non-sectarian school built up with private funds, becomes a delicate matter in a university supported, as is the state university, by people of all faiths and opinions. To find religious instructors absolutely free from personal bias, theological preference, and denominational tendencies is well-nigh impossible, and to use public funds for anything less is to arouse suspicion and hostility. In the light of present views on the subject, the state university must exercise large precaution against just grounds for charges of partiality. The prohibition set by public opinion is the insuperable barrier against those forms of agressive religious culture which none could be more anxious to inaugurate than the authorities of the state universities.

There must be, however, an educational element commensurate with the needs and demands of the student, so that when religious instruction is compared with that in secular lines there may be no odious contrasts. The student enters the university with youth's ideas of art, letters, science, and religion. He graduates with mature ideas of art, science, and letters, and ought to carry with him mature conceptions of the problems of religion. Skepticism is due not to the ravages of so-called higher criticism, but to lack of clear, definite knowledge, and to contempt born of indifference. While engaged in our commendable missions to the outcast and to the heathen, we are not justified in neglecting the broad field afforded by the state university. Our zeal for the masses is a righteous one, but to overlook these other, the flower of the nation, the future leaders in civic, commercial, and social life, is for the church to leak at the top.

The need of the state university is the opportunity of the church. Even the Christian associations cannot do the work; it is out of their province. Once a pioneer in secular education, this burden is now lifted and the church is now free to enter upon her special task, the one to which she is directly called. Nor would such work be of the nature of charity. These young people belong alike to the nation and to the church, for church and state, tho rightfully separate agencies, are beyond all dispute activities of one and the same people.

Interest is awakening. (1) In a number of institutions student societies. or guilds have been formed, the object of which organizations is to bring young people together for closer acquaintance, to bring before the students church leaders of distinction, and to stimulate means for spiritual culture. These organizations have accomplished and are still rendering invaluable service but as the student-body and student interest are varying quantities, the permanence of such student societies is at best precarious. (2) A more adequate expression of religious interest is the Guild Hall, which plan, to that of student clubs, adds the feature of a chapter house which provides a small chapel or assembly room, refectory, and rooming-privileges for a limited number of students. An abiding factor is secured in the form of a permanent resident, a man or woman as the need may be, who serves at once as a friend, spiritual adviser, and even as an instructor in religious and denominational topics. (3) Local churches are seeking opportunities for service. Pastors

communicate with the several pastors of the state and ascertain the names of prospective students of the persuasion. Further correspondence discovers the interests and tastes of said students and on the opening of the school year church and students are in a position for helpful co-operation. In a number of institutions the churches are represented by college pastors whose duty it is to care for the needs of the student-body. The Congregational Church of Iowa City, for example, provides for a student membership which, while serving the present need, does not take the student from his home church.

In a number of cases permanent lectureships have been established. Under the auspices of the Christian Church are the Bondurant Fund in Illinois, the Cary Fund at the University of Virginia, and like enterprises in Oregon and other centers are maintained by this church.

Already there are instances where the work has become a foundation. At the University of Kansas, Westminster House provides pastoral care for Presbyterian students in attendance and instruction in English Bible and other allied branches. The Woman's Board of Missions of the Christian Church maintains a Bible chair whereby instruction is afforded in English Bible, Hebrew, and Missions. The regents of the university promise official recognition in the way of credits as soon as the work establishes a given academic standard. The Christian Church also maintains such enterprises at the universities of Texas and Oregon. The denomination is represented at the University of Missouri by the Bible College of Missouri, for which academic rating is assured by the university in the near future.

At the University of Michigan, seven denominations are supplementing the work of the university along religious lines. The Congregationalists support a student pastor; the Unitarians maintain a church to which the American Unitarian Association contributes generously; the Methodists support a Wesley Guild; the Christian Church supports a Bible Chair; the Presbyterians have a plant worth $40,000, an endowment fund of $10,000, a college pastor supported by special contributions from the churches of the state, and an educational feature in the way of a course of lectures on church history given by the director; the Baptists maintain a $25,000 plant and a college pastor to whose salary the State Missionary Society contributes one-third; the Episcopal Church maintains a plant (Harris Hall) worth $25,000, a lecture endowment of $20,000, a student organization (Hobart Guild), and a college pastor. Similar enterprises are projected by the Roman Catholic church at Cornell University and the University of California.

