previously become well known by his courtesy title of the Marquis of Hartington. First returned to the House of Commons in 1857, he was appointed Under-Secretary for War in 1863, and Secretary of State for War in 1866. In the course of the American Civil War, he visited the United States, and had interviews with both Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln, the latter of whom predicted his rise to eminence. He was Postmaster-General under Gladstone 1868-70, and Chief Secretary for Ireland 1870-74. After Mr. Gladstone's retirement from the Liberal leadership in 1875, he acted as chief of the opposition, again giving place to his old leader after the Liberal triumph of 1880. He was Secretary for India 1880-82, and became Secretary of State for War 1882-85. After 1886 he was an active and influential leader of the Liberal Unionists, and under a Unionist ministry was Lord President of the Council 1895-1903, retiring when the Tariff Reform issue was raised by Chamberlain, and devoting himself thenceforth to a defense of free trade policy. He was chancellor of Cambridge University, 1892-1908. Devonshire held a unique place in British public life. He was not brilliant or witty; he was no orator; he was perfectly indifferent to applause; his "you-be-damnedness" was proverbial; but his high sense of duty, his transparent candor and sincerity, his plain, practical common sense, and the singular impartiality with which he approached public questions, drew to him that great body of moderate opinion which is so powerful in England. Thrice he refused the premiership; he had no ambitions for himself; and his opposition to both Home Rule and Tariff Reform did much to harden public opinion against these measures.

DEVONSHIRE, the third largest county in England, situated in the southwest. It is famous for its Old Red Sandstone (see DEVONIAN). This county contains the barren tract of Dartmoor and also the valley of the Exe, called "The Garden of Devonshire.» Area, 1,671,364 acres. Three-fourths of the county is arable land or in pasture; the coast is rugged and precipitous; the climate mild and salubrious. It is celebrated for its orchards and dairy farms. The mineral wealth includes lead, copper, tin, iron, slate, marble, granite and limestone. Lace, coarse woolens and linens are among the manufactures. The fisheries are important and valuable. For parliamentary purposes, the county is divided into eight divisions, each returning one member. The principal towns are Exeter (the capital), Plymouth and Barnstaple. Pop. 699,703.

DEVONSHIRE CLUB, a Liberal club, founded on Saint James's street, London, in 1875.

DEVONSHIRE HOUSE, the London residence of the dukes of Devonshire, situated in Piccadilly, near Berkeley Square. It contains the "Kemble Collection of Plays," including the first editions of Shakespeare, also priceless collections of gems, portraits, etc.

DE VRIENDT, dẹ vrēnt', Frans (also known as FLORIS, F.), Flemish painter of the Renaissance: 6. Antwerp, about 1517; d. 1570. His father was a stonecutter and Frans at first studied sculpture and later painting under Lambert Lombard at Liége. He paid a visit to

Rome in order to study the works of Michelangelo and Raphael. In 1540 he returned to Antwerp, opened a school and is reputed to have there instructed 120 pupils. He was successful in obtaining the patronage of William of Orange and others of the nobility. He decorated the homes of many of the first citizens of Antwerp and in 1549 and 1556 had charge of the decorations for the reception of Philip II. The best of his portraits is "The Falconer,' in the museum of Brunswick. Other pictures characteristic of his mannered style are The Last Judgment,' in the Brussels Museum; 'Lot and his Daughters, in the Dresden Gallery; and The Fall of the Rebellious Angels,' in the Antwerp Museum.

DEVRIENT, de-vryän', Gustav Emil, German actor: b. Dresden, 4 Sept. 1803; d. there, 7 Aug. 1872. He was a nephew of Ludwig Devrient (q.v.), and brother of Philipp Eduard Devrient (q.v.). He began his career by engaging in a manufacturing business,. but soon followed the family penchant for the theatre, making a successful début as Raoul in Schiller's 'Jungfrau von Orleans' at Brunswick in 1821. In 1825 he married the popular actress, Dorothea Böhler, in Leipzig. He played prominent rôles in Magdeburg and Hamburg, and in 1831 established that connection with the Court Theatre of Dresden which lasted for the rest of his life. In his rôle of Hamlet he had no peers, and was considered by his contemporaries as fine an artist as Kean. Posa, Tasso and Uriel Acosta were among the rôles in which he scored the greatest success.

