Consult the article, "Edessa in Osroene," by Meyer (in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft,' Stuttgart, 1905).

EDFU, ĕd'foo, Egypt, town situated on the Nile, 54 miles southeast of Thebes. It contains the remains of two temples, the larger of which is the best preserved monument of its kind in Egypt. It was founded by Ptolemy III Philopator more than two centuries before Christ and added to by his successors down to Ptolemy XIII Dionysus, a period of 170 years. The general plan of the temple resembles that of Dendera. Its length is 451 feet, the breadth of its façade is 250 feet. Its entrance is by a gateway 50 feet high, between two immense truncated pylons, 37 feet wide at the base and 115 feet high, the whole surface covered with sculptures and inscriptions in low relief. This splendid façade is visible from a great distance and is one of the most commanding sights in the Nile valley. Passing through this entrance, a court is reached 161 feet long and 140 feet wide, enclosed by a splendid colonnade of 32 columns of every variety of capital, and surrounded by walls between which and the pillars there is a stone roof, forming a covered portico. From this court opens a hypostyle hall of 18 columns, joined by an intercolumnal screen, through which access is obtained to an inner hall of 12 columns, leading to the sanctuary, where a great monolith of gray granite was evidently intended to encage the hawk, the sacred emblem of Hor-Hud, the local Horus, to whom the temple was dedicated.

The sanctuary and surrounding chambers, together with the outer and inner halls, are separated by an open corridor from the outer wall of the temple, and both sides of this passage are covered with elaborate reliefs and numerous inscriptions, which present a sort of encyclopædia of ancient Egyptian geography, ritual and ecclesiastical topography, with calendars of feasts, lists of divinities in the various names and cities, and even a species of church directory, including the names of singers and other temple officials. The smaller temple, erected by Ptolemy Physcon and Lathyrus, consists of only two chambers. Previous to 1860, both court and temple were inlaid with rubbish, fallen stone, etc. Nomad Arabs built lean-to sheds against the walls until Mariette, with the consent of the Khedive had all these disfigurements removed and established a semblance of order. Consult Mariette, Monuments of Upper Egypt' (London 1877); Breasted, 'Ancient Records of Egypt (Chicago 1907). The manufactures of Edfu at present are blue cotton cloths, and earthenware similar to the ancient Egyptian pottery. Pop. 2,500.

EDGAR ("THE PEACEABLE"), one of the most distinguished of the Saxon kings of England, was the son of King Edmund. He succeeded to the throne in 958, and managed the civil and military affairs of his kingdom with great vigor and success. He maintained a body of troops to control the mutinous Northumbrians, and repel the incursions of the Scots, and fitted out a powerful navy to protect his subjects from the Danes. During the reign of Edgar, wolves were nearly extirpated from the southern parts of the island, by exchanging a

tribute from Wales for payment in the heads of these animals. He married Elfri, daughter of the Earl of Devonshire, in 965. It was during his reign that Dunstan (q.v.) was primate of England. He died in 975, and was succeeded by his son, Edward the Martyr.

EDGAR, SIR James David, Canadian statesman and author: b. Hatley, province of Quebec, 10 Aug. 1841; d. 1899. He was admitted to the bar of Ontario 1864. In 1872 he was elected to the Dominion Parliament; served in 1874 on an unsuccessful mission to British Columbia on the dispute between that province and the Dominion as to the terms of construction of the transcontinental railway; and was elected speaker of the Commons in 1896. He was the author of 'The White Stone Canoe' (1887); This Canada of Ours and Other Poems' (1893), etc.

EDGAR ATHELING, Anglo-Saxon prince: b. Hungary about 1057; d. toward the end of the 11th century. He was a grandson of Edmund Ironside, and his life may be epitomized as a series of abortive attempts. Selected by Edward the Confessor as his prospective heir, he was kept out of the throne by William the Conqueror (1066); having twice engaged in the northern revolts against the Normans, he was twice compelled to take refuge in Scotland, with Malcolm Canmore, who married Edgar's sister, Margaret; then, embracing the cause of Robert, Duke of Normandy, against William Rufus, he was driven away (1091) from the duchy to Scotland; then he embarked (1099) in a bootless crusading expedition to the East; and finally was taken prisoner at Tenchebrai (1106) fighting for Duke Robert against his brother Henry I. Almost the only successful achievement of his life seems to have been that of reseating his nephew Edgar on the throne of Scotland (1097), which had been usurped by Donald Bane. His last days were spent in obscurity; the date of his death is not precisely known. Consult Freeman, "History of the Norman Conquest' (Vols. III-V, Oxford 1873).

