(1802). Consult the 'Life' by Etheridge (London 1858).

CLARKE, Alexander Ross, English astronomer: b. 1828; d. 1914. He entered the Royal Engineers in 1847, was transferred to the Ordnance Survey in 1850 and retired as lieutenant-colonel in 1881. He was a delegate to the International Geodetic Congress in Rome in 1883 and in 1887 was awarded the Royal medal of the Royal Society. He published the results of two investigations on the figure of the earth and Comparisons of the Standards of Length of England, France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia) (1866); 'Determination of the Position of Feaghmain and Haverfordwest' (1867); Comparisons of Standards and Lengths of Cubits' (1873); 'Geodesy' (1880).

CLARKE, SIR Caspar Purdon, British art connoisseur: b. County Dublin, Ireland, 1846; d. 1911. He entered the Art Training School at South Kensington in 1862, assisted in the construction of the Houses of Parliament and the South Kensington Museum in 1865-67 and in 1879 was architect to the English legation in Persia. In the following year he was commissioned to reorganize the Eastern collections at the South Kensington Museum. In 1896 he became director of the Museum and was knighted in 1902. In 1905 he became director of the Metropolitan Museum, New York, from which ill health compelled his retirement in 1910. He effected much reorganization in the Museum and during his régime many acquisitions were made.

CLARKE, Charles Cowden, English writer: b. Enfield, Middlesex, 15 Dec. 1787; d. Genoa, Italy, 13 March 1877. His father kept a small school and had John Keats as one of his pupils; but in 1810 gave it up and removed to Ramsgate. The son frequently went up to London, where he came into contact with Leigh Hunt, Shelley, Hazlitt, the Lambs and Vincent Novello, and in 1828 he married Mary, the eldest daughter of Novello. He engaged for some time in business as a bookseller and a music publisher and from 1834 till 1856 lectured throughout the country, mainly on poets and poetry. His publications include his Hundred Wonders' (1814); Adam the Gardener' (1834); Shakespeare Characters,' chiefly those subordinate (1863); and Molière Characters' (1865), the two last being collections of some of his lectures. He is best known, however, by the edition of Shakespeare which he annotated in conjunction with his wife and by the (Shakespeare Key' (1879). His wife has written his biography (London 1887).

CLARKE, Edith Emily, American_librarian: b. Syracuse, N. Y., 5 Nov. 1859. She was graduated at Syracuse University in 1881, and after teaching school some years took up library work. Having served as head cataloguer at Columbia University Library and at the Newberry Library in Chicago, she became chief cataloguer of public documents for the national government in 1895 and librarian of the University of Vermont in 1898. Leaving there in 1909 for travel and study, she has since lectured and written on library matters, making United States government publications specialty. She has published 'Guide to the Use of United States Publications' (1916).

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CLARKE, Edward Daniel, English traveler, antiquary and mineralogist: b. Willingdon, Sussex, 1769; d. London, 9 March 1822. In 1799 he started on an extensive and laborious tour through Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Russia, Tartary, Circassia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece and Turkey, returning in 1802 through Germany and France. On his return he obtained from Cambridge University the honorary degree of LL.D., in consideration of the services rendered to its public libraries and institutions by his liberal contributions, among which the greatest, perhaps, in value is the celebrated manuscript of Plato's works, with nearly 100 others and a colossal statue from Eleusis, believed by him to be that of Demeter (Ceres). To him also the British nation is indebted for the acquisition of the famous sarcophagus of Alexander the Great, which he discovered in the possession of the French troops in Egypt and which was by his means surrendered to the British army. In 1807 he commenced a course of lectures on mineralogy at Cambridge, and in 1808 a professorship of mineralogy was instituted there in his behalf. He himself had made a splendid collection of mineralogical specimens, which was purchased after his death by Cambridge University. In 1805 he became vicar of Harlton and in 1809 rector of Yeldham, Essex. In 1817 he was appointed librarian of Cambridge University. A complete edition of his travels appeared in 6 volumes (1810-23) and another in 11 volumes (1816-24), under the title of Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa.' His 'Travels,' which are the most popular of his works, are attractive from the enthusiasm of the writer and his prolific imagination.

