ET. 45.] GATES' VISIT TO PHILADELPHIA—APPEARS ON THE FLOOR OF CONGRESS. 349 Notwithstanding this reply, Gates insisted | Gen. de Fermois. As the whole force in the in imputing sectional partiality to the com- Northern department would not be sufficient mander-in-chief, and sought to impart the same to command the extensive works there on both idea to Congress. "Either I am exceedingly sides of the lake, St. Clair was instructed to dull or unreasonably jealous," writes he to his bestow his first attention in fortifying Mount correspondent Mr. Lovell, "if I do not discover Independence, on the east side, Schuyler conby the style and tenor of the letters from Mor-sidering it much the most defensible, and that ristown, how little I have to expect from it might be made capable of sustaining a long thence. Generals are so far like parsons, they and vigorous siege. are all for christening their own child first; "I am fully convinced," writes he, but let an impartial moderating power decide between two and three thousand men can effectbetween us, and do not suffer Southern preju-ually maintain Mount Independence and secure dices to weigh heavier in the balance than the the pass." Northern."*

"that

It would be imprudent, he thought, to station the greater part of the forces at Fort Ticonderoga; as, should the enemy be able to invest it,

on the east side, it might experience a disaster similar to that at Fort Washington.

A letter from Mr. Lovell, dated the 23d of May, put an end to the suspense of the general | with respect to his position. Misconceptions and cut off the communication with the country of past resolves and consequent jealousies," writes he, "have produced a definition of the Northern department, and General Schuyler is ordered to take command of it. The resolve, also, which was thought to fix head-quarters at Albany, is repealed."

The orders of Schuyler to officers commanding posts in the department, are characterized by his Dutch attention to cleanliness as to the quarters of the soldiers, their bedding, clothing, and equipments.

Such a resolve had actually been passed on the 22d, and Albany, Ticonderoga, Fort Stan- All officers mounting guard were to have wix, and their dependencies, were thencefor their hair dressed and powdered. The adju ward to be considered as forming the Northern tants of the several corps were to be particulardepartment. The envoy of Gates, bearing the ly careful, that none of the non-commissioned letter in which he had carved out, a command | officers and soldiers mount guard without havfor Schuyler at Peekskill, arrived at Philadel-ing their hair dressed and powdered, their perphia too late. The general was already pro- sons perfectly clean, and their arms and accouvided for.

Schuyler was received with open arms at Albany, on the 3d of June. "I had the satisfaction," writes he, "to experience the finest feelings which my country expressed on my arrival and reappointment. The day after my arrival, the whole county committee did me the honor in form to congratulate me."

trements in the most complete order.

While Schuyler was thus providing for the security of Ticonderoga, and enforcing cleanliness in his department, Gates was wending his way to Philadelphia, his bosoni swelling with imaginary wrongs. He arrived there on the 18th. The next day at noon, Mr. Roger Sherman, an Eastern delegate, informed Congress that General Gates was waiting at the door, and wished admittance.

"For what purpose?" it was asked.

"To communicate intelligence of importance,"

Gates was still in Albany, delaying to proceed with General Fermois to Ticonderoga until the garrison should be sufficiently strengthened. Although the resolve of Congress did but define his position, which had been misun-replied Mr. Sherman. derstood, he persisted in considering himself degraded; declined serving under General Schuyler, who would have given him the post at Ticonderoga in his absence; and obtaining permission to leave the department, set out on the 9th for Philadelphia to demand redress of Congress.

General St. Clair was sent to take command of the troops at Ticonderoga, accompanied by

* Gates's Papers, N. Y. Hist. Lib.

