resisted attempts of the French and Dutch to capture it during the seventeenth century, and in 1776 it became the capital of the new viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata or Buenos Aires. After driving out the English, who had taken the city by surprise, in 1806, the inhabitants repelled another attack in the following year. On May 25, 1810, a great armed assembly met here and formed a provisional junta to replace the viceroy. The acts of the junta were issued in the name of Ferdinand VII, but the action was revolutionary, and the Argentines have always considered May 25 as the birthday of their independence. On July 9, 1816, the revolutionary congress (which had convened at Tucumán in the preceding March) formally declared the separation of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, and July 9 is celebrated as

a

second national holiday. The port was blockaded by the French and English in 1845. After the struggle between Rosas and Urquiza in 1851, Buenos Aires seceded from the republic, and till 1859 formed, with the surrounding province, a separate state. Since that time the city has been part of the confederation and, by a decree of 1880, was declared to be federal property and the capital of the nation. It was thus entirely divided from the province bearing its name. In 1871 the city suffered a terrible epidemic of yellow fever.

Consult: T. A. Turner, Argentine and the Argentines (New York, 1892); Bureau of the American Republics, Handbook of Argentine Republic, Bulletin 67 (Washington, 1892);

Anuario estadístico de la ciudad de Buenos Aires; Curtis, "Buenos Ayres," in The Chautauquan, vol. xxix (Meadville, Pa., 1899); Buenos Aires, Estadística Municipal, Oficina de, general census of the population, buildings, trade, and industry of the city, 3 vols. (Buenos Aires, 1910); Saldias, Buenos Aires en el centenario de la revolución de Mayo, 1810-1910 (La Plata, 1910).

BUENOS AIRES, UNIVERSITY OF (Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires). The largest educational institution in South America, founded in 1821 by consolidating several struggling educational institutions. The new foundation was charged, like the Napoleonic foundations in France, with the administration of all official instruction-elementary, secondary, and collegiate. It has about 4650 students and a library of 97,000 volumes. Its faculties include law and social science, medicine, mathematics, natural science, philosophy, and letters.

BUFARIK, boo'få-rek'. See BOUFFARIK. BUFF, boof, HEINRICH (1805–78). A German physicist and chemist. He was born at Rödelheim, near Frankfort, and studied at the universities of Göttingen and Giessen (under Liebig), and with Gay-Lussac in Paris. He was for many years professor of physics at the University of Giessen. His principal works are the following: Versuch eines Lehrbuchs der Stöchiometrie (1829; 2d ed., 1841); Grundzüge des chemischen Teils der Naturlehre (1832); Grundriss der Experimentalphysik (1853); Lehrbuch der physikalischen und theoretischen Chemie, in collaboration with Kopp and Zamminer, as vol. i of Otto's well-known Lehrbuch der Chemie (3d ed., 1885). He was associated with Liebig in founding (1847) the celebrated Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Chemie.

BUFFALMACCO, boo'fål-mäkʼko, BUONA MICO (c.1300-50). The adopted name of a Flor

entine painter baptized Buonanico. He is mentioned in Boccaccio's Decamerone and Sacchetti's Novelle, but until 1910, when his frescoes of the "Passion" in the Badia of Florence were uncovered, and his biography written by Peleo Bacci, there was no reliable information concerning him, and he has even been considered a mythical figure. Sacchetti calls him a pupil and assistant of Andrea Tafi. Unfortunately almost all his work has been destroyed. The frescoes in the Campo Santo of Pisa, in San Petronio, Bologna, and in San Francesco, Assisi, which were attributed to him by Vasari, have been proved the handiwork of later artists. The frescoes in the Badia of Florence, though much damaged, show Buffalmacco as an artist of singular originality and power, far superior to any of his contemporaries, except Giotto (q.v.), from whose influence he held aloof. Consult Bacci, in Bollettino d'arte (Rome, 1911).

