Terramara Settlements in Italy (New York, 1912); chap. iv of T. Rice Holmes's Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cæsar (Oxford, 1907); T. E. Peet, The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily (Oxford, 1909).

BRONZE WING, BRONZE - WINGED PIGEON, and BRONZE PIGEON. Names given in Australia to pigeons, chiefly of the genus Phaps, on account of the lustrous bronze color with which their wings are variously marked. They are otherwise also birds of beautiful plumage.-The COMMON BRONZEWING, or bronze-winged ground dove (Phaps chalcoptera), is distributed over all Australia. It is often seen in flocks, feeds on the ground, and builds its nest chiefly on low branches of trees growing on meadowlands or near water. It is a plump bird, often weighing fully a pound, and is acceptable at every table. The BRUSH BRONZEWING, or little bronze pigeon (Phaps elegans), is not so plentiful nor so widely distributed, chiefly inhabiting Tasmania and the southern parts of Australia. It inhabits low, swampy grounds, never perches on trees, resembles a partridge in its habits, and makes a loud birring noise like a partridge when it takes wing on being alarmed.-The HARLEQUIN BRONZEWING (Histriophaps or Phaps histrionica) is found in the northwest parts of New South Wales in great flocks, feeding on seeds.— Some of the species of Geophaps, another genus, are also sometimes called bronzewing.

BRONZ ING. The process of imparting a bronzelike or antique metallic appearance to the surface of metal, as copper and brass, ivory, plaster or clay, and wood. The bronze effect on metals is frequently produced by beating bronze to thin leaves, similar to those of gold, which are then made into a paste with a size and applied to the metal. Sometimes bronze powders, such as mosaic gold or aurum musivum, which consists of equal parts of sulphur and white tin oxide melted together until they assume the appearance of a yellow, flaky powder, are employed. The many bronze powders of various names, as, for instance, Dutch gold, are similar to the foregoing and consist of various ingredients and are applied with size to the metal. Articles to which these various mixtures have been applied should be coated with a clear varnish, or otherwise the object will soon lose its metallic appearance. There are also a great number of bronzing liquids in which a metallic object may be dipped. They have a wide range of color as well as of composition, and formulas that are applicable to brass, copper, and zinc are to be found in the various technical receipt books. Among the well-known bronzing liquids for gun barrels is a mixture of 1 part nitric acid, 1 part sweet spirits of nitre, 2 parts alcohol, 4 parts copper sulphate, 2 parts tincture of iron chloride, and 60 parts water. The green Patina effect of ancient bronze is frequently imitated by coating new articles with a liquid consisting of 1 part ammonium chloride, 3 parts cream of tartar, 3 parts common salt dissolved in 12 parts of boiling water, to which is added 8 parts of a solution of copper nitrate. An antique appearance is often produced on silver by exposing it to the fumes of ammonium sulphide or immersing it in a similar solution. Ivory may be gilded by immersing it in a solution of ferrous sulphate and then in a solution of gold chloride; and to coat it with silver the ivory is dipped in a weak solution of silver nitrate, after which it is immersed in clear water and exposed to the rays

of the sun. The ivory then acquires a black color, which, on being rubbed, is changed to brilliant silver. In the bronzing of plaster or clay the figure is usually coated with an isinglass size until it will absorb no more. It is then slightly coated with gold size, and after drying, the figure is painted with bronze powder, and when completely dry the surplus powder may be rubbed off. A bronze effect is produced on wood in a somewhat similar manner. The wood is first coated with a mixture of size and lampblack, and then a suitable bronze powder, as of Dutch metal or mosaic gold, is laid on with a brush, and when thoroughly dry rubbed with a soft woolen cloth.

BRONZINO, bron-zēnô, AGNOLO, or ANGIOLO (1502-72). A Florentine painter of the late Renaissance. He was born at Monticelli, near Florence, and studied at first with Raffaellino del Garbo and then with Jacopo da Pontormo, who had the greatest influence upon his art. He assisted that eccentric master, who "loved him as a son," in many of his works. He is known principally as court painter to Duke Cosimo I of Florence, with whom he was a great favorite. His religious and mythological subjects, both frescoes and canvases, are generally mannered imitations of Michelangelo; but his portraits are among the very best of his day. They depict the typical rather than the individual of his sitters, and are rendered in silvery tones with clear, sharp outlines. Those of the ducal family of Florence are among his best. They include the portraits of Duke Cosimo (Pitti Palace, Berlin, Lucca, Metropolitan Museum, New York), his duchess, Eleanora (Berlin, Turin, Uffizi), and the charming little princes and princesses in the Uffizi and Pitti collections, which are the first independent portraits of children in Florentine painting. The museums of Florence are richest in his works. Besides those mentioned above, there are in the Uffizi a "Descent of Christ into Limbo," "The Dead Christ," "Portrait of a Sculptor," and many others. He is also well represented in the galleries of Rome, Berlin, and in American private collections, such as the Gardner collection in Boston and the Gould and Havemeyer collections in New York. He was also a poet and a prose writer of some ability. Consult Forno, La Vita e le rime di Angelo Bronzino (Pistoja, 1902), and Schulze, Angelo Bronzinos Werke (Strassburg, 1910).