CLARKE, SIR Edward George, English lawyer and politician; b. London, 15 Feb. 1841. He was admitted a barrister of Lincoln Inn in 1864 and was solicitor-general 1886-92. He sat in the House of Commons for Southwark in 1880, for Plymouth 1880-1900 and for the city of London, 1906. He held a leading place at the bar and in Parliament, but disagreement with the Unionist party on the South African War and on the question of tariff reform led him on two occasions to resign his seat in the House of Commons. He retired from the bar in 1914. He has published a Treatise on the Law of Extradition' (1886), three volumes of speeches and addresses and contributions to biblical literature.

CLARKE, Elijah, American soldier of the Revolution: b. North Carolina; d. Wilkes County, Ga., 15 Dec. 1799. He removed to Georgia in 1774, became a captain in 1776 and distinguished himself in engagements both with Indians and British on the frontiers of Georgia; was appointed a colonel of militia, engaged in the battles of Musgrove's Mill and Blackstocks, afterward promoted brigadier-general and contributed to the capture of Augusta in June 1781. At the battle of Long Cave he was severely wounded and on his recovery joined the command of General Pickens. He afterward fought many battles and made several treaties with the Creek Indians. He was accused in 1794 of a design to establish an independent government in the Creek nation, where he had settled in violation of law, and was suspected

of accepting a commission and receiving emoluments from the French government.

CLARKE, Frank Wigglesworth, American chemist: b. Boston, Mass., 19 March 1847. He was graduated from the Scientific School of Harvard University in 1867, was instructor at Cornell 1869, professor in Howard University 1873-74 and professor of chemistry and physics, University of Cincinnati, 1874-83. He has been chief chemist of United States Geological Survey and honorary curator of minerals, United States National Museum, since 1883. He is a member of many American and foreign scientific societies and was a member of the International Jury of Awards at the Paris Exposition of 1900 and received from the French government the decoration of the Legion of Honor; past president of the American Chemical Society and Washington Academy of Science, member of National Academy. He has published Weights, Measures and Money of All Nations'; Elements of Chemistry'; 'A Report on the Teaching of Chemistry and Physics in the United States,' the Smithsonian 'Constants of Nature, The Dicta of Geochemistry and various official bulletins. He is also author of more than 100 scientific essays and memoirs published in magazines and scientific journals. His most important contributions to science have been his 'Recalculation of Atomic Weights' (3d ed., 1910), his investigations upon the constitution of the natural silicates and his Treatise on the Dicta of Geochemistry.' He is joint author with L. M. Dennis of two recent works, Elementary Chemistry' and 'A Laboratory Manual.'

CLARKE, George Johnson, New Brunswick statesman: b. Saint Andrews, New Brunswick, 1 Oct. 1857. He was educated there and at Fredericton, was admitted to the bar of New Brunswick in 1886 and practised law in Saint Stephen. He was elected in 1903 as member for Charlotte County in the Conservative interest to the provincial legislature; was speaker of the assembly in 1909; attorney-general of the province January 1914, and became Premier and Minister of Lands and Mines in December of the same year.

CLARKE, Helen Archibald, American writer: b. Philadelphia. She was educated under governesses, at private schools, and by tutors in languages and is a graduate of the musical department of the University of Pennsylvania. She is editor (with Charlotte Porter) of Poet Lore, a journal devoted to the study of literature and literary criticism; also review writer for the Dial, and a contributor to various magazines. She is one of the founders of the American Drama Society, in which she is chairman of the Play Reading section; of the American Music Society of which she is president. She lectures on Browning and on modern drama; is honorary member of the Boston and New York Browning Societies. She is editor (with Charlotte Porter) of 'Poems of Robert Browning (2 vols., 1896); The Ring and the Book (1897); Clever Tales' (1897); 'Mrs. Browning's Complete Works' (6 vols., 1900); The Pembroke Edition of Shakespeare' (12 vols., 1903); 'Poets' Parleys' (1903); and is author of 'Browning's England'; 'Browning's Italy; 'Longfellow's Country); Guide to Mythology'; Ancient Myths in Modern