BUFFALO (Sp. búfalo, ML. bufalus, Lat. bubalus, wild ox, from Gk. Boußalos, boubalos, a species of African antelope). Properly, an ox of the restricted bovine genus Bubalus, and specifically Bubalus buffelus, or Bos bubalus, of India. The word, however, has been broadly applied not only to many heavy oxen, such as those of Africa, and to the American bison (see BISON), but also to certain large antelopes (see BUBALIS, to which, perhaps, it originally belonged), and to other large ruminants; thus the city of Buffalo, N. Y., probably derives its name through a misnomer by early wanderers of the wapiti. The buffaloes proper form a group of oxen "chiefly characterized by their more or less flattened and angulated horns, which incline upward and backward, with an inward curve towards their tips, and are placed before the . . . vertex of the skull." The type is the INDIAN or WATER BUFFALO, of which small wild herds still exist in many parts of India, the finest belonging to Assam and Burma. This animal, called by the natives "arnee" (Hind. masc. arna, fem. arni), is the largest of wild cattle, standing 6 feet high at the withers, and having a spread of horns, sometimes exceeding 6 feet. It is bluish black, nearly hairless, and frequents swampy jungles, where it is regarded as exceedingly dangerous, as it will charge a man entirely unprovoked and when perhaps its presence is unsuspected. A band forming a circle, with lowered heads, around the cows and calves defy the bear or tiger, and a lone bull has been known to vanquish a tiger in single combat; combats between them have been a favorite sport among Indian princes. This buffalo has long been domesticated, first on the Indian plains, whence it was carried elsewhere in prehistoric times. It is highly valued in Malaya, China, and Japan, especially where rice is cultivated, and the carabao of the Philippines is only a variety of it. It reached Egypt very long ago, but subsequently to the era of the monuments and picture writings; and it has gone far up the Nile, and will probably be carried much farther into the swampy region now opening to civilization, because of its usefulness in soft, wet lands, and its fondness for coarse aquatic vegetation in preference to dry and more costly forage. It has long been used, also, in the Niger valley. It was introduced into Italy later than Roman times and thrives in the Pontine marshes on the pestilential Maremma; and it plays an important part in western Asia, Turkey, Hungary, and southeastern Spain. "The

buffalo loves mud and moist ground," says Hornaday (Two Years in the Jungle), "and nature has provided these broad splay feet to prevent the animal from sinking too deeply in the mud. He carries his head precisely like a camel, low down, with nose thrust far forward and to look at the whole head one would say that the beast was created with especial reference to running rapidly through very thick brush." It is said to be far more powerful than the ox and capable of dragging or carrying a far heavier load. The female yields a much greater quantity of milk than a cow, and of excellent quality, from which the ghee or semifluid butter of India is made. The hide is greatly valued for its strength and durability, but the flesh is very inferior to that of the ox. See CATTLE.

The AFRICAN BUFFALOES are of two species: the South African or Cape Buffalo (Bubalus, or Bos, caffer), which also extends northeasterly to Abyssinia; and the West African species (Bubalus, or Bos, pumilus). These may be separable into several distinct species or varieties. The typical and well-known South African buffalo is nearly the equal in size of the Indian one, and like it has a bluish-black hide, in old age almost completely hairless. Its horns, however, are somewhat shorter and spread sideways with up-curved ends from the forehead, where the bases nearly meet in a broadly flattened expanse, making a rough buckler of horn. They frequent marshes and rivers, wading about in the water most of the time and eating the aquatic vegetation. Formerly they gathered in large herds, but now are rarely seen except in small bands, and they have disappeared entirely from all the settled regions. Their scent is remarkably keen, and they are warned of the approach of a disturber by the birds (see BUFFALO BIRD), which remain near them and are vigilant. They are justly regarded as exceedingly dangerous by sportsmen, since when wounded they will charge with extreme speed and ferocity. They are, however, overcome by lions and leopards and sometimes pulled down by crocodiles or chased to exhaustion by packs of wild dogs. This animal has not been tamed or domesticated, but its hide is much valued for its thickness and strength.

The West African species is smaller, has shorter and less massive horns, and is ruddy brown or yellowish in color. Its habits seem to be similar to those of the more southern species, and it is widely distributed in Central Africa. The zamouse of Sierra Leone is typical of this species. The small wild ox of the Celebes is a near relative of the buffaloes. See ANOA; BANTENG; BISON; GAUR; YAK; EXTINCT ANIMALS.

BUFFALO (named from Buffalo Creek). The county seat of Erie Co., N. Y., one of the most important commercial ports of the Great Lakes, and, next to New York, the largest city in the State (Map: New York, B 3). It is at the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the head of the Niagara River, 20 miles above Niagara Falls, 540 miles east of Chicago, 297 miles west of Albany, and 410 miles by rail northwest of New York.