Gates was accordingly ushered in, took his seat in an elbow chair, and proceeded to give some news concerning the Indians; their friendly dispositions, their delight at seeing French officers in the American service, and other matters of the kind; then drawing forth some papers from his pocket, he opened upon the real object of his visit; stating from his notes, in a flurried and disjointed manner, the casy and happy life he had left to take up arms for the liberties of America; and how strenu

350

GATES MEETS WITH A REBUFF-THE HIGHLAND PASSES OF THE HUDSON. [1777. ously he had exerted himself in its defence; | been consulted on the occasion; but as, early how that some time in March he had been ap- in the present contest, I laid it down as a maxpointed to a command in the Northern depart- im not to refuse my best, though poor services, ment; but that a few days ago, without having to my country in any way they should think given any cause of offence, without accusation, proper to employ me, I cannot refuse the honor without trial, without hearing, without notice, done me in the present appointment." * he had received a resolution by which he was, in a most disgraceful manner, superseded in his command. Here his irritated feelings got the better of his judgment, and he indulged in angry reproaches of Congress, and recitals of a conversation which had taken place between him and Mr. Duane, a member of the House, whom he considered his enemy. Here Mr. Duane rose, and addressing himself to the president, hoped the general would observe order, and cease any personal observations, as he could not, in Congress, enter into any controversy with him u on the subject of former conversations.

Other of the members took fire; the conduct of the general was pronounced disrespectful to the House, and unworthy of himself, and it was moved and seconded that he be requested to withdraw. Some of the Eastern delegates opposed the motion, and endeavored to palliate his conduct. A wordy clamor ensued, during which the general stood, his papers in his hand, endeavoring several times to be heard; but the clamor increasing, he withdrew with the utmost indignation. It was then determined that he should not again be admitted on the floor; but should be informed that Congress were ready and willing to hear, by way of memorial, any grievances of which he might have to complain.*

CHAPTER VII.

THE Highland passes of the Hudson, always objects of anxious thought to Washington, were especially so at this juncture. General McDougall still commanded at Peekskill, and General George Clinton, who resided at New Windsor, had command of the Highland forts. The latter, at the earnest request of the New York Convention, had received from Congress the command of brigadier-general in the Continental army. "My precarious state of health and want of military knowledge," writes he, "would have rather induced me to have led a more retired life than that of the army, had I

Letter of the Hon. Wm. Duer. Schuyler's Papers.

He was perfectly sincere in what he said. George Clinton was one of the soldiers of the Revolution who served from a sense of duty, not from military inclination or a thirst for glory. A long career of public service in various capacities illustrated his modest worth and devoted patriotism.

When the "unhappy affair of Peekskill " had alarmed the Convention of New York for the safety of the forts on the Highlands, Clinton; authorized by that body, had ordered out part of the militia of Orange, Dutchess, and Westchester counties, without waiting for Washington's approbation of the measure. He had strengthened, also, with anchors and cables, the chain drawn across the river at Fort Montgomery. "Had the Convention suffered me to have paid my whole attention to this business," writes he to Washington (18th April), "it would have been nearly completed by this time."

A few days later came word that several transports were anchored at Dobbs' Ferry in the Tappan Sea. It might be intended to divert attention from a movement towards the Delaware; or to make incursions into the country back of Morristown, seize on the passes through the mountains, and cut off the communication between the army and the Hudson. To frustrate such a design, Washington ordered Clinton to post as good a number of troops from his garrison as he could spare, on the mountains west of the river.

In the month of May, he writes to General McDougall: "The imperfect state of the fortifications of Fort Montgomery gives me great uneasiness, because I think, from a concurrence of circumstances, that it begins to look as if the enemy intended to turn their view towards the North River instead of the Delaware. I therefore desire that General George Clinton, and yourself, will fall upon every measure to put the fortifications in such a state that they may at least resist a sudden attack, and beep the enemy employed till reinforcements inay arrive. If the North River is their object, they cannot accomplish it unless they with

*Clinton to Washington.

Ær. 45.] REPORT ON THE DEFENCES OF THE HIGHLANDS—ARNOLD AND PUTNAM. 351

draw their forces from the Jerseys, and that | one of the most important in the service, and they cannot do unknown to us."