DEVRIENT, Ludwig, German actor, first of the noted actor-family of this name: b. Berlin, 15 Dec. 1784; d. there, 30 Dec. 1832. He engaged in commerce at the advice of his father, but in 1804 joined a traveling dramatic company. His début was made in Schiller's 'Braut von Messina at Gera. He was engaged at Dessau in 1805 and in 1809 went to Breslau. In 1815, for the first time he appeared in Berlin as Franz Moor in Schiller's 'Räuber.' His best rôles were as Talbot, Schewa, Lorenz Kindlein, Shylock, Lear, Richard III and Mercutio. He was remarkable for his originality and interpreted both humorous and tragic parts with equal skill, having a natural aptitude and deftness. His fondness for society led to dissipation and a consequent early death. Consult Funck, 'Aus dem Leben Zweier Schauspieler, Ifflands und Devrients (Leipzig 1838).

DEVRIENT, Otto, German actor and dramatist, son of Philipp Eduard Devrient (q.v.) b. Berlin, 3 Oct. 1838; d. 23 June 1894. In 1856 he made his début at Karlsruhe, was subsequently engaged in Stuttgart, Berlin and Leipzig; returned to Karlsruhe in 1863, where he remained for 10 years. In 1873 he became the manager of a theatre in Weimar, and subsequently held similar positions at Mannheim and Frankfort. He removed to Jena in 1879 and there produced his 'Luther) in 1883. In 1884 he was made director of the Court Theatre in Oldenburg and in 1889 was appointed to a similar post in Berlin, from which he retired the following year. He wrote several dramas, including Zwei Könige (1867); (Tiberius Gracchus (1871) and Kaiser Rotbart (1873). Other works of his are 'Zwei Shakespeare

Vorträge) (1869), and an edition of letters of Iffland and Schröder (1881).

DEVRIENT, Philipp Eduard, German actor and dramatist, brother of Gustav Emil Devrient (q.v.): b. 1801; d. 1877. He made his début as an opera singer in Berlin in 1819, but in 1835 turned his attention to the drama and for a time was manager of the Dresden Theatre. From 1852 to 1870 he was director of the Karlsruhe Theatre. His writings include the libretto for the opera 'Hans Heiling) (1827); the plays, 'Das graue Männlein,' 'Die Gunst des Augenblicks' (1833); 'Die Verirrungen) (1837) and 'Treue Liebe (1841); and also a number of works on dramatic history and criticism of which the best known 1S 'Geschichte deutschen Schauspielkunst' (1848-74).

der

DE VRIES, de-vres', David Pieterszen, Dutch colonist in America. Nothing definite is known as to the dates of his birth and death. He was a member of a company organized in 1630 to settle the tract of land in the present State of Delaware, which had been bought in 1629 from the Dutch West India Company by Samuel Blommaert and Samuel Godyn. On his arrival 1632 he found that the colony founded 1631 on Lewes Creek, Cape Henlopen, and called with the surrounding country "Swaanendael," had been completely destroyed by the Indians. He left some of his party there and visited Virginia, but took the colonists back to Holland in 1634. Later he visited Manhattan several times and tried to found a colony on Staten Island, which the Indians destroyed in 1640. He also lived on a plantation called Vriessendael, on the site of Tappan, N. Y. He published Korte historiaal ende Journaels Aenteyckeninge van verscheyden Voyagien der Vier Teelen des Wereldts Ronde ('A short history and notes of a journal kept during several voyages in the four parts of the world, 1655). Parts of it have been translated and may be found in 'Collections of the New York Historical Society (Vols. I and II, second series).

DE VRIES, Hugo, Dutch botanist: b. Haarlem 1848. He received his education at Leyden, Heidelberg and Würzburg. In 1871 he began his life-long connection with the University of Amsterdam, first as lecturer and then as professor of botany. His research had bearing on the development of the theory of mutation and the results of his study were the most significant addition to the principle of organic evolution since the enunciation of the theory of natural selection. De Vries has been eminently successful in changing the method of studying evolution from observation to experimental work, and, in all probability, herein lies his great contribution to modern science. His publications include 'Intracellular Pangenesis' (1889); Die Mutationstheorie) (1903); 'Plant Breeding (Chicago 1907).

DE VRIES, Marion, American lawyer: b. near Woodbridge, San Joaquin County, Cal., 15 Aug. 1865. He was graduated from the San Joaquin Valley College in 1886 and from the law school of the University of Michigan in 1888. He practised law at Stockton, Cal., 1889-1900; was assistant district attorney of San Joaquin County in 1893-97, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court

of the United States in 1897. From 1897-1900 he was a member of the United States House of Representatives. He became a member of the United States Board of General Appraisers, New York, 1900, and president from 1906-10. He resigned then, to accept the appointment of associate judge of the United States Court of Customs Appeals.

