ris's Opinion of his Position-Washington's dubious and CHAP. XV. The Apportionment Bill-Washington's Veto -His Concern at the growing Asperities of Congress- Intended Retirement-Jefferson's determination to re- tire at the same Time-Remonstrance of Washington- His Request to Madison to prepare Valedictory-Wayne appointed to succeed St. Clair-Congress adjourns- Washington at Mount Vernon-Suggests Topics for his Farewell Address-Madison's Draft-Jefferson urges CHAP. XVI. Jefferson's Suspicions-Contemned by Ham- ilton-Washington's Expostulation-Complains of the Conduct of Freneau's Paper-Hamilton and Randolph urge him to a Re-election-A warring Cabinet-Hamil. ton's attack on Jefferson-Washington's healing Admo- nition-Replies of the two Secretaries-Continued Hos- tility to the Excise Law-Washington's Proclamation -Renewed Effort to allay the Discord in his Cabinet, 703 CHAP. XVII. Washington unanimously re-elected - Opening of Session of Congress-Topics of the Presi dent's Speech-Abortive attack upon the Secretary of the Treasury-Washington installed for his Second CHAP. XVIII. Gouverneur Morris Minister at the French Court-His Representations of the State of Affairs- Washington's Concern for Lafayette-Jefferson annoyed at his Forebodings-Overthrow of the French Mon- archy-Imprisonment of Lafayette-Jefferson con- cerned, but not discouraged at the Republican Massacres CHAP. XIX. Washington's Entrance upon his Second CHAP. XX. Genet presents his Letter of Credence-His Diplomatic Speech-Washington's Conversation with Jefferson-Capture of the Ship Grange and other Brit- ish Vessels-Question of Restitution-Dissatisfaction of Genet-Demands Release of two American Citizens- CHAP. XXI. Washington called to Mount Vernon-The case of the Little Sarah comes up in his Absence-Gov- ernor Mifflin determined to prevent her Departure- Rage of Genet-Jefferson urges Detention of the Priva- teer until the President's Return-Evasive Assurance of mination communicated to Genet-The Vessel sails in Defiance of it-Formation of the Democratic Society- The Recall of Genet determined on-The Ribald Lam- CHAP. XXII. Threatened Dissolution of the Cabinet- Action between the Ambuscade and Boston-Trium- phant return of the former to New York-A French Fleet arrives same Day-Excitement of the People- Genet arrives in the midst of it-His enthusiastic Re- ception-Is informed by Jefferson of the Measures for his Recall-His Rage and Reply-Decline of his Popu- CHAP. XXIII. Neutrality endangered by Great Brit- ain-Her Ill-advised Measures-Detention of Vessels bound for France-Impressment of American_Seamen -Persistence in holding the Western Posts-Congress assembles in December-The President's opening Speech -His Censure of Genet-The Vice-President's Allusion to it-The Administration in a Minority in the House- Proclamation of Neutrality sustained-Jefferson's Re- CHAP. XXIV. Debate on Jefferson's Report on Com. mercial Intercourse-A Naval Force proposed for the Protection of Commerce against l'iratical Cruisers- Further Instances of the Audacity of Genet-His Recall -Arrival of his Successor-Irritation excited by British Captures of American Vessels-Preparations for De- fence-Embargo-Intense Excitement at "British Spoli- ations"-Partisans of France in the ascendant-A Chance for Accommodating Difficulties-Jefferson's Hopes of Reconciliation-The War Cry uppermost- Washington determines to send a Special Envoy to the CHAP. XXVII. Washington's Anxiety about the Pro- gress of the Negotiation with England-Jay's Treaty arrives for Ratification-Predisposition to condemn- Return of Jay-Adet succeeds Fauchet as Minister from France-The Treaty laid before the Senate-Ratified with a Qualification-A Novel Question-Popular Dis content-Abstract of the Treaty published-Violent Op position to it-Washington resolved to ratify-Ins Resolution suspended-Goes to Mount Vernon-Reply to an Address from Boston-Increasing Clamor, CHAP. XXVIII. Washington recalled to the Seat of Government-Conduct of Randolph brought in question -Treaty signed-Resignation of Randolph-His Corre- spondence with Washington-Unlimited Disclosure per- mitted-Appearance of his Vindication-Pickering transferred to the Department of State-M'Henry ap CHAP. XXIX. Meeting of Congress - Washington's Official Summary of the Events of the Year-Cordial Response of the Senate-Partial Demur of the House- Washington's Position and Feelings with regard to Eng. land, as shown by himself-Mr. Adet presents the Colors of France-The Treaty returned-Proceedings thereupon-Thomas Pinckney resigns as Minister at London-Rufus King appointed in his place-Washing- ton's View of the Political Campaign-Jefferson's Fears of an Attempt to sow Dissension between him and Wash- ington-Mr. Monroe recalled, and C. C. Pinckney ap- pointed in his Stead-Resentful Policy of France,. 