Poets'; 'Hawthorne's Country) (1910); The Poets' New England'; 'Dramatic Scenes and Pictures from the Ancient Epics'; 'Starrylocks in Butterfly-Land,' performed in Boston 1912; Browning and His Century); 'Gethsemane, a symbolic poem set to music by Gustav Strube; and, with Charlotte Porter, 'Browning Study Programmes (1900); Shakespeare Studies (1902); 'Balaustion's Euripides, performed in Boston 1915; 'Hermes at School.'

CLARKE, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Comte D'Hunebourg and Duc de Feltre, French military officer: b. Landrecies 1765; d. 1818. He was educated at the Ecole Militaire, Paris, joined the cavalry and was made brigadier-general for his services at Landau. He lost his command in 1793, but was reinstated two years later and made a general of division. Carnot appointed him chief of the topographical bureau at the Ministry of War. The Directory sent him to Italy to observe Napoleon there but Clarke fell in with that commander's aims and later became his private secretary. He was governor of Vienna in 1805, of Berlin in 1806 and from 1807 to 1813 was Minister of War He declared himself a Royalist after the fall of Bonaparte, was with Louis XVIII at Ghent during the Hundred Days, and was again Minister of War in 1815-17.

CLARKE, Jacob Augustus Lockhart, English physician: b. London 1817; d. 1880. He was educated in France and studied medicine at Guy's and Saint Thomas' hospitals, London. He engaged in private practice and in original research in microscopic anatomy and pathology. A group of cells in the spinal column is known as "the posterior vesicular column of Clarke." A list of his special papers on professional topics is contained in 'Catalogue of the Library of the Medico-Chirurgical Society' (1879).

CLARKE, James Freeman, American Unitarian clergyman and author: b. Hanover, N. H., 4 April 1810; d. Boston, Mass., 8 June 1888. His first pastorate was at Louisville, Ky., 1833-40. He then settled in Boston in 1841; and was pastor of the Church of the Disciples which was organized especially for him, and of which he had charge till his death. He was a clear thinker and a leader in all reform and educational movements. From 1867-71 he was professor of natural religion and Christian doctrine in Harvard University. Together with Emerson and William H. Channing, he prepared the 'Memoirs of Margaret Fuller d'Ossoli. His chief work was 'Ten Great Religions.> Among others were (Service Hymn-book and Hymn-book of the Church of the Disciples'; 'Christian Doctrine of Prayer, 1854, new edition 1874; The Hour Which Cometh'; 'Orthodoxy: Its Truths and Errors; Steps of Belief'; 'Events and Epochs in Religious History); The Ideas of the Apostle Paul'; Self-Culture'; 'Anti-Slavery Days'; 'Every-Day Religion'; and Vexed Questions'; 'Theodore (1841), a translation from the German of De Wette; Campaign of 1812) (1848); Eleven Weeks in Europe.' Consult Hale, E. E., edition of Clarke's 'Autobiography, Diary and Correspondence' (Boston 1891).

CLARKE, James P., American public official and legislator: b. Yazoo City, Miss., 18

