de Pétrarque (1892); Chronologie du Canzonière de Pétrarque) (1898); Le frère de Pétrarque' (1903); La vita nuova de Dante traduite et commentée' (1908); Tableaux flamands (1909); Jubilis d'Italie' (1910); 'Lamartine et la Flandre (1912); 'Ozanam: livre du centenaire' (1913); Descartes' (1913).

COCHIN, kō-chen, India, seaport of Hindustan, in the Malabar district of the Madras presidency, situated on the coast. It is a picturesque place with many quaint old Dutch buildings. Its harbor, though sometimes inaccessible during the southwestern monsoon, is the best on this coast. It is the chief port on the Malabar coast, and ranks third in importance in the Madras presidency. Cochin was one of the first places in India visited by Europeans. It was visited by Cabral in 1500; in 1502 Vasco da Gama established a factory; in 1503 Albuquerque built a fort, and here he died in 1524. In 1530 Saint Francis Xavier visited the seaport, and made many converts. In 1663 the Dutch took the place; in 1795 it fell permanently into British possession. Pop. 20,023.

COCHIN, a variety of the domestic fowl, imported from Cochin-China. It is a large, ungainly bird, valuable chiefly owing to its fecundity, eggs being laid even during the winter. They are brown, black, buff or variegated in color, and except in the black variety have yellow-feathered legs and single erect combs.

COCHIN-CHINA, a country forming part of the peninsula of southeastern Asia, and generally regarded as comprising the whole of Anam and Lower or French Cochin-China. Three of the six provinces into which the latter was divided were acquired at one period, and the remaining three at another period. A persecution of the French Roman Catholic missionaries in Anam furnished the French with an occasion of regaining a footing in the East. An expedition against Cochin-China was decided on in 1857, and Saigon was occupied. The Austro-Italian War deferred further operations till 1861, when the conquest of Metho gave the French possession of the most fertile district of Lower Cochin-China. The war continued till 5 June 1862, when a peace was concluded at Saigon with the king of Anam, which was ratified at Hué 15 April 1863. By this treaty the king agreed to cede to the French the three provinces of Bienhoa, Saigon and Metho, along with the island of Pulo Condore, to tolerate the Roman Catholic religion, to open three of the ports in Tonquin to French ships, and to pay an indemnity of 24,000,000 francs (about $4,800,000). Although the inhabitants were found to be on the whole sufficiently tractable, yet a few revolts took place, whereupon Admiral De la Grandière, on the pretext that all these disturbances had their origin in the provinces of Lower Cochin-China which had remained to Anam, namely, Vinhlong, Chaudoc and Hatien, took possession of these provinces, and declared them French territory, 25 June 1867. The territory thus acquired by France in this peninsula covers 21,980 square miles, and in 1915 had a population of 3,050,785. It is now organized in departments, prefectures, sub-prefectures and cantons. In 1882-83 France asserted a claim to the pro

tection of Tonquin, and indeed the entire Anam territory, and after some fighting this claim was conceded by the king. Tonquin was accordingly taken possession of by France in 1884. Anam (q.v.) forms a protectorate. In 1888 it became part of the governor-generalship of Indo-China, is under the administration of a lieutenant-governor, and is represented by a deputy in the French chamber. Anamese troops served under French leadership in the Allied campaign in the Balkans in 1916.