Description. The city occupies an area of 42 square miles. It is situated on ground rising gradually from the lake to an extended plain at an elevation of 50 feet (altitude 600 feet above sea level). The streets generally are broad. As a rule, they cross each other at right angles and are beautifully shaded and well paved, considerably more than half (376.5 miles) of the

sur

total street mileage being paved and about twothirds of this distance (240.8 miles) with asphalt. Main Street, the principal business thoroughfare, runs northerly from the lake front. Near Lafayette Square, Niagara Street, the main road to Tonawanda, starts from Main Street on a diagonal line. This is the centre of the business district. Here are the large office buildings, including many tall, steel-framed structures. The residential sections of Buffalo are marked by the large proportion of detached houses owned by the occupants. In the fashionable district the principal avenues are Delaware Avenue, Summer, Ferry and North streets, and Lincoln Parkway; here the houses are rounded by ample lawns and trees and shrubs, which give this section of the city the picturesque appearance of a suburb. The same features of domestic architecture are carried out in the newly developed sections of the North Side. Many handsome buildings adorn the city; among these mention may be made of the United States Government Building, which cost about $2,000,000; the city and county hall, of granite, with a tower 245 feet high; the Marine Bank Building; the New York Telephone Building; the Electric Building; the State Normal School; the Technical, Hutchinson, South Side, and Masten Park high schools (the latter being rebuilt after a fire); the Seventy-fourth and Sixty-fifth Regiment armories; Music Hall; Merchants' Exchange; Masonic Temple; Albright Art Gallery; Y. M. C. A. Building; Fitch Institute; General Hospital; Children's Hospital; Homeopathic Hospital; State Insane Asylum; the Erie County Penitentiary; Buffalo Library; Grosvenor Library; the Roman Catholic and Protestant Episcopal cathedrals; Chamber of Commerce Building; the Erie County Savings Bank; Buffalo Savings Bank; Mutual Life and Prudential buildings; the D. S. Morgan Building; and Ellicott Square, the last named covering an entire block, and said to be one of the largest office buildings in the world.

Buffalo has 11 discount banks, 5 savings banks and 3 trust companies, the largest discount bank (the Marine National) having capital and surplus of $10,000,000.

The Buffalo street railways were among the first to adopt electric traction and the system of free transfers. Numerous lines, the entire system covering 220.3 miles, furnish transit to all sections of the city and also to neighboring towns. An abundant water supply is derived from the lake and distributed by means of duplicate pumping stations, through 555 miles of water mains; and the sewerage system, comprising 523 miles of mains, not only covers the whole city, but has a large outfall sewer discharging into the swift current of Niagara River.

The park system of Buffalo includes over 1200 acres and consists of a chain of parks and parkways nearly encircling the city, and embraces a Forestry Bureau. The principal plots are the Front, of 45 acres, where the waters of the lake form themselves into the Niagara, and north of which is Fort Porter, a small military post; an adjacent stretch of water-front property, partly submerged and several acres in extent, for recreation piers and municipal docks; the Delaware Park, of 365 acres, adjoining which are the State Insane Hospital grounds, of 200 acres, and Forest Lawn Cemetery, of 230 acres; Humboldt Park, including about 56 acres, and three large parks in the south; Stony Point,

on the lake shore; South Park; and Cazenovia Park. Besides these, and the connecting park boulevards and circles, there are minor spaces aggregating about 60 acres. The principal public monuments are the Soldiers' and Sailors' in Lafayette Square, the McKinley in Niagara Square, and those to Red Jacket and President Fillmore in Forest Lawn Cemetery.

Institutions. Besides its many churches of all denominations, and a large variety of charitable institutions, Buffalo is noted as the home of the first Charity Organization Society in the country (founded in 1877). Its new home on Franklin Street, made possible by a substantial bequest in the will of the late Mayor James Noble Adam, is the headquarters for a large amount of philanthropic work, prominent among which is the crêche, or day nursery for children whose mothers are at work, with its kindergarten and training school for nursery maids. Among other philanthropic institutions may be mentioned the Orphan Asylum, Home for the Friendless, St. Vincent's and St. Joseph's (Roman Catholic) orphanages, State Insane Asylum, Buffalo General Hospital, Municipal Hospital, Church Home for Aged Women, St. John's Orphan Home, St. Mary's Asylum for Widows and Foundlings, St. Mary's Institution for Deaf Mutes, Ingleside Home for Erring Women, Children's Hospital, and J. N. Adam Memorial Hospital at near-by Perrysburg, an institution for citizens suffering from incipient tuberculosis. Educational institutions are numerous and efficient, one-fifth of the annual tax levy being allotted to the educational department of the city. In addition to the public schools, which, include five high schools, vocational schools, a training school for teachers, and many kindergartens, there are a State Normal School, the University of Buffalo, St. Joseph's and Canisius' colleges (Roman Catholic), the German Martin Luther Seminary (Evangelical Lutheran), Academy of the Sacred Heart, Holy Angels' Academy, etc. Two municipal libraries, aggregating about 380,000 volumes, are supplemented by school and collegiate, and Historical Society, Society of Natural Sciences, Law (Eighth Judicial District), Erie Railroad, German Young Men's Association, Lutheran Young Men's Association, Merchants' Exchange, and Y. M. C. A. libraries. The Buffalo Library Building is occupied also by the Fine Arts Academy and the Society of Natural Sciences, both of which have interesting collections illustrating many subjects in their particular lines.