In

DEW, Thomas Roderick, American publicist: b. King and Queen County, Va., 5 Dec. 1802; d. Paris, France, 6 Aug. 1846. He was graduated from William and Mary College, and in 1827 was elected professor of political economy, history and metaphysics; and in 1836 was made president of that institution. 1829 he published his 'Lectures on the Restrictive System. It was brought out at a moment when feeling ran high on the subject of the tariff, between protectionists and free-traders; and though emanating from the closet of a thinker removed from the agitations of political warfare, took a strong hold on the public mind, and the subsequent adoption of the compromise of 1832 may be attributed in part to its silent influence. His Essay in Favor of Slavery' did much to decide Virginia's attitude. most elaborate work was A Digest of the Laws, Customs, Manners and Institutions of the Ancient and Modern Nations) (1853).

His

DEW, a deposition of moisture after sundown upon the surface of the earth. Three concurrent sources of dew are recognized: (1) the condensation of the moisture of the atmosphere; (2) the condensation of watery vapor arising from the earth; and (3) the moisture exhaled by plants. Regarding the first of these sources, it is a well-known fact that warm air has a larger capacity for moisture than cooler air. Given a certain degree of humidity the falling of the temperature of the air after sundown will so reduce its absorptive capacity for the moisture that some of it will be condensed on objects colder than itself. Secondly, humid vapor rising warm from the warm soil comes in contact with the cooling strata of the atmosphere already depositing moisture and gives up its superabundance. In the third place, the grass, flowers and foliage which, under the action of plant life in sunlight have been evaporating into the atmosphere the water absorbed by the roots to liquefy the sap so that it may be raised to the growing parts of the plant, continue this process until a balance is obtained between the temperatures at the roots and at the tips of the leaves. In some kinds of trees this exhalation of moisture is very large and the dew thus formed may be heard dripping from the trees all night long. Most of the large, sparkling dewdrops seen on herbage in the early morning is this third form of dew. When the temperature of the lower air strata drops to 32° F., the dew is deposited as hoarfrost. When the sky is clouded the heat abstracted from the earth's surface by radiation is returned by the clouds, which, being good radiators, transmit an equal amount of heat to what they receive; and a balance of temperature being thus maintained between the earth and the surrounding atmosphere, no dew is formed. The deposition of dew is likewise prevented by wind, which carries away the air before the vapor has been condensed. Horizontal surfaces, and those which are ex

posed to a wide expanse of sky, receive a greater supply of dew than sheltered or oblique surfaces, where circumstances diminish the amount of radiation.

An acquaintance with the cause which produces dew and hoarfrost enables us to understand the rationale of the process resorted to by gardeners to protect tender plants from cold, which consists simply in spreading over them a thin mat or some flimsy substance. To ensure the full advantage of this kind of protection from the chill of the air, the coverings should not touch the bodies they are intended to defend.

The heavy dews which form in tropical regions are in the highest degree beneficial to vegetation, which, but for this supply of moisture, would, in countries where scarcely any rain falls for months, be soon scorched and withered. But after the high temperature of the day the ground radiates under these clear skies with great rapidity, the surface is quickly cooled, and the watery vapor, which, from the great daily evaporation, exists in large quantities in the atmosphere, is deposited abundantly. This deposition is more plentiful also on plants, from their greater radiating power; while on hard, bare ground and stones, it is comparatively trifling. In cold climates the clouds, which are so common in damp and chilly regions, prevent the radiation of heat: the surface is thus preserved warm, and the deposition of dew is, in a great measure, prevented. Consult Martin, E. A., Dew Ponds) (London n.d.).

DEWALQUE, de-valk', Gilles Joseph Gustav, Belgian geologist: b. Stavelot 1826; d. 1905. In 1855 he was made curator of the mineralogical and geological cabinet at the University of Liége, and became professor there of mineralogy, geology and paleontology in 1857. In 1870 he became president of the Belgian Academy. He wrote 'Description du Lias dans le Luxembourg) (1857); Atlas de Cristallographie' (1860); Prodrome d'une Description géologique de la Belgique) (2d ed., 1880); and numerous contributions to scientific periodicals.