Aug. 1854; d. Little Rock, Ark., 8 Oct. 1916. He attended the common schools of Yazoo City and later obtained a finished education by saving his earnings as a printer on the Yazoo Herald. He studied law at the University of Virginia and was graduated in 1878. In 1879 he began practising law at Helena, Ark. He entered the political field in 1886, when he was elected to the house of representatives of Arkansas. He was elected to the State senate in 1888, becoming president of that body in 1891 and ex-officio lieutenant-governor. He was elected governor of Arkansas in 1894 and at the close of his term of office moved to Little Rock, where he resumed his law practice. He took his seat in the United States Senate on 9 March 1903, succeeding James K. Jones, and was re-elected in 1909 and 1915. He was a member of the Democratic National Committee. Senator Clarke has been president pro tempore of the Senate since the Democratic party gained control in 1913. He was chosen by the party caucus to succeed the late Senator Frye, of Maine, after a spirited contest and was elected to the place in the Sixty-fourth Congress despite determined opposition based upon his sensational revolt against the administration Ship Purchase Bill in the previous Congress. the closing days of the 1916 session he presided over the Senate owing to the absence of Vice-President Marshall. The railroad Eight Hour Bill was passed with Senator Clarke in the chair, but he was one of the two Democratic senators to vote against the measure, and he refused to sign it. He was many times the leader in opposition to measures proposed by his party. The climax to his independence was reached when he led the Democratic revolt against the Ship Purchase Bill, which gave new life to the Republican filibuster against the measure and made its passage impossible. When the bill was reintroduced in the 1916 session, however, with the government ownership and operation features to which Senator Clarke objected, revised and modified, he supported it. He proposed the amendment to the Philippine Bill of 1916 which would give absolute independence to the islands in four years.

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CLARKE, John, American clergyman: b. Suffolk, England, 8 Oct. 1609; d. Newport, R. I., 26 April 1676. He was a physician in London, and came to Massachusetts soon after its first settlement; but being one of the friends of Anne Hutchinson, was obliged to flee with her and her associates from that colony. Proceeding to the south, they were welcomed by Roger Williams to his vicinity, formed themselves into an organization, and obtained from the Indians a district to which they gave the name of the Isle of Rhodes or Rhode Island. The settlement commenced in 1638, at Pocasset, and Clarke began to employ himself as preacher. In 1644 he founded at Newport the second Baptist church in America, and became its pastor. Venturing a few years later to preach in the vicinity of Boston, he was arrested by an officer of the government, was called first before a parish meeting and then before the court, and was condemned for what were adjudged false teachings, to pay a fine of 20 pounds or be publicly whipped. In 1651 he was sent to England in company with Roger

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Williams as an agent of the colony of Rhode Island, and published there a book entitled 'Ill News from New England, or a Narrative of New England's Persecution.' He succeeded in obtaining a revocation of Mr. Coddington's commission as governor, and remained in England after the return of Williams, till at the end of a 12 years' mission he had procured a second charter for the colony, which secured to every person at all times his own judgment and conscience in matters of religious concernment. Bancroft alludes to him in his history as "the modest and virtuous Clarke, the persevering and disinterested envoy." Upon his return in 1663 he resumed the pastorate of his church at Newport, which he retained till his death. He served in the general assembly from 1664 to 1669, became deputy governor in 1669 and 1671, and afterward codified the Rhode Island laws. his will he left his farm for charitable purposes, the income of it only to be expended; and it has since produced annually about $200. Consult Richman, 'Rhode Island' (New York, 2 vols., 1902).

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CLARKE, John Hessin, American jurist: b. Lisbon, Ohio, 18 Sept. 1857. He was graduated at Western Reserve University in 1877, and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1878. He practised law in the courts of Ohio from 1878 to 1914, when he was appointed United States district judge at Cleveland by President Wilson. He has been conspicuous in progresssive movements in Ohio and in the nation at large, and has taken an especial interest in the naturalization and Americanization of foreigners. In July 1916 he was nominated by President Wilson as an associat justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to succeed Charles Evans Hughes, the Republican nominee for the Presidency.

CLARKE, John Mason, American geologist: b. Canandaigua, N. Y., 15 April 1857. He studied at Amherst and the University of Göttingen, and in 1881-84 was professor of geology and mineralogy at Smith College. In 1885 and 1886 he was lecturer on geology at the Massachusetts State College of Agriculture at Amherst. In 1894 he was appointed professor of geology in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, and in 1898 State palæontologist of New York, becoming State geologist and director of the Museum in 1904. He has written New Devonian Crustacea) (1882); 'Cirriped Crustacea from the Devonian' (1883); 'Ueber deutsche oberdevonische Crustaceen' (1884); On Devonian Spores' (1885); 'On the Higher Devonian Faunas of Ontario County, New York' (1886); 'Early Devonic History of New York and Eastern North America' (1908); The Eurypterida of New York,' with Ruedemann (1912); The Heart of Gaspé: Sketches in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (1913), and about 200 scientific memoirs, papers and addresses.