BRONʼZITE. A variety of the mineral enstatite (q.v.). The name "bronzite" was formerly applied to the entire species now known as enstatite.

BROOCH, brōch (variant of broach; ME. broche, OF. broche, a spit, It. brocea, split stick, from ML. broca, brocus, a spit; cf. Gael. brog, awl). An ornamental pin or instrument for fastening the dress, consisting for the most part either of a ring or disk or of a semicircle, there being a pin in either case passing across it, fastened at one end with a joint and at the other with a hook. Brooches were much used in antiquity, and varied in form as much as in modern times. They were worn both by men and women, and with a view both to ornament and use, from the time of Homer to the fall of the Western Empire. The oldest bit of Latin now known to be in existence is inscribed upon a brooch. See FIBULA PRÆNESTINA.

BROOD BODY and BROOD BUD. See VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION.

BROOK, MASTER. An alias adopted by the

jealous Master Ford in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor. In the disguise of this fictitious character he gains the confidence of Falstaff, who confesses that he has designs upon Ford's wife.

BROOKE, DOROTHEA. The leading character of George Eliot's Middlemarch, with philanthropic ideals. After an unsympathetic marriage with Casaubon she remarries and abandons her former undefined strivings.

BROOKE, FRANCIS KEY (1852- ). An American Protestant Episcopal divine, Bishop of Oklahoma. He was born at Gambier, Ohio, and graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, in 1874. He held rectorships at Grace Church, College Hill, Ohio; Christ Church, Portsmouth, Ohio; St. James, Piqua, Ohio; Grace Church, Sandusky, Ohio; St. Peter's, St. Louis, Mo. (188688); and Trinity, Atchison, Kans. (1888-93). He was chosen first Bishop of Oklahoma and Indian Territory in 1893.

BROOKE, HENRY (c.1703-83). An Irish author. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and the Temple, London, met Swift and Pope, lived at Twickenham near the latter, and in 1735 published a poem entitled Universal Beauty, in his manner-indeed Pope probably revised it. In his tragedy Gustavus Vasa (1739) he satirized Sir Robert Walpole in the person of Trollio, viceregent to King Cristiern. This play, prohibited from presentation in London, was later successfully given in Dublin as The Patriot. His Earl of Essex (1749) contained the line:

"Who rule o'er freemen should themselves be free,"

parodied by the Tory Dr. Johnson with,

"Who drives fat oxen should himself be fat."

In 1745 he was appointed by Lord Chesterfield to the post of barrack master at Mullingar, as a reward for a pamphlet written during the rising of '45. He opposed the penal laws against the Irish Catholics. He is best known by The Fool of Quality (5 vols., 1766-70), abridged (1780) by John Wesley, and republished with a memoir by Charles Kingsley (2 vols., 1859). It is the story of the training of a nobleman by a successful business man. Brooke wrote fables and translated (1738) three books of Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata. Consult Baker's preface to his edition (London, 1906) of The Fool of Quality; and Brooke's poetical Works (1792), edited by his daughter Charlotte.

BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-68). A Rajah of Sarawak, born at Coombe Grove, near Bath, England. His father was an employee of the Indian government. James entered the East India military service, was severely wounded in the Burmese War, and furloughed in 1826. He lost his commission through overstaying his furlough (on account of shipwreck), but coming into a large property by his father's death, he determined to devote himself to the task of putting down piracy in the Eastern seas and to establishing civilization in the islands. In this he was altogether successful, making for himself a rare and unique position as purveyor in general of civilization to a barbaric and ferocious people-and this too almost entirely by his own efforts. He purchased a yacht, trained a crew of 20 men on a preliminary cruise of three years in the Mediterranean, and in October, 1838, sailed from London for Borneo. When he arrived, Muda Hassim, the uncle of the Sultan of Borneo, was engaged in a war with some rebel