The northern and eastern parts of French Cochin-China are hilly, but the rest of the territory consists almost entirely of well-watered low alluvial land, and from the deposits brought down by the rivers, of extraordinary fertility. The lowlands, where the waters stagnate, are covered with a rank vegetation from 3 to 10 feet high; contiguous to the flowing streams are extensive rice-grounds. Where the soil is somewhat raised above the water-level it is very fertile, and in some places ranges of low hills follow the line of the rivers. In the more elevated districts are grown tobacco, Among sugarcane, maize, indigo and betel. the other products are tea, gums, cocoanut oil, silk, spices and various farinaceous and aromatic articles. The Anamites raise also great numbers of buffaloes, cattle, hogs and birds, the first being employed in agriculture, and, as well as oxen, for draft purposes; but since the French conquest, oxen are reserved more strictly for food. Industrial arts are as yet limited among the natives. They are skilful in all kinds of basket-work, in which they use the reeds and other similar materials which abound in the low lands; silk and cotton are also wrought. But they excel in the use of wood, of which their temples, pagodas and tombs are built, and ornamented with elaborate carying. They live in villages-numbering nearly 1,000 adjacent to the rivers, which, in the unsuitableness of the country for land traffic, form almost the only means of communication. Their houses are either tiled or thatched with straw, the roofs being supported with wooden pillars; the better class are in two sections, the inner apartments and the outer veranda, which serves for use in the daytime; they are often well furnished, and not devoid of comfort. The only roads at present are those connecting Saigon, the capital (pop. 1915, 100,000, with 11,250 white) with the principal towns. most populous city is Cholon, with 191,655 inhabitants. There are 2,670 miles of telegraph in operation. The climate is humid and warm, and very trying for Europeans. The prevailing religion is Buddhism. There are some 600 schools in the territories. The principal export is rice, of which there is annually exported about 7,000,000 hundredweight, mainly to China; cotton and silk are also exported.

The

COCHIN-CHINA, Upper, or DONGTRONG, a narrow strip of land, consisting of four provinces, on the east coast of Anam, to which empire it belongs, extending from Tonquin on the north to Champa on the south. The most important river is that on which the chief town, P'hu-thua-thien or Hué, stands. In the most fruitful parts of this region aloes wood (of the Aquilaria ovata), corn, sugarcane and cinnamon flourish. From October to January the weather is often very stormy, and

typhoons rage frequently. The climate is healthy and pleasant. Camphor is produced in the district in the utmost perfection.

COCHINEAL, koch'i-nel, one of the scale insects (Coccus cacti), used as a dye. It is a native of Mexico, but has been introduced into Europe, Algiers, and the Canary Islands, where the plantations of cactus were cultivated for their nourishment. It is a small insect with the body wrinkled transversely; its abdomen of a deep mulberry color, and bristly in the posterior part; the legs are short and black. The principal district in which they are now reared is in the province of Oaxaca, those of the district of Mestique being considered the best insects. There are plantations of the nopal (Opuntia ciccinellifera), upon which they feed, the insects being tended with care equal to that ordinarily bestowed upon silkworms. Before the rainy season sets in, branches of the nopal covered with insects are cut off and brought under shelter to protect them from the weather. At the close of the wet season, about the middle of October, the plantations are stocked from these supplies by suspending little nests made or some soft woody fibre, each containing 8 or 10 females, upon the spines of the nopal. The insects, warmed by the sun, soon emerge and lay their eggs, each female producing more than 1,000 young. These spread rapidly over the plants, and as the young females become impregnated they attach themselves to the leaves and swell to great size, presenting the appearance more of vegetable excrescences than of animated creatures. In this condition they are gathered for the cochineal. The males, which are few in number, not more than 1 to 100 or 200 females, are of no value for this purpose. The females are picked off with a blunt knife, the first crop about the middle of December, and subsequently several more of as many successive generations, the last being in May. A laborer can pick off in a day only about enough to make two ounces of cochineal. Those taken off full of young lose about two-thirds of their weight in the process of drying, to which they are subjected as soon as they are killed, which is done either by dipping them in a basket into boiling water, or placing them in a hot oven, or on plates of hot iron. By the first method, usually considered the best, the insects turn to a brownish red color, losing a portion of the white powder with which they were previously loaded between the wrinkles of the body. In the oven they retain this, and their color is then gray. Those killed on hot iron turn black. Such is the origin of the different varieties known in our market as "silver grains and black grains," and the "foxy" of the London market, the last being those killed by boiling water, though others ascribe it to the former being the female before laying her eggs, and the latter after she has parted from them. The quality of the cochineal is the same in both cases. When dried, the cochineal presents the form of grains, convex on one side and concave on the other, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, with the transverse wrinkles still visible. It is stated that it takes about 70,000 insects to weigh a pound. The market value of cochineal has declined so much since the introduction of coal-tar dyes that the cultivation of the insects has been abandoned elsewhere than

in Mexico, and comparatively little of this dye is now produced even there. See SCALE INSECTS. COCHINEAL-FIG, a name given to Nopalea coccinellifera and several other species of cacti, natives of Mexico and the West Indies, the plants on which the cochineal insect lives. See CACTUS; COCHINEAL.