CLARKE, McDonald, American poet: b. Bath, Me., 18 June 1798; d. New York, 5 March 1842. He was an eccentric character, familiarly known as "the mad poet"; and was the subject of an amusing poem by Halleck, called The Discarded.' The subjects of Clarke's verses were usually the belles of the city and topics of the day. His works include 'Poetic Sketches' (1826); and 'The Belles of

Broadway' (1833); A Review of the Eve of Eternity) (1820); The Elixir of Moonshine by the Mad Poet' (1822); 'Death in Disguise' (1833); A Cross and a Coronet' (1841). One of his best known conceits was 'Now Twilight Lets Her Curtain Down and Pins it With a Star.'

CLARKE, Mary Victoria Novello Cowden, English story-writer, essayist and Shakespearean scholar: b. London, 22 June 1809; d. Genoa, Italy, 12 Jan. 1898. She married in 1828 Charles Cowden-Clarke, with whom she wrote the Shakespeare Key) and edited an edition of Shakespeare's plays. Her best known work is her Concordance to Shakespeare,' published in 1844-45, which cost 16 years' labor. Other works from her pen are "The Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines' (1850); Worldnoted Women' (1858); Trust and Remittance' (1873); A Rambling Story) (1874); and an interesting autobiography, My Own Life' (1896).

CLARKE, Samuel, English theological and philosophical writer: b. Norwich, 11 Oct. 1675; d. London, 17 May 1729. He became chaplain to Dr. Moore, bishop of Norwich, and between 1699 and 1701 published 'Essays on Baptism, Confirmation and Repentance,' replied to Toland's Amyntor,' and issued a paraphrase of the Gospels. He was then presented with two livings, and in 1704 and 1705 delivered the Boyle lectures at Oxford on The Being and Attributes of God,' and on The Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion. In 1706 he published Immortality of the Soul,' and a Latin version of Newton's Optics.' He was then appointed rector of Saint Benet's, London, and shortly afterward rector of Saint James' and chaplain to Queen Anne. In 1712 he edited Cæsar's Commentaries, and published his 'Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity, which became a subject-of much controversy and of complaint in the Lower House of Convocation. His later productions were his discussions with Leibnitz and Collins on the 'Freedom of the Will, and his Latin version of part of the Iliad. His collected works were published in 1738.

CLARKE, Samuel Fessenden, American naturalist: b. Geneva, Ill., 4 June 1851. He was graduated at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale in 1878 and took the degree of Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins in 1879. In 1879-81 he was fellow in biology at Johns Hopkins and since 1881 has been professor of natural history at Williams College. He is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of many other learned bodies and has written much on hydroids.

CLARKE, Thomas Shields, American sculptor and painter: b. Pittsburgh, 25 April 1860. He was graduated at Princeton in 1882, studied painting and sculpture at the Ecole des Beaux-arts, Paris, and in Rome and Florence. He exhibited works and won many medals at London, Madrid, Paris, Berlin, Chicago, San Francisco and Atlanta. He has executed many large works in bronze and marble for New York, Chicago and other large cities. His noteworthy works are the "Cider Press" fountain in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco; 'Four Seasons on the Appellate Court building, New

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York, and Alma Mater' at Princeton University.

CLARKE, William Eagle, English naturalist: b. Leeds 1853. He was educated at Yorkshire College. He was made curator of the Leeds Museum in 1884 and in 1888 became assistant in the Edinburgh Museum. In 1906 he was appointed keeper of the natural history department of the Royal Scottish Museum, at Edinburgh. He also served as acting editor of the Annals of Scottish Natural History' and the Naturalist and was joint editor of the Scottish Naturalist. He published 'Handbook of Yorkshire Vertebrata) (1881) and (Studies in Bird Migration' (1912).