DEWAR, SIR James, British chemist: b. Kincardine-on-Forth, Scotland 1842; d. London, England, 27 March 1923. He was educated at Edinburgh University and became assistant to Lord Playfair, professor of chemistry there. He was afterward Jacksonian professor of experimental philosophy at Cambridge and Fullerian professor of chemistry in the Royal Institution. He was made president of the Chemical Society in 1897 and of the British Association in 1902. He was knighted in 1904. He did extensive research work in regard to the physiological action of light and the liquefaction of gases and in the study of low temperatures. By evaporating liquid hydrogen under reduced atmospheric pressure he obtained the lowest temperature yet reached (470° F. of frost). Other inventions consummated by Dewar are cordite (with Sir Frederick Abel), a smokeless powder; and vacuum containers for keeping foods at any desirable temperature, to which the name thermos bottles has been given.

DEWART, Edward Hartley, Canadian clergyman and editor: b. County Cavan, Ireland, 1828; d. Toronto, Ontario, 1903. His parents emigrated to Canada in 1834, settling

in Ontario. He received his education at the Normal School, Toronto, and in 1855 became a Wesleyan Methodist minister. He afterward held a number of pastorates and became editor of the Christian Guardian, the principal Methodist publication in Canada, and held this position until 1894. He was forceful as an editor, was not narrowly orthodox, although he took some flings at the higher critics. He was a great factor in bringing together the various Methodist denominations of Canada (Wesleyan Methodist, Methodist Episcopal, New Connexion, Bible Christian and Primitive Methodist), the first meeting of the delegates being held in his home. In 1883 the union of the churches was brought about, but not on the platform suggested by Dewart. Nevertheless, he bent his best energies toward making it effective. He was successful in bringing about the federation of Victoria University with the provincial University of Toronto. He was liberal in politics and by his independent action in these matters often excited strong prejudice among his religious followers. He was a delegate to the Ecumenical Methodist conferences of 1881 in London and of 1891 in Washington. He aided in editing and compiling a new hymnbook for the Methodist Church. He published 'Selections from the Canadian Poets (1864); Songs of Life' (1869); Jesus the Messiah' (1892) 'Essays for the Times' (1898); Outlines of Christian Doctrine) (1899).

DEWAS, da-wäs', India, two native states in the Malwa Political Charge of central India, founded in the first half of the 18th century by two brothers, Punwar Mahrattas, who came into Malwa with the peshwa, Baji Rao, in 1728. Their descendants are known as the senior and junior branches of the family, and since 1841 each has ruled his own portion as a separate state, though the lands belonging to each are so intimately entangled that even in Dewas, the capital town, the two sides of the main street are under different administrations and have different arrangements for water supply and lighting. The senior branch has an area of 446 square miles and a population of 62,312, while the area of the junior branch is 440 square miles, and its population 54,904. Grain, opium, sugarcane and cotton are the chief products. Dewas, the capital, is the residence of both chiefs, and near it, on a conical hill, is a temple. Its population is about 15,100.

on

DEWBERRY, Rubus villosus, or Rubus canadensis, a trailing plant of the natural order Rosacea. Its prickly stems, leaves and fruit. resemble the blackberry. During the last quarter of the 19th century it became popular as a cultivated fruit, principally through the introduction of its variety, the Lucretia, which is superior to the wild forms common as weeds wornout pastures and poor land. The plants, which are propagated by means of stemtips, do best on a rather lighter soil than the blackberry, like which, with the exception of training, it is cultivated and fertilized. They are usually trained to stakes or trellises and not given summer pruning, except in the removal of canes as soon as they are fruited. usual distances for planting are three or four feet by six. The fruits ripen considerably in advance of the blackberries. See BLACKBERRY; RASPBERRY; RUBUS.

The

DEWDNEY, Edgar, Canadian statesman: b. Devonshire, England, 1835. He studied civil engineering, and on removing to Canada was employed to lay out the town of New Westminster. He was elected to the legislature of British Columbia in 1869 and to the Dominion Parliament in 1872. In 1879 he was appointed Indian Commissioner and in 1881 LieutenantGovernor of the Northwest Territory, holding the two offices until 1888, when he became Minister of the Interior. From 1892-97 he was Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia.

D'EWES, düz, SIR Simonds, British chronicler and antiquarian: b. Coxden, Dorsetshire, 18 Dec. 1602; d. 1650. He was educated by private tutors, early embraced Puritan theology from John Dickinson and in 1618 entered Saint John's College, Cambridge. In 1620 he was removed by his father to the Inner Temple and was called to the bar in 1623. He abandoned the law in 1626 and was knighted in the same year. Having married a rich heiress he now had leisure to devote himself to antiquarian studies which he pursued zealously even while serving as member for Sudbury in the Long Parliament. He was expelled in 1648. He collected a great number of manuscripts and made transcripts from monastic and other records; these transcripts now form part of the Harleian collection in the British Museum. D'Ewes's greatest work is his 'Journal of All the Parliaments of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth' (1629; edited and published for the first time by his nephew, Paul Bower, London 1682). It was incorporated by Cobbett in his 'Parliamentary History.' Consult Jessopp in the 'Dictionary of National Biography) (Vol. XIV, London 1888) and Halliwell-Phillips's edition of the Autobiography and Correspondence of Sir Simonds D'Ewes during the Reign of James I and Charles I (London 1845).

