Montana across Alberta. In the United States the Devonian rocks of the Rocky Mountains appear in Colorado and Arizona.

In England and on the Continent the Devonian System presents two different classes of rocks: (1) the Old Red Sandstone, occurring in Scotland, in South Wales and across the Welsh border in England, also in the Baltic provinces of Russia and in Spitzbergen; (2) the marine Devonian, occurring in southwest England, in northern and southern France, in Spain and over large areas in Germany and central Russia. The Old Red Sandstone was laid down perhaps in shallow seas either closed or having only slight connection with the open ocean- perhaps in part on land in desert areas. The formation is of interest from its containing remains of Devonian land animals and plants. The rocks are fine-grained conglomerates, sandstones and shales. The marine Devonian of Europe is largely limestone, with some shales and slates.

Devonian rocks in Asia are found over a vast area in Siberia and also occur in China and in Asia Minor. In Africa they are found both in the northern and southern parts of the continent. In South America Devonian rocks form a great system, being found in Brazil, Bolivia and the Falkland Islands.

The vegetable and animal life of Devonian time, so far as can be determined, did not differ greatly from Silurian forms, though it shows a general advance toward more highly developed types. The land vegetation included cryptogams and gymnosperms. Of the cryptogams the tree-ferns and the giant club-mosses (Lepidodendra) must have been conspicuous in the forests, being over 50 feet high. Of the gymnosperms, cycads, now almost extinct, were abundant, and it is possible that conifers of the yew family grew upon the higher ground.

Of animal life the trilobites, so abundant in Cambrian and Silurian time, were less important, but other crustaceans developed greatly, including the eurypterids, related to the horseshoe crabs. Corals were very abundant in the Devonian oceans. Crinoids, or sea-lilies, and starfish were more abundant than in Silurian time. The brachiopods, or lamp shells, apparently were, as in Silurian, the most abundant elements of marine life. Of mollusks there were bivalves and gastropods; the ammonites appeared among the cephalopods and nautiluslike forms were less abundant than in the Silurian. The chief characteristic of Devonian time, however, was the great development of the fishes, the Devonian being known as the "age of fishes." Many of the Devonian forms,

however, have long been extinct, while the teleosts, or bony fishes, which include by far the greater part of modern fishes, evidently did not exist at all in Devonian time. Among the old Devonian forms were the ostracodermata, fishlike animals allied to the lampreys, but having the head and sometimes a large part of the body covered with bony plates. Of the true fishes the selachians, or sharks, were represented, as were the dipnoi or lung fishes, now almost extinct. The most highly developed Devonian fishes were the ganoids, now represented by the sturgeon and the gar-pike. (See CATSKILL GROUP; CHEMUNG STAGE; CArbonIFEROUS STAGE; HAMILTON STAGE; MARCELLUS STAGE; PORTAGE STAGE; OLD RED SANDSTONE; ORISKANY STAGE). Consult Clarke, 'Early Devonian History of New York and Eastern North America, in New York State Museum, Memoir 9 (2 parts, Albany 1908-09); Chamberlain and Salisbury, Geology (Vol. II, New York 1907); Dana, Manual of Geology) (4th ed., ib. 1896); Geikie, Archibald, Text-Book of Geology (London 1903); Leconte, 'Elements of Geology; Williams, "The Devonian and Carboniferous," in 'Bulletin 80, United States Geological Survey (Washington 1891); "Devonian," in Maryland Geological Survey Reports> (3 vols., Baltimore 1913); Zittel, K. A. von, History of Geology and Paleontology' (Munich 1899). C. L. DAKE.

DEVONPORT (before 1824 called PLYMOUTH DOCK), England, a parliamentary borough, maritime town and naval arsenal, in the southwest of Devonshire. It forms one of the Three Towns of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport. It owes its existence to the dockyard established here by William III in 1698, which is now one of the chief naval arsenals in Great Britain, largely extended so recently as 1907, and now covering an area of 240 acres. There is an important naval engineering college. Trade centres almost entirely in the dockyard and its subsidiary industries. The borough returns two members to Parliament. Pop. 81,678.

DEVONS, the name given to a breed of cattle which were first bred in Devonshire, England. They are rather wild, of a dark-red color, and can be used instead of horses for plowing. They are smaller than Shorthorns or Herefords. The bull has a small head, fine muzzle and face, very handsome horns, which should taper upward and rather backward; the eye is large and rather wild, indicating an active disposition; the neck is arched, but the dewlap is not much developed; tail set on rather high; good barrel well up behind the shoulder; not the depth of carcass in the same height as is found in the Shorthorns; skin of a dark-red and rather mottled character, and plenty of long curling hair; the skin is thicker than that of Shorthorns, but not so thick as that of Herefords. They furnish a good deal of inside fat and firm meat, and the cows yield very rich milk from which the famed Devonshire clotted cream is made. They are hardy, and able to find food on poor uplands. See CATTLE.

DEVONSHIRE, Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8TH DUKE OF, English statesman: b. 23 July 1833; d. Cannes, France, 24 March 1908. He succeeded to the ducal title in 1891, having