COCHITUATE,

kō-chit'ū-āt,

LAKE, Mass., a narrow body of water, about four miles long, in Middlesex County, 17 miles west of Boston. From this lake for many years Boston has derived its principal water-supply.

COCHLEA, kõk-le'a, an important part of the internal ear, so called from its shape, which resembles that of a snail-shell. See EAR.

COCHLEARIA, kōk-lę-ā'ri-a, a genus of annual maritime herbs of the mustard family (Crucifera). It numbers upward of 25 species, all natives of the colder parts of the north temperate zone, and not familiar generally. About four species are found on the Arctic and northern Pacific coasts of North America. Two very distinct species quite well known are the horse-radish (C. armoracia), escaped from cultivation, and now found wild in the moist ground along streams, and scurvy-grass` (C. officinalis), considered of great value as an antiscorbutic. If eaten fresh, it is a stimulant and diuretic, but is feeble if allowed to dry before being taken.

COCHRAN, kok'ran, John, American soldier and lawyer: b. Palatine, Montgomery County, N. Y., 27 Aug. 1813; d. New York, 7 Feb. 1898. He was graduated at Hamilton College 1831, practised law in Oswego from 1834 to 1845, when he removed to New York, where his talents as lawyer and orator at once brought him into prominence. He was surveyor of the port of New York 1853-57, and a Democratic member of Congress 1857-61, serving as chairman of the Committee on Commerce. During the Civil War he commanded the 1st United States Chasseurs in the Peninsula campaign; was commissioned a brigadier-general 17 July 1862, and commanded a brigade in General Couch's division of the Army of the Potomac; was with the reserve at the battle of Antietam and took an active part in the pursuit of the enemy. He was attorney-general of New York State 1863-65. In 1864 he was nominated on the Fremont ticket for the Vice-Presidency. He was active in securing Greeley's nomination for President in 1872; was president of the New York common council 1872, and acting mayor when Mayor Hall retired during the Tweed ring disclosures; again a member of the council in 1883, and a police justice 1889.

COCHRANE, Frank, Canadian statesman: b. Clarenceville, Quebec province, 18 Nov. 1852, and educated in the academy of his home town. He was for several years mayor of Sudbury, Ontario, in which town he had a hardware business and became interested in mining, lumbering and industrial ventures. He was returned for East Nipissing in the Conservative interest to the provincial legislature of Ontario in 1905, becoming Minister of Lands and Mines in the Whitney Cabinet. At the general election of 1908 he was returned M.P. to the Dominion Parliament, and on the defeat of the Laurier administration in 1911 accepted the portfolio

of Railways and Canals in the Borden gov

ernment.

COCHRANE, Thomas, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British naval officer: b. Annsfield, Scotland, 14 Dec. 1775; d. Kensington, England, 31 Oct. 1860. While still a boy he was enrolled in the navy, and gained the rank of captain. He entered Parliament in 1806. He was noted for his attacks on naval abuses by which he himself profited. In 1814 he was accused of conspiring to circulate a false report of Napoleon's death for speculative ends, and though he protested his innocence he was imprisoned for a year, fined and was expelled from the navy and the House of Commons. In 1818 he accepted an invitation to organize the navy of Chile and performed many brave exploits during the contest with Spain. He left the service of the Chileans and was commander of the Brazilian navy from 1823 to 1825, when he resigned; because accused of insubordination. In 1827 and 1828 he commanded the Greek army. In 1832 he was cleared of the charges brought against him in 1814, and restored to the Order of the Bath and to the English navy. He was appointed vice-admiral in 1841; admiral in 1851, and rear-admiral of the United Kingdom in 1854. He was of an inventive turn also, and took out patents for lamps to burn oil of tar, for the propulsion of ships at sea, for facilitating excavations, mining, sinking; and as early as 1843 was an advocate of steam and screw propellors in warships. He was exceedingly daring, but his irascible temper and hastiness caused him unnecessary misfortunes. His son published a 'Life' based on his 'Autobiography of a Seaman' (1860-61).