Commerce and Industry. Buffalo is one of the most marked of large American cities in its recent development, and owes its prosperity to commerce. Situated at the eastern end of the Great Lakes, where the vast inland commerce is transhipped by rail and canal to the seaboard, it occupies a strategic position commercially. Originally the only harbor was in the shallow water of Buffalo Creek. The United States government has constructed a series of breakwaters, one being 5 miles long (one of the longest in the world), forming both an inner and outer harbor. The State has constructed Erie Basin, at the terminus of the Erie Canal, and the city has deepened Buffalo Creek and constructed a ship canal to increase the wharf facilities. There is now a wharf frontage of 10 miles, with ample room for further extensions along Niagara River and along the lake. The government has also improved what is known as the Black Rock har

bor, building an immense lock there for the benefit of boats to and from the Tonawandas down Niagara River. Altogether the Federal expendi tures for harbor work amount to $7,500,000.

Thirteen steamship lines make Buffalo their terminus; innumerable independent vessels ply to the chief ports on the Great Lakes, and there are several ferries to the Canada side, besides the International Bridge, completed at a cost of $1,500,000. The city is connected with the tidewaters of the Hudson by the Erie Canal, and with ports on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River by the Welland Canal, and is also the terminus or connecting point of a score of railroads. Among them are the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern; Michigan Central; Grand Trunk; New York Central; West Shore; Lackawanna; Wabash; Pennsylvania; Lehigh Valley; Buffalo, Rochester, and Pittsburgh; and New York, Chicago, and St. Louis. A belt-line railroad encircles the city, affording valuable facilities for intercommunication.

The commerce of Buffalo by these various means of transportation is very great. With a season of only about 246 days in the year, Buffalo ranks with the leading American and European ports in extent of traffic. In 1911 there were 3375 vessels cleared Buffalo harbor with a tonnage of 6,894,359 tons, and 3325 arrived with a tonnage of 6,862,798. The canal receipts in the same year were 579,646 tons, valued at $12,965,609; shipments, 711,403 tons, valued at $13,985,237. The 1912 grain receipts at Buffalo harbor were: wheat, 108,225,504 bushels; corn, 12,750,250 bushels; oats, 10,580,150 bushels; barley, 12,176,925 bushels; rye, 1,250,215 bushels; total, including more than 7,500,000 barrels of flour, 197,717,134 bushels. The immense quantity of flour and grain moved from the Western States to the seaboard constitutes the most important feature of its commerce; but live stock, lumber, and coal, iron ore, and fish, also, are of importance, the city's handling of wheat, flour, and coal, indeed, being the most extensive of any city in the world. Some part of the lumber and iron ore which arrive at this end of Lake Erie is received at Tonawanda (q.v.), a suburb to the north, on Niagara River, but Buffalo receives large quantities of each. Over 15,000,000 pounds of fish are received annually, mainly from Georgian Bay, and are distributed as far east as Boston and as far west as Denver. The horse market and sheep market of Buffalo are among the largest in the United States and in the trade in cattle and hogs Buffalo is also among the leading American cities. The material facilities for handling this enormous traffic form a most important feature of Buffalo. The first grain elevator in the world was built in Buffalo in 1843, and now there are more than a score of elevators, transfer towers, and floating elevators. These represent an investment of over $13,000,000, can handle in one day 5,000,000 bushels of grain, and store at one time 22,000,000 bushels. The coal docks have a capacity of 29,000 tons a day, and on the eastern outskirts of the city are the enormous coal-stocking trestles, in which the railway companies keep their accumulated supply. The coal trestle of the Lackawanna Railroad is, one of the largest in the country, being about a mile in length. In East Buffalo are the railroad stockyards, 75 acres in extent, affording transfer facilities for through freight, and salesyards for the local supply of live stock.