EDGARTOWN, Mass., town, county-seat and port of entry of Duke's County; situated on the eastern shore of the Island of Martha's Vineyard, 27 miles southeast of New Bedford. At present it is a summer resort, but it was once a whaling station of importance. The town was settled in 1642 and was incorporated in 1671. Its harbor is small but well-sheltered. It contains a Carnegie library. Pop. 1,191. Consult Banks, 'History of Martha's Vineyard' (Boston).

EDGCUMBE, ěj'cům, SIR Edward Robert Pearce, English traveler: b. 13 March 1851. He was educated at Cambridge, was mayor of Dorchester 1891, and sheriff of Cornwall 1896. He has published Zephyrus, or Travels in Brazil and on the river Plata) (1887); 'Bastiat's Popular Fallacies) (4th ed., 1893); (Popular Fallacies Regarding Bimetallism (1896); 'The Parentage and Kinsfolk of Sir Joshua Reynolds' (1901), etc.

EDGE, Walter Evans, American public official: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 20 Nov. 1873. He was educated in the public schools and began life as a printer's "devil" on the Atlantic Review of Atlantic City, N. J. Later he established a national and international advertising agency, acquired the proprietorship of the At

lantic City Daily Press and the Evening Union of that city. He also became identified with banking and other lines of business. In 189799 he was journal clerk of the Senate of New Jersey and from 1901 to 1904 served as secretary of that body. In 1904 he was a Republican presidential elector and in 1908 was alternate delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention at Chicago. In 1909 he became a member of the Assembly of New Jersey and served two terms in the Senate, from 1910 to 1916, becoming Republican leader in 1912 and president of the Senate in 1916. He was chairman of the economy and efficiency commission and a leader in securing passage of the Workmen's Compensation Act and the Central Purchasing Bureau Act. During the Spanish-American War, Mr. Edge served as second lieutenant in the 4th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry and afterwards was made captain National Guard. Mr. Edge was governor of New Jersey 1917-19, when he resigned to enter the United States Senate.

EDGEHILL, ěj'hil, England, an eminence in Warwickshire, 12 miles south of Warwick. On its northern slope was fought the first battle of the civil war, Sunday, 23 Oct. 1624, between the Royalists under Charles I and the forces of the Parliament under the Earl of Essex. It was an indecisive engagement.

EDGEWORTH, ěj'wėrth, Maria, English novelist: b. Hare Hatch, near Reading, Berkshire, 1 Jan. 1767; d. Edgeworthtown, Ireland, 21 May 1849. In 1782 her father, Richard Lovell Edgeworth, succeeded to the family estate of Edgeworthtown, in the county of Longford, Ireland, and thither he proceeded and took up his abode. In 1802 she established her position as an author by her 'Castle Rackrent,' a novel of Irish life, in which the manners and customs of a by-gone generation are most graphically and humorously described. A Treatise on Irish Bulls' appeared in 1803; 'Ennui (1809); The Absentee' (1812); 'Ormond (1817). About 1803-04 she began to write stories with pointed morals, both for children and adults. Among these may be mentioned 'Moral Tales'; 'Popular Tales'; 'Tales of Fashionable Life'; The Parents' Assistant,' a collection of tales for children, and the wellknown series of 'Early Lessons'; 'Harry and Lucy'; 'Frank'; and Rosamond. Belonging to the class of regular novels are 'Belinda' (1804); Leonora (1806); 'Patronage and 'Harrington. Miss Edgeworth's lively style and vivid imagination made her extremely popular in her day. In her pictures of Irish and English life she was the precursor of the genre literature of the succeeding generation. But her strong tendency to moralize has led to her eclipse in popular favor. It is on the excellence of her vivid representation of the life of her generation that her place in literature is justly based. (See CASTLE RACKRENT). Consult Ritchie, Thackeray Anne, Book of Sibyls' (1883); Zimmern, 'Life of Maria Edgeworth' (1883); Howells, W. D., 'Heroines of Fiction' (New York, 1901); Hill, Maria Edgeworth and her Circle (New York 1910).