Helpful as all these enterprises are, and invaluable to the life of the studentbody, they are still incomplete. Students are busy, and if they are left to decide upon the disposition of time and energy remaining after the prosecution of university duties, the agencies making for religious culture do not receive their fair share of attention. The first question of the student is, will it count, i. e., toward a degree. Even the Bible chair, though doing work that warrants academic credits, is only a step on the way; it is not imperfect, but incomplete.

At the University of California the Congregational, Baptist, Unitarian, and Christian bodies have located theological seminaries, and the Presbyterian and Methodist Episcopal (South) Churches are planning similar enterprises. This plan is doubly beneficial. It helps the University by adding to the academic group a feature as essential and legitimate as law, medicine, engineering, or agriculture. Without so important a feature the university is only a torso. Such an arrangement is helpful also to the seminary in the way of increased library facilities, supplementary courses offered by the university curriculum, lectures open to the public, and the special features by leading scholars as provided by every considerable university. Especially valuable is the plan to the prospective clergymen, who during the period of their preparation are put in constant touch with those among whom and for whom they are to labor. The future pastor comes to know the character and needs of his future parish, wins the respect of those who thus come to know him, and enlarges and enriches his own experience by vital touch with human life in all its diversity. Even here there is a single criticism. The clergyman is cared for, but definite provision is not made for the religious culture of the layman.

An independent department is maintained at the University of Wisconsin, whose work is recognized by the university. The work is not under the auspices of any particular church, the plan being to include in the faculty men of the several creeds. This is the nucleus of a larger and more complete establishment.

One plan remains to be discussed-the associated college. By associated college in this connection is meant an institution-presumably denominational -located in the vicinity of a state university or other leading educational center, and co-operating with it. Its principle has been well stated.

There is no organic union with the state university. The unity of the ideal of their common founders assures co-operation of agencies to secure unity in the joint product. That is all that is necessary. The separation of church and state is preserved in the full authority to teach and in the administration of funds. Only wasteful competition is eliminated. The "Church" and "State" are made to appear what they really are, not separate, antagonistic organisms, but simply two specialized forms of activity of one and the same people.

It is proposed that such an institution shall stand for a definite religious purpose, offering instruction of a high grade in such subjects as the Old and New Testaments, their languages and literature, church history, and the special history of the denomination concerned, and in such other subjects as current opinion now prevents the university from offering. Such an institution also renders an invaluable service by providing residence facilities to students of the supporting denomination and to any others as far as accommodations permit. By agreement with the authorities of the university mutual re'ations could be established, each recognizing and crediting the work of the other. A graduate department of such an affiliated college provides the advanced work and the facilities necessary for candidates for orders desiring to take the degree in divinity.1 In 1906-7, the initial year of its existence as an affiliated institution, Wesley College offers in (1) Its school of arts courses in philosophy, Hebrew, biblical Greek, English Bible, and church history,

i. e., such courses, tho not offered in the university, may yet be counted toward a degree.

(2) The Bible normal school provides for those workers in the various departments of religious educa

The practical wisdom of the scheme is apparent to any but the casual observer. It is a policy made necessary by the changed conditions and the enormously increased cost of education. Fifty or twenty-five years ago an increase in the number of students meant simply the addition of so many chairs in chapel and recitation room. Today the elective system, the multiplying of technical arts, and the increasing demand for courses in engineering and in the pure and applied sciences, makes the problem a serious one. At least a halfdozen of our universities are spending a million dollars yearly, and a dozen or more require an annual budget of half a million.