COCHRANE, Canada, town in the Timiskaming district of Ontario, 500 miles north of Toronto, on the Transcontinental and the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario railways. It has a custom-house and is the trading centre for northern Ontario and northern Quebec and is an outfitting point for miners, trappers and hunters. There are repair shops of both railways here, and the town has electric lighting and power, water and sewerage systems. Pop. 1,715.

COCK. See POULTRY.

COCK LANE GHOST, a famous hoax by which many people of London were deceived in 1762, arising from certain knockings heard_in the house of a Mr. Parsons, in Cock lane. Dr. Johnson was among those who believed in the supernatural character of the manifestations; but it was found out that the knockings were produced by a girl employed by Parsons, for the purpose of haunting Mr. Kent, a former resident whose wife had died. Her ghost was supposed to accuse him of murder. Consult Lang, 'Cock Lane and Common Sense' (London 1894).

COCK OF THE ROCK (Rupicola crocea), a South American bird of a rich orange color, with a beautiful crest, belonging to the family Cotingida. The name, or its French equivalent, is also applied to several related species.

COCKADE (Fr. cocarde), a plume of cock's feathers, with which the Croats in the service of the French in the 17th century adorned their caps. A bow of colored ribbons was adopted for the cockade in France, which

soon became a national emblem and party insignia. During the French Revolution the tricolored cockade red, white and blue-became the national distinction. National cockades are now to be found over all Europe. In Germany cockades of black, red and gold, after being forbidden in 1832, were again allowed in 1848, and even introduced into the army. Since 1850, however, they have again ceased to be publicly worn. In Italy the former emblem of the party of progress, the green, red and white cockade, was recognized by the government of Piedmont in 1848, and since the formation of the kingdom of Italy it has formed the national cockade. Consult Carter, 'Cockades: Their History and Significance) (Genealogical Magazine, Vol. III, London 1899); Racinet, 'Le costume historique (Paris 1888).

COCKAIGNE, kok-an', Land of, an imaginary land of idleness and plenty, in which the houses were roofed with cake, the rivers ran wine and roasted fowl offered themselves to be eaten. The term was applied in derision to both London and Paris. The corresponding term in English is "lubberland," and in German "Schlaraffenland." The Land of Cockaigne' was the title of a satirical poem written not later than 1300.

COCKATOO, an English rendering of a Malayan name for certain species of birds of the parrot family (Psittacida). They are comprised in Cacatua, and five other genera forming a sub-family, which, besides having some peculiarities of internal anatomy, is distinguished from true parrots by the greater height of the bill, and its being curved from the base, and by the lengthened, broad and rounded tail. The head is also large, and in the true cockatoos is surmounted by a crest of long and pointed pink or yellow feathers, with their tips directed forward, which can be erected and expanded like a fan, or depressed, at the pleasure of the bird. They live on fruits and seeds, insects, larvæ, etc. The true cockatoos are also all of generally whitish plumage, but often finely tinged with red, orange and other colors, or mixed with these colors in more brilliant displays. The cockatoos are confined to the Australian region and the neighboring Malayan Islands, with the exception of a single Philippine species. The sulphur crested cockatoos (Cacatua sulphurea and galerita) are wellknown cage birds which may be taught a few words, but their vocal efforts are chiefly limited to the harsh cry "cockatoo." Several allied genera are also given this name, as Calyptorhyncus and Microglossus, both of which are dark.

COCKATRICE, a fabulous serpent or serpent-like monster anciently believed to be hatched from a cock's egg. It is often simply another name for the basilisk (q.v.).

COCKBURN, kō'bern, SIR Alexander James Edmund, English jurist: b. 24 Dec. 1802; d. 20 Nov. 1880. He studied at Cambridge; was called to the bar in 1829, and soon became distinguished as a pleader before parliamentary committees. In 1847 he became member of Parliament for Southampton in the Liberal interest; became solicitor-general and was knighted in 1850 and attorney-general, 185156. He was made chief justice of the common pleas in 1856; and lord chief justice in 1859.