DE WET, dā-vět', Christiaan, Boer general: b. Leeuwkop, Orange Free State, 7 Oct. 1854; d. De Wetsdorp, S. A., 3 Feb. 1922. He was bred a farmer, made a small fortune and became, in 1897, a member of the Volksraad. Though practically without military experience, he served ably in the Boer-British War of 1899-1902, attaining the rank of general and outwitting the pursuit of Kitchener and Roberts in the summer of 1900, and of the former in the early part of 1901. His surprise of the British at Sanna's Post was highly praised by military experts. With the other Boer generals he visited England after the conclusion of the war. His 'Three years of War' was published in 1902. In 1907 he became a member of the first Parliament of the Orange River Colony, and Minister of Agriculture. Taking advantage of the Great European War, he led an insurrection in October 1914, which, however, was promptly quelled; on 2 December he surrendered to General Botha, was condemned to six years' imprisonment and fined £2,000, but clemency was exercised and he was released.

DE WETTE, vět'tě, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht, German theologian: b. Ulla, near Weimar, January 1780; d. Basel, Switzerland, 16 June 1849. In 1807 he became professor of theology at Heidelberg, and in 1810 he was called to be the colleague of Schleiermacher at Berlin. In 1822 he accepted the chair of theology_at Basel, where he remained till his death. The

influence of De Wette's views upon the theological tendencies of his time was most important. He was a member of the council of education at the Grand Council of Basel, and in 1849 became rector at that university. He was remarkable for his critical acuteness and for his powers of concise and clear exposition. His works are very numerous. Among them are 'Beiträge zur Einleitung in das Alte Testament (180607); Lehrbuch der historischkritischen Einleitung in die kanonischen und apokryphischen Bücher des Alten Testaments (1817); Einleitung in das Neue Testament' (1826); 'Lehrbuch der hebräisch-jüdischen Archäologie (1814); 'Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Neuen Testament' (1836-48). These works are all more or less of a critical nature; in the following he developed his own theological views: Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmatik' (1813-16); 'Christliche Sittenlehre) (1819); and the didactic novel, Theodor oder des Zweiflers Weihe (Theodore, or the Consecration of the Skeptic, 1822). He translated the entire Bible into German in co-operation with J. C. W. Augusti. He edited the correspondence of Luther (Berlin 1825-28). Consult Cheyne, 'Founders of Old Testament Criticism) (London 1894).

DEWEY, Charles Melville, American painter: b. Lowville, N. Y., 16 July 1849. From his 12th to his 17th year he suffered from hip disease, an experience which tinged his later paintings with a rare poetic melancholy. He studied in the National Academy of Design, New York, 1874-76, and in Paris under CarolusDuran, 1876-77. In 1878 he returned to New York. He has specialized in landscapes, both in oil and water color. He is represented in many public and private collections in the United States. Among his works dealing mostly with morning and evening subjects, are Indian Summer' (1904); A November Evening' (1904); Morning, Bay of Saint Ives' (1905); "The Edge of the Forest,' in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington; The Harvest Moon, and

The Close of Day, in the National Gallery, Washington; "The Gray Robe of Twilight, in the Buffalo Gallery; and Old Friends in the Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia. In 1907 he became a National Academician.

DEWEY, Davis Rich, American political economist and statistician: b. Burlington, Vt., 7 April 1858. He is a brother of John Dewey (q.v.). He was educated at the University of Vermont and at Johns Hopkins University. He is professor of economics and statistics in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, trustee of Massachusetts Agricultural College and managing editor of the American Economic Review. His works are 'Syllabus of Political History since 1815); (Report of Massachusetts Board to Investigate the Subject of the Unemployed) (1895); Report of Commission to Investigate the Public Charitable and Reformatory Interests and Institutions of the Commonwealth' (1897); Financial History of the United States (1902); 'Employees and Wages'

Special Report 12th Census (1903); National Problems (1907); articles in Cyclopedia of American Government,' edited by McLaughlin and Hart (1914).

DEWEY, George, American naval officer: b. Montpelier, Vt., 26 Dec. 1837; d. Washington,

2.