In the older states some church colleges could wisely devote their endowment to affiliated work in connection with the state university, while others, by virtue of their location, endowment, and acquired strength, have a clear mission as separate colleges. Every case must be determined on its own merits. The affiliation idea is not a sign of retreat, but of advance, to safeguard the energy through co-operation. The church college does not abandon the field. Affiliation leaves neither the state university nor the church college just the same as before, but the result is a new university aggregation in which the essential mission of both is yet recognized and assured without needless duplication of libraries, laboratories, and endowments. The sum total of results will be better for all concerned.

The plan is practical and economical. Especially is this true in new territory where church foundations have not yet been built up. Transportation and communication have become so simple that objection cannot be raised. The time is past when a university or even a college can be built up by plate collections. A college without a library or laboratory is a hopeless aspirant for favor. Without means to pay ample salaries, such a college must be content with a teaching staff of inferior men. Is it wise to attempt to duplicate work already adequately provided for, or is it better by honorable co-operation to husband resources and thus to promote the interests of all concerned? In the long settled sections the problem remains: What shall we do for our young people who are already in the state universities?

It avoids all problems of church and state. There is an error current that church and state are separate, even competitive agencies. They are simply forms of activity, the same people working thru both. By the affiliated-college plan common instruction is provided by the central institution along scientific and technical lines. In the field of religious education each sect provides

tion, who, while not wishing to take up university work, are yet desirous of making some further preparation for their duties.

(3) The conservatory of music offers such opportunities as are usually offered by the best conservatories. The instructors of the conservatory also carry on what work is offered in the state university.

(4) The Wesley Guild, whose object is to bring the college into more helpful relations with the Methodist students of the university, and to bring the students into touch with the leading men of the denomination.

(5) To bring to the college for a special course of lectures some leading scholar, preferably of the denomination, under whose auspices Wesley College is conducted. The first year is made notable by the presence in this capacity of Professor Borden P. Browne, LL.D., of Boston University.

state

(6) The tenth month of the academic year is to be devoted to institute work at different points in the

instruction for its own adherents. As the foundations are on private grounds, the university remains free from any entangling arrangements that might bring down upon it the charge of discrimination and partiality.

The plan leaves the church free to carry on the work which is peculiarly its own, i. e., the giving of religious instruction and the training of intelligent denominationalists. The denominational college burdened with the entire round of instruction finds it impossible to give to this special field the time and attention possible in the associated college relieved of the necessity of offering work in scientific and technical lines.

Such a college affords an opportunity for its students, and for any others who desire to see and to hear leading men of the denomination, and to learn of its purpose and spirit. There is awakened a living interest in church affairs, and the students are impressed with the same respect for religious education that they now have for instruction along technical lines. This, the separate college, burdened with the entire college curriculum, is unable to do. But the affiliated college, enabled to concentrate its energies on a smaller field, is able to render this very service which is most vital to keep the church in living touch with the young people and to assure their co-operation and support in years to

come.

A final consideration is the larger vision, the broader horizon made possible by the larger institution-and character strong and abiding is as much to be found in the larger as in the smaller institution. The larger institution can provide better facilities, better instruction, and more competent direction. Experience in nearly a dozen institutions, large and small, confirms the writer in the belief that students receive as much personal attention in the larger school as in the smaller, and in most cases from men of wider experience and information.

Young people of different tastes, preparing for different pursuits in life, are mutually benefited by being educated together. The prospective clergyman educated along with the future lawyer, farmer, engineer, and scientist comes to know their ways and problems and has opportunity to make himself and his cause understood and acceptable to them. He is more the man and less the monk, the better able to sympathize with and to counsel men by reason of having grown up with them. And experience shows that promising candidates. for the ministry are to be found in the state university, provided the church is present in proper form to speak the right word at the right time.

APPENDIX

THE UNIVERSITY-COLLEGE AFFILIATION IDEA IN CANADA For some time the University of Toronto has held such relations with church colleges. The presidents of these associated colleges, the term college being used in a more general sense than in the United States, applied not only to arts colleges, but also, e. g., to theological seminaries, are ex-officio members