EDGREN, Anne Charlotte Leffler, än shä-lot'tě lěl-lér ĕd'gren, Swedish novelist and dramatist: b. Stockholm, 1 Oct. 1849; d. Naples, 24 Oct. 1892. A volume of short tales, 'By

Chance, and the dramas, "The Actress'; 'The Curate,' were a great success anonymously; and she then put her own name to three successive volumes of short stories called 'From Life,' followed by 'A Summer Story); (Woman and Erotism and many others. Ideal Women'; 'The Struggle for Happiness'; and 'A Rescuing Angel (the most successful of her plays), are notable among her later dramas. Consult Key, Ellen, 'Life of Edgren (1893).

EDHEM PASHA, pash-a' or päsh'a, Turkish soldier and statesman: b. Chios, 1813, of Greek parentage; d. 1893. He studied in Paris, and on returning to Turkey was attached to the staff of the army with the rank of captain, rapidly attained that of colonel, and was appointed a member of the Council of Mines at the time of its formation. Having been appointed aide-de-camp to the Sultan in 1849, he soon was placed at the head of His Majesty's household troops. In 1856 he resigned the functions which he had fulfilled at the palace, and was appointed a member of the council of the Tanzimat, and afterward Minister of Foreign Affairs, with the rank of muchir. Subsequently he played an important part in the affairs of his country, where he was nominated president of the council of state. He was also for some time Ambassador at Berlin. At the conference of Constantinople (1876-77) he acted as the second Turkish Plenipotentiary, and was appointed to succeed Midhat Pasha as grand vizier, 5 Feb. 1877. From 1879 to 1883 he was Ambassador at Vienna.

EDHEM PASHA, Turkish soldier: b. 1851; d. 1909. In 1877 he held the rank of colonel in the Turkish army and rose rapidly during the war with Russia. He was appointed governorgeneral of the Vilayet of Kossowo, and was later made adjutant-general and field marshal. In the war with Greece (1896-97) he had the chief command of the Turkish army. In three weeks he collected an army of 55,000 men, met and defeated the Greeks at Maluna Pass, invaded Thessaly and occupied Larissa. In this campaign he displayed great skill as a commander and was no less successful in organizing the sanitary and hospital services of his armies.

EDICT, a public proclamation of laws made by a ruler or superior magistrate. In ancient Rome, the higher officers of state, who were elected annually, publicly declared, at their entrance upon office, the principles by which they should conduct their administration. This was done particularly by the ædiles, who superintended buildings and markets, and by the prætors, as supreme judges. These annual proclamations, by which the deficiencies of the general statutes were supplied, and the laws were adapted to the peculiar wants of the period, gradually acquired a certain permanency, as each officer retained, unaltered, most of the regulations of his predecessor (edictum tralatitium); and they became, in fact, the source of that branch of Roman law which, being founded on the official authority of the authors, was called jus honorarium, and was opposed to the strictly formal law, jus civile. However, according to Roman jurists these usually indirect forms of legislation had their object in rendering the civil law more expedient to the public welfare, and always received the seal of the people's approval. Edicts were sometimes made for some

special occasion, in which case they were called edicta repentina. It was against the abuse of this kind of edicts that the Lex Cornelia in 67 B.C. was directed. Those which were applicable in all cases during the tenure of office of the magistrate who issued them were called edicta perpetua. The name of edictum perpetuum was also given to a collection and arrangement of the clauses which the prætors were accustomed to put into their annual edicts, made under the Emperor Hadrian by Salvius Julianus about 131 A.D. What the exact nature of the work thus done by Julianus was is not known, but the edict prepared by him, and sanctioned by Imperial authority, had unquestionably a special force, and it is likely that it restricted in future the right enjoyed by magistrates of issuing edicts, to such cases as were not provided for in the edict of Julianus. Only a few fragments of the ancient Roman edicts have been preserved by Wieling in Fragmenta Edicti Perpetui) (Frankfort 1733). See CIVIL LAW.

EDICT OF NANTES, a decree of Henry IV, king of France, published 13 April 1598, by which he conceded to the Huguenots, or Protestants of that kingdom, toleration for their religious beliefs, teachings and practices; freedom of public worship and liberty to erect churches, except at Paris and the royal residences, and to maintain the four Protestant universities of Saumur, Montauban, Montpellier and Sedan; admission as members to the parliament of Paris and the right to special chambers in the parliaments of Grenoble and Bordeaux; further, the right to hold provincial and national synods. In 1620 the Huguenots in their political congress at La Rochelle confiscated all the property of the Roman Catholic churches and constituted throughout France a military and civil organization for Huguenot ends.