On the 12th of May, General Greene received instructions from Washington to proceed to the Highlands, and examine the state and condition of the forts, especially Fort Montgomery; the probability of an attack by water, the practicability of an approach by land; where and how this could be effected, and the eminences whence the forts could be annoyed. This done, and the opinions of the general officers present having been consulted, he was to give such orders and make such disposition of the troops as might appear necessary for the greater security of the passes by land and water. When reconnoitring the Highlands in the preceding year, Washington had remarked a wild and rugged pass on the western side of the Hudson round Bull Hill, a rocky, forest-clad mountain, forming an advance rampart at the entrance to Peekskill Bay. This pass," ," he observed, "should also be attended to, lest the enemy by a coup de main should possess themselves of it before a sufficient force could be assembled to oppose them." Subsequent events will illustrate, though unfortunately, the sagacity and foresight of this particular instruction.

6

required an officer of consummate energy, activity, and judgment. It was a major-general's command, and as such was offered by Washington to Arnold; intending thus publicly to manifest his opinion of his deserts, and hoping, by giving him so important a post, to appease his irritated feelings.

Arnold, however, declined to accept it. In an interview with Washington at Morristown, he alleged his anxiety to proceed to Philadelphia and settle his public accounts, which were of considerable amount; especially as reports had been circulated injurious to his character as a man of integrity. He intended, therefore, to wait on Congress, and request, a committee of inquiry into his conduct. Beside, he did not consider the promotion conferred on him by Congress sufficient to obviate their previous neglect, as it did not give him the rank he had a claim to, from seniority in the line of brigadiers. In their last resolve respecting him, they had acknowledged him competent to the station of major-general, and, therefore, had done away every objection implied by their former omission. With these considerations he proceeded to Philadelphia, bearing a letter from Washington to the PresiGeneral Knox was associated with General dent of Congress, countenancing his complaints, Greene in this visit of inspection. They ex- and testifying to the excellence of his military amined the river and the passes of the High- character. We may here add, that the accusalands in company with Generals McDougall, tions against him were pronounced false and George Clinton, and Anthony Wayne. slanderous by the Board of War; and the relatter, recently promoted to the rank of brig-port of the board was confirmed by Congress, adier, had just returned from Ticonderoga. but that Arnold was still left aggrieved and The five generals made a joint report to Wash-unredressed in point of rank.

The

nam, who repaired forthwith to Peekskill. General McDougall was requested by Washington to aid the veteran in gaining a knowledge of the post. "You are well acquainted," writes he, "with the old gentleman's temper; he is active, disinterested, and open to conviction."

ington, in which they recommended the com- The important command of the Hudson bepletion of the obstructions in the river alreadying declined by Arnold, was now given to Putcommenced. These consisted of a boom, or heavy iron chain, across the river from Fort Montgomery to Anthony's Nose, with cables stretched in front to break the force of any ship under way, before she should strike it. The boom was to be protected by the guns of two ships and two row galleys stationed just above it, and by batteries on shore. This, it was deemed, would be sufficient to prevent the enemy's ships from ascending the river. If these obstructions could be rendered effective, they did not think the enemy would attempt to operate by land; "the passes through the Highlands being so exceedingly difficult."

The general command of the Hudson, from the number of troops to be assembled there, and the variety of points to be guarded, was

Putnam set about promptly to carry into effect the measures of security which Greene and Knox had recommended; especially the boom and chain at Fort Montgomery, about which General George Clinton had busied himself. Putnam had a peculiar fancy for river obstructions of the kind. A large part of the New York and New England troops were stationed at this post, not merely to guard the Hudson, but to render aid either to the Eastern or Middle States in case of exigency.

352

WASHINGTON AT MIDDLEBROOK-STATE OF THE ARMY.

[1777.

About this time, Washington had the satis- | in the rear of the village of Middlebrook. His faction of drawing near to him his old friend camp was, on all sides, difficult of approach, and travelling companion, Dr. James Craik, and he rendered it still more so by intrenchthe same who had served with him in Brad- ments. The high grounds about it commanded dock's campaign, and had voyaged with him a wide view of the country around Brunswick, down the Ohio; for whom he now procured the road to Philadelphia, and the course of the the appointment of assistant director-general Raritan, so that the enemy could make no imof the Hospital department of the middle dis- portant movement on land, without his pertrict, which included the States between the ceiving it. Hudson and the Potomac. In offering the situation to the doctor, he writes, "you know how far you may be benefited or injured by such an appointment, and whether it is advisable or practicable for you to quit your family and practice at this time. I request, as a friend, that my proposing this matter to you may have no influence upon your acceptance of it. I have no other end in view than to serve you." Dr. Craik, it will be found, remained his attached and devoted friend through life.