740 CHAP. XXX. Washington's Farewell Address-Meets the two Houses of Congress for the last Time-His Speech-Replies of the Senate and House-Mr. Giles- Andrew Jackson-Offensive Publication of the French Minister-John Adams declared President-Washing. ton's Letter to Knox on the Eve of his Retirement-The Spurious Letters-His Farewell Dinner-John Adams takes the Oath of Office-Greetings of Washington at CHAP. XXXI. Washington at Mount Vernon-Influx of Washington's Counsel in Love Matters-A Romantic Episode Return of George Washington Lafayette, 749 CHAP. XXXII. Parting Address of the French Directory to Mr. Monroe-The new American Minister ordered to leave the Republic-Congress convened-Measures of Defence recommended-Washington's Concern-Ap- pointment of three Envoys Extraordinary-Doubts their Buccess-Hears of an old Companion in Arms-The three Ministers and Talleyrand-Their degrading Treat- ment-Threatened War with France-Washington ap- CHAP. XXXIII. Washington taxed anew with the Cares of Office-Correspondence with Lafayette-A Marriage 775 791 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. WASHINGTON. (From the original in possession of H. E, PIERRPONT, Esq., PAGE Brooklyn, N. Y.) STUART, Frontispiece. MONUMENT TO WASHINGTON AT RICHMOND, VA., from a Drawing (after a Photograph) made for this work. By J. W. EHNINGER, Esq., N. Y., LIFE OF WASHINGTON. VOLUME FIRST. CHAPTER I. THE Washington family is of an ancient English stock, the genealogy of which has been traced up to the century immediately succeeding the Conquest. At that time it was in possession of landed estates and manorial privileges in the county of Durham, such as were enjoyed only by those, or their descendants, who had come over from Normandy with the Conqueror, or fought under his standard. When William the Conqueror laid waste the whole country north of the Humber, in punishment of the insurrection of the Northumbrians, he apportioned the estates among his followers, and advanced Normans and other foreigners to the principal ecclesiastical dignities. One of the most wealthy and important sees was that of Durham. Hither had been transported the bones of St. Cuthbert from their original shrine at Lindisfarne, when it was ravaged by the Danes. That saint, says Camden, was esteemed by princes and gentry a titular saint against the Scots.* His shrine, therefore, had been held in peculiar reverence by the Saxons, and the see of Durham endowed with extraordinary privileges. William continued and increased those privileges. He needed a powerful adherent on this frontier to keep the restless Northumbrians in order, and check Scottish invasion; and no doubt considered an enlightened ecclesiastic, appointed by the crown, a safer depositary of such power than a hereditary noble. Having placed a noble and learned native of Loraine in the diocese, therefore, he erected it into a palatinate, over which the bishop, as * Camden, Brit. iv., 349. Count Palatine, had temporal, as well as spiritual jurisdiction. He built a strong castle for his protection, and to serve as a barrier against the Northern foe. He made him lord highadmiral of the sea and waters adjoining his palatinate,-lord warden of the marches, and conservator of the league between England and Scotland. Thenceforth, we are told, the prelates of Durham owned no earthly superior within their diocese, but continued for centuries to exercise every right attached to an independent sovereign.* The bishop, as Count Palatine, lived in almost royal state and splendor. He had his lay chancellor, chamberlains, secretaries, stewards, treasurer, master of the horse, and a host of minor officers. Still he was under feudal obligations. All landed property in those warlike times, implied military service. Bishops and abbots, equally with great barons who held estates immediately of the crown, were obliged, when required, to furnish the king with armed men in proportion to their domains; but they had their feudatories under them to aid them in this service. The princely prelate of Durham had his barons and knights, who held estates of him on feudal tenure, and were bound to serve him in peace and war. They sat occasionally in his councils, gave martial splendor to his court, and were obliged to have horse and weapon ready for service, for they lived in a belligerent neighborhood, disturbed occasionally by civil war, and often by Scottish foray. When the banner of St. Cuthbert, the royal standard of the province, was displayed, no armed feuda |