CLARKE, William Horatio, American organist: b. West Newton, Mass., 1840; d. 1913. He filled positions as organist in Dedham, Boston and Woburn; was for some years superintendent of schools at Dayton, Ohio; was organist of Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., 1878-87, where he retired to Reading, Mass., where he built the fine four-manual organ in Clarigold Hall. He published 'New Method for Reed Organs) (1869), and Outline of the Structure of the Pipe Organ' (1877); (Short Service Preludes' (1903); Valuable Organ Information' (1904); Artistic Information for Reed Organs (1905); 'How to Use Organ Stops and Pedals' (1908); Standard Organ Building (1909).

CLARKE, William Newton, American Baptist clergyman: b. Cazenovia, N. Y., 2 Dec. 1841; d. 15 Jan. 1912. He was graduated at Colgate University 1861 and at Hamilton Theological Seminary 1863. He filled pastorates at Keene, N. H., Newton Centre, Mass., Montreal, and Hamilton, N. Y., 1863-90, and was a professor in Toronto Baptist College 1883-87. From 1890 to 1908 he was professor of Christian theology and from 1908 to his death professor of ethics, at Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. He wrote 'Commentary on Mark' (1881); 'Outline of Theology) (1897); 'What Shall We Think of Christianity? (1899); 'A Study of Christian Missions' (1900); The Use of the Scriptures in Theology) (1905); The Christian Doctrine of God' (1909); and 'Sixty Years with the Bible' (1909).

CLARKE, William Robinson, Canadian clergyman: b. Inverurie, Scotland, 1829; d. 1912. He was educated at Aberdeen and at Oxford. He became prebendary of Wells in 1870, came to Canada in 1882 and in the same year was appointed professor of mental and moral philosophy in Trinity University. He retired in 1908. He became widely known in America as preacher, writer and lecturer. He attended several Anglican synods and in 1891 became a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and in 1900 was its president. For a time he Iwas editor of the Canadian Churchman. His publications include The Redeemer' (1863); The Comforter) (1864); The Four Temperaments (1864); Witnesses to Christ' (1888); Savonarola' (1892); The Anglican Reformation (1896); The Paraclete' (1900); 'Pascal and the Port Royalists' (1902). He translated Hagenbach's Christian Doctrine' and Hefele's History of the Councils.'

CLARKSBURG, W. Va., county-seat of Harrison County, situated in the north central part of the State, on the West Fork River, a

branch of the Monongahela, and on the Parkersburg branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 22 miles west of Grafton. The Short Line, the Monongahela and the West Virginia and Pittsburgh divisions of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad also enter the city. The city lies in a section abounding in natural resources, natural gas, coal and oil being plentiful; and the farm, grazing and timber lands very valuable. Clarksburg is called the "Fuel City of the Fuel State." The manufactures are many and varied, there being glass, art pottery, chair and cigar factories, chemical and carbon works, wood-working plants, machine shops, foundries, bottling works, a brewery and a grain elevator with a capacity of 80,000 bushels. There are five newspapers, daily and weekly combined. There are five banks in the city with a combined capital of $675,000, and doing an annual business of $90,000,000. Among the notable public institutions are the City, the Kes1er and the Harrison County hospitals. There is an excellent free school system with a public high school, supplemented by Broaddus Classical and Scientific Institute, Saint Joseph's Academy and Elliot Commercial College. The city has nine church edifices. The city was first settled in 1772, became a borough in 1785 and was incorporated as a city in 1899. The city is proud of having been the birthplace of the famous "Stonewall" Jackson. Its municipal affairs are administered by a mayor, recorder, elected annually, chief of police and a council of 10 members, one-half of whom are elected each year. Pop. 9,201.

CLARKSDALE, Miss., city and countyseat of Coahoma County, 75 miles south of Memphis, Tenn., on the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad. There is a large trade in lumber and in agricultural products. The city contains an Elks' Home and a Carnegie library. The waterworks and electric-lighting plants are municipally owned. Clarksdale has adopted the commission form of government. Pop. 4,079.