Before the formal revocation of the Edict of Nantes the liberties of the Protestants were largely restricted by partial acts of revocation, which precluded them from office in the government, from membership in trade corporations, etc., and from marriage with Roman Catholics. The dict was formally revoked by a decree of Louis XIV, 18 Oct. 1685. It ordered the churches of the Huguenots to be destroyed, forbade the holding of religious meetings and of synods by Protestants on penalty of confiscation of goods; banished all Protestant ministers; ordered the children of Protestants to be baptized and brought up as Roman Catholics.

EDINBURGH, ed'in-bŭr-ŭ (Edinboro), the metropolis of Scotland and one of the finest cities in the British Isles, is built on ridges and hollows that run east and west. It is picturesquely situated on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, 47 miles east of Glasgow, and 400 north of London. From the Firth the ground slopes somewhat unevenly upward to the top of the Castle Rock, 438 feet above sea level. The Central Ridge, which constituted the site of the old town, is terminated on the west by the Castle Rock, and by Holyrood Palace on the east: Arthur Sea (822 feet high) overlooks the whole of the eastern and southern part of the city, and between it and the Palace are the elevations known as Salisbury Crags. The new town lies between the old town and the sea. The houses, streets, squares and gardens are all handsome, built of

beautifully dressed freestone found in the neighborhood of the city. The principal streets of the new town are Princes -street, George street and Queen street, running parallel with each other.

Geological Formation.- The geological formation upon which Edinburgh is built is of a very interesting character. The rocks which underlie the town belong to the lowest divisions of the carboniferous system, but here and there in the neighborhood, such as in the rocks of the Pentlands, Blackford Hill, and a portion of Arthur Seat, there are several veins of igneous rock. The district has always been an interesting one for the geologist, and several writers of standing have dealt with the subject, among whom may be named-Hutton, Playfair, Forbes, Millar, McLaren and Geikie.

Principal Buildings, Galleries, Museums, etc.-In Princes street there are some notable buildings, and on the Mound connecting it with the old town is the National Gallery, while near at hand to the east is the Scott Monument. The old town has suffered very much at the hands of the improver, but there are still "closes," "lands," and "wynds," which are interesting to the visitor. From the Castle to Holyrood House there is one continuous street, known at different parts as the Lawnmarket, the High street, and Canongate. It is upward of a mile in length, and is frequently termed "The Royal Mile.» Among the notable buildings in and around this "Royal Mile" are the Tolbooth Church, the meeting place of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; the United Free Church Assembly Hall, Saint Giles' Cathedral, Parliament House, the Advocates' Library, the Signet Library, and the municipal buildings. The Tron Church is at the junction of South Bridge with the High street. Continuing down the Canongate on the left is the house of John Knox, the great Reformer, while on the right further down is Moray House, once occupied by the Regent Murray, in the garden of which stood, till quite recently, a tree said to have been planted by Queen Mary. In the garden is still existing a summer-house where it is. averred the Treaty of Union was signed. There are other interesting buildings in the Canongate, such as the Tolbooth and Queensberry House. To the north of the "Royal Mile" there are such buildings as the Bank of Scotland in Bank street, and the Scotsman Buildings in North Bridge. From the head of the Canongate a particularly good view can be had of the Calton Hill, with its Nelson Monument and the never-to-be-finished National Monument. To the south the public buildings in George IV Bridge are the County Buildings, the Sheriff Court-house, and the Public Library (the latter erected in 1887 at a cost of £50,000, given by Andrew Carnegie; total stock now is 165,000 volumes); while in Chambers street there is the Royal Museum of Science and Art, the Heriot Watt College, and the University (q.v.). Near at hand are the Students' Union, M'Ewan Hall, Heriot's Hospital, and the Royal Infirmary, all of which are distinctive buildings. The Castle contains accommodation for 2,000 soldiers, and the Armory has places for 30,000 stands of arms. The regalia of Scotland is kept in an apartment by itself. Another attraction to visitors, besides this, is Queen Mary's