It had been Washington's earnest wish in the early part of the spring, to take advantage of the inactivity of the enemy, and attempt some "capital stroke" for the benefit of the next campaign; but the want of troops prevented him. He now planned a night expedition for Putnam, exactly suited to the humor of the old general. He was to descend the Hudson in boats, surprise Fort Independence at Spyt den Duivel Creek, capture the garrison, and sweep the road between that post and the Highlands. Putnam was all on fire for the enterprise, when movements on the part of the enemy, seemingly indicative of a design upon Philadelphia, obliged Washington to abandon the project, and exert all his vigilance in watch ing the hostile operations in the Jerseys.

Accordingly, towards the end of May, he broke up his cantonments at Morristown, and shifted his camp to Middlebrook, within ten miles of Brunswick. His whole force fit for duty was now about seven thousand three hundred men, all from the States south of the Hudson. There were forty-three regiments, forming ten brigades, commanded by Brigadiers Muhlenberg, Weedon, Woodford, Scott, Smallwood, Deborre, Wayne, Dehaas, Conway, and Maxwell. These were apportioned into five divisions of two brigades each, under Major-Generals Greene, Stephen, Sullivan, Lincoln, and Stirling. The artillery was commanded by Knox. Sullivan, with his division, was stationed on the right at Princeton. With the rest of his force, Washington fortified himself in a position naturally strong, among hills,

It was now the beautiful season of the year, and the troops from their height beheld a fertile and well-cultivated country spread before them, "painted with meadows, green fields, and orchards, studded with villages, and affording abundant supplies and forage." A part of their duty was to guard it from the ravage of the enemy, while they held themselves ready to counteract his movements in every direction.

On the 31st of May, reports were brought to camp that a fleet of a hundred sail had left New York, and stood out to sea. Whither bound, and how freighted, was unknown. If they carried troops, their destination might be Delaware Bay. Eighteen transports, also, had arrived at New York, with troops in foreign uniforms. Were they those which had been in Canada, or others immediately from Germany? Those who had reconnoitred them with glasses could not tell. All was matter of anxious conjecture.

Lest the fleet which had put to sea should be bound farther south than Delaware Bay, Washington instantly wrote to Patrick Henry, at that time governor of Virginia, putting him on his guard. "Should this fleet arrive on your coast, and the enemy penetrate the country, or make incursions, I would recommend that the earliest opposition be made by parties and detachments of militia, without waiting to collect a large body. I am convinced that this would be attended with the most salutary consequences, and that greater advantages would be derived from it, than by deferring the opposition till you assemble a number equal to that of the enemy."

The troops in foreign uniforms which had landed from the transports, proved to be Anspachers, and cther German mercenaries; there were British reinforcements also; and, what was particularly needed, a supply of tents and camp equipage. Sir William Howe had been waiting for the latter, and likewise until the ground should be covered with grass.*

Evidence of Major-General Grey before the House of Commons.

ET. 45.] HOWE CROSSES INTO THE JERSEYS-REED'S APPEAL TO WASHINGTON.

The country was now in full verdure, afford- | whether this was a real move toward Philaing " green forage in abundance, and all delphia, or merely a lure to tempt them down things seemed to Sir William propitious for from their strong position. In this uncertainty, the opening of the campaign. Early in June, Washington drew out his army in battle array therefore, he gave up ease and gayety, and lux- along the heights, but kept quiet. In the presurious life at New York, and crossing into the ent state of his forces it was his plan not to Jerseys, set up his head-quarters at Bruns- risk a general action; but, should the enemy wick. really march toward the Delaware, to hang heavily upon their rear. Their principal difficulty would be in crossing that river, and there, he trusted, they would meet with spirited op. position from the Continental troops and militia, stationed on the western side under Arnold and Mifflin.