CLARKSON, Matthew, American soldier and philanthropist: b. New York, 17 Oct. 1758; d. there, 25 April 1825. Both his father and grandfather were prominent colonial officials. He was with the Northern army in 1777; was wounded at Fort Edward; at Saratoga acted as aide-de-camp to Gen. Benedict Arnold, and was present at Burgoyne's surrender. He also took part in the campaigns in the Carolinas 1781, and was aide to Gen. Benjamin Lincoln at Yorktown. He was brevetted a lieutenantcolonel, and for 14 years was major-general of the New York militia; was a member of the State legislature; president of the Bank of New York; governor of the New York Hospital for 30 years; and was an active worker in prison and public school reform. Consult "The Clarksons of New York' (New York 1875–76).

CLARKSON, Ralph Elmer, American artist: b. Amesbury, Mass., 3 Aug. 1861. He was educated at the Amesbury High School, studied art at the Boston Art Museum until 1884 and at the Julien Academy under Lefebvre and Boulanger in 1884-87. He exhibited at the Salon of 1887, and returned soon after to New York where he painted portraits. In 1892 he again went abroad, spending part of the time in Italy. He returned to America in 1895 and settled in Chicago. He is president of the Chicago

municipal art commission and was member of the American art jury at the Paris Exposition of 1900, member of the art jury and international jury of award at the Saint Louis Exposition of 1904. He is one of the founders of the Friends of American Art and is a member of several art societies. Perhaps his best works are Studio Corner) and Twilight Harmony.'

CLARKSON, Thomas, English philanthropist and emancipationist: b. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire, 28 March 1760; d. Playford Hall, near Ipswich, 26 Sept. 1846. He was originally intended for the Church, and studied at Saint John's College, Cambridge. He early formed a connection with a Quaker association for the suppression of negro slavery, and was introduced to Mr. Wilberforce and other distinguished opponents of slavery. While the latter advocated the cause of abolition in Parliament, Mr. Clarkson was indefatigable in obtaining information and evidence on the subject, in attending meetings in different parts of the country, and generally conducting the agitation throughout England for the suppression of the slave traffic. In 1788 a committee of the privy council made an inquiry into the state of the African trade, and in that year a bill mitigating some of the worst cruelties of the traffic was passed. In 1791 a motion by Wilberforce in favor of putting an end to the traffic was lost by 163 to 88; but his labors, and those of his party, were at last successful in England, the slave-trade being abolished by a bill passed 25 March 1807. This point gained, their next effort was to procure the total abolition of slavery in the British colonies, and in this also, after a long struggle, they succeeded, by the passing of the emancipation act in 1833. Clarkson published the 'Memoirs of William Penn' (1813), and numerous works and pamphlets in opposition to the slave trade.

CLARKSVILLE, Tenn., county-seat of Montgomery County, situated on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad near the junction of the Red and Cumberland rivers. It is the trade centre of a large tobacco-growing district, and has a number of tobacco factories, being one of the 10 leading cities of the United States in the manufacture of snuff. It also manufactures

lumber, flour and agricultural implements. Valuable iron ore deposits have been discovered in the vicinity. It is the seat of the Southwestern Presbyterian University, and of a Methodist school for girls. Pop. 8,548.

CLARKSVILLE, Tex., the county-seat of Red River County, on the Texas and Pacific Railroad, about 15 miles south of the Red River, and 100 miles northwest from Dallas. It is the centre of a fertile cotton country, and its industries are such as are related to the raising and marketing of this staple, with some traffic in grain, hides and live stock. Pop. 2,065.

CLASS, CLASSIFYING, CLASSIFICATION. When the domain of a science comprehends a very great number of objects which it is necessary to describe, or whose analogies and differences require to be assigned, it is always useful, and sometimes indispensable, to make a methodical distribution of these objects, to group those which present the greatest number of common characters, to form with these groups new assemblages, continuing the process till a limit is reached where this mode