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ris's Opinion of his Position-Washington's dubious and
anxious Views-Presented by Lafayette with the Key
of the Bastille-Visits Rhode Island and Mount Ver-
non,
CHAP. XL Frontier Difficulties with the Indians-Gen-
eral Harmer's Expedition against them-Ambuscade of
Col. Hardin's Detachment-Escape of Capt. Armstrong
-A second Detachment of Col. Hardin compelled to re-
treat-Washington's long Anxiety as to the Result of
the Enterprise-Final Tidings,
CHAP. XII Congress reassembles at Philadelphia-Resi-
dence of Washington at the new Seat of Government-
The State Carriage Hamilton's Financial Arrangements
-Impost and Excise Bill-Passage of a Bill for a Na-
tional Bank-Jefferson's Objections-Formation of two
Political Parties under Hamilton and Jefferson-Their
different Views-Dissatisfaction of Congress at the Re-
port of Harmer's Expedition-Washington's Address to
the Seneca Chiefs-His Desire to civilize the Savages-
Kentucky and Vermont admitted into the Union-First
Congress expires-A new Expedition projected against
the Hostile Tribes under General St. Clair-Washing-
ton's Solemn Warning on taking Leave of him,
CHAP. XIII. Washington's Tour through the Southern
States Letter to Lafayette-Gloomy Picture of French
Affairs by Gouverneur Morris-His Allusion to Lafayette
-Lafayette depicts the Troubles of a Patriot Leader-
Washington's Reply-Jefferson's ardent Views of the
French Revolution-Distrust of John Adams-His Con-
tributions to Fenno's Gazette-Reprint of Paine's Rights
of Man-Flight and Recapture of Louis XVI.-Jefferson
communicates the News to Washington-His Satisfac-
tion when the King accepts the Constitution,
CHAP. XIV. Rural Hours at Mount Vernon-Assem.
bling of Second Congress - Washington's opening
Speech-Two Expeditions organized against the Indians,
under Scott and Wilkinson-Their feeble Result-Third
Expedition under St. Clair-His disastrous Contest and
dismal Retreat-How Washington received the Intelli-
gence,

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CHAP. XIX. Washington's Entrance upon his Second
Term-Gloomy Auspices-Execution of Louis XVI,-
France declares War against England-Belligerent Ex-
citement in America-Proclamation of Neutrality-
French Mission to the United States-Genet arrives
in Charleston-His Reception in Philadelphia-Views
of Jefferson and Hamilton-Washington's dispassionate
Opinion,

CHAP. XX. Genet presents his Letter of Credence-His

Diplomatic Speech-Washington's Conversation with

Jefferson-Capture of the Ship Grange and other Brit-

ish Vessels-Question of Restitution-Dissatisfaction of

Genet-Demands Release of two American Citizens-

Washington's Sensitiveness to the Attacks of the Press

-His unshaken Determination,

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

WASHINGTON. (From the original in possession of H. E, PIERRPONT, Esq.,

PAGE

Brooklyn, N. Y.)

STUART,

Frontispiece.

MONUMENT TO WASHINGTON AT RICHMOND, VA., from a Drawing (after a Photograph) made for this work. By J. W. EHNINGER, Esq., N. Y.,

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ין

LIFE OF WASHINGTON.

VOLUME FIRST.

CHAPTER I.

THE Washington family is of an ancient English stock, the genealogy of which has been traced up to the century immediately succeeding the Conquest. At that time it was in possession of landed estates and manorial privileges in the county of Durham, such as were enjoyed only by those, or their descendants, who had come over from Normandy with the Conqueror, or fought under his standard. When William the Conqueror laid waste the whole country north of the Humber, in punishment of the insurrection of the Northumbrians, he apportioned the estates among his followers, and advanced Normans and other foreigners to the principal ecclesiastical dignities. One of the most wealthy and important sees was that of Durham. Hither had been transported the bones of St. Cuthbert from their original shrine at Lindisfarne, when it was ravaged by the Danes. That saint, says Camden, was esteemed by princes and gentry a titular saint against the Scots.* His shrine, therefore, had been held in peculiar reverence by the Saxons, and the see of Durham endowed with extraordinary privileges.

William continued and increased those privileges. He needed a powerful adherent on this frontier to keep the restless Northumbrians in order, and check Scottish invasion; and no doubt considered an enlightened ecclesiastic, appointed by the crown, a safer depositary of such power than a hereditary noble.

Having placed a noble and learned native of Loraine in the diocese, therefore, he erected it into a palatinate, over which the bishop, as

* Camden, Brit. iv., 349.

Count Palatine, had temporal, as well as spiritual jurisdiction. He built a strong castle for his protection, and to serve as a barrier against the Northern foe. He made him lord highadmiral of the sea and waters adjoining his palatinate,-lord warden of the marches, and conservator of the league between England and Scotland. Thenceforth, we are told, the prelates of Durham owned no earthly superior within their diocese, but continued for centuries to exercise every right attached to an independent sovereign.*

The bishop, as Count Palatine, lived in almost royal state and splendor. He had his lay chancellor, chamberlains, secretaries, stewards, treasurer, master of the horse, and a host of minor officers. Still he was under feudal obligations. All landed property in those warlike times, implied military service. Bishops and abbots, equally with great barons who held estates immediately of the crown, were obliged, when required, to furnish the king with armed men in proportion to their domains; but they had their feudatories under them to aid them in this service.

The princely prelate of Durham had his barons and knights, who held estates of him on feudal tenure, and were bound to serve him in peace and war. They sat occasionally in his councils, gave martial splendor to his court, and were obliged to have horse and weapon ready for service, for they lived in a belligerent neighborhood, disturbed occasionally by civil war, and often by Scottish foray. When the banner of St. Cuthbert, the royal standard of the province, was displayed, no armed feuda

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