tribes of Sarawak. Brooke lent his assistance and in return received the title of Rajah of Sarawak. Brooke instituted free trade and framed a new code of laws. The custom of headhunting was made a crime punishable with death; and piracy was so vigorously attacked with the assistance of British vessels that over £20,000 was paid in bounties for the killing of freebooters. Returning to England in 1847, Brooke was cordially received, made a Knight Commander of the Bath and an Oxford D.C.L., and appointed Governor of the island of Labuan, near Sarawak, and Consul General to Borneo. In 1857, owing to charges in Parliament reflecting upon his integrity, which were, however, declared not proven by the commission that examined them, Brooke was superseded in the governorship of Labuan. His house in Kuching, his Sarawak capital, was attacked at night by a large body of Chinese, who were irritated at his efforts to prevent opium smuggling, and he escaped with his life by swimming across a creek. promptly assembled some natives, attacked the Chinese, defeated them in several fights, and drove them into the jungle. Upward of 2000 Chinese were killed. Returning to England soon after this, Brooke lectured in several of the chief towns on the advantage of the possession of Sarawak. Brooke returned to Borneo in 1861, but visited England again twice before his death, June 11, 1868. He was succeeded as Rajah of Sarawak by his nephew, Sir Charles Johnson Brooke, born June 3, 1829. (See BORNEO.) Consult: Jacob, The Rajah of Sarawak (London, 1876); Sir S. St. John, Rajah Brooke (London, 1899); Life of Sir Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak (London, 1879). The private letters of Sir James Brooke (1838-53) were pub lished in London, 1853.

He

BROOKE, JOHN MERCER (1826-1906). An American physicist; born at Tampa, Fla. He was educated at Kenyon College (Gambier, Ohio), graduated in 1847 at the United States Naval Academy, and in 1851-53 was stationed at the Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. Subsequently he accompanied, as director of the astronomical department, the l'incennes expedition for the exploration and surveying of the north Pacific Ocean. In 1861 he resigned from the United States navy and was appointed chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography in the Government of the Confederate States. He invented the Brooke gun, and devised the plans followed in refitting the Merrimac (Virginia) for the contests at Hampton Roads. From 1866 to 1899 he was professor of physics at the Virginia Military Institute (Lexington). He received the gold medal of science of the Academy of Berlin and contributed articles on ordnance and other subjects to technical magazines.

An

BROOKE, JOHN RUTTER (1838- ). American soldier. He was born in Pottsville, Pa., and in 1861 entered the Union service as a captain of volunteers. He soon rose to the rank of colonel and at the close of the war was commissioned brigadier general of volunteers for services during the battles of the Wilderness. He resigned from the volunteer service in 1866, became lieutenant colonel in the regular army in the same year, and in 1879 was commissioned colonel. He was commandant at Fort Shaw, Mont., from 1879 to 1888, when he was appointed brigadier general, and from 1888 to 1890 commanded the Department of Dakota, with headquarters in St. Paul, Minn. In 1897

he was appointed major general. In the same year, during the Spanish-American War, he was sent to Porto Rico, where he served on the commission to arrange for its evacuation by the Spanish troops, and in October was appointed Military Governor and commanding general of the department. From December, 1898, until December, 1899, he served as Military Governor of Cuba, and commanding general of the Division of Cuba, and from 1900 to 1902, when he retired, he commanded the Department of the East.

BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832-1916). An English clergyman and author, born at Letterkenny, Ireland. He was graduated at Trinity College, Dublin (1856), took orders in the Anglican church and, after holding various curacies in London, was made chaplain in ordinary to the Queen (1872). In 1880 he left the Anglican Communion, affirming his disbelief in the accepted doctrine of miracles. Among his works are: Life of Frederick W. Robertson (1865); Theology in the English Poets (1874); A Primer of English Literature (1876), which was revised and enlarged in 1896; Sermons (6 vols., 1868-88); Poems (1888); Study of Tennyson (1889); English Literature to the Norman Conquest (1898); On Ten Plays of Shakespeare (1905); A Treasury of Irish Poetry in the English Tongue (1901), edited in collaboration with T. W. Rollaston; Poetry of Robert Browning (1902); Studies in Poetry (1907); Four Poets (1908); Onward Cry: Addresses (1911); Ten More Plays of Shakespeare (1913).

BROOK FARM. A communistic experiment founded in 1841 at West Roxbury, Mass. The Brook Farm Association of Education and Agriculture, as it was officially styled, was an attempt to solve the social problem through the institution of equality in rewards and the adaptation of tasks to individual capacities. It grew out of the social and philosophical movement represented by the Transcendental Club, of which Ripley, Channing, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Dwight, and Margaret Fuller were leading members. Not all of these accepted the Brook Farm plan of economic organization, but all were in sympathy with its ideals. The leading spirit in the Brook Farm Association was George Ripley. Hawthorne, Dwight, and Allen also became members.

All members, without distinction of sex, had to labor an allotted period each day, either on the farm or in the workshop attached to the main institution. All employments were paid substantially alike. All shared the same food at the same table, all owned a like portion of the property belonging to the establishment, all had equal access to its educational and literary advantages. The society trafficked with the outside world, selling its surplus produce, and educating children at a low rate of compensation. At the time of its organization the community contained about 20 members. The number grew in the first three years to about 70. In 1844 the community came under the influence of Greeley, Brisbane, and Godwin, and reorganized itself as a Fourieristic community under the name of the Brook Farm Phalanx. The community became prosperous and served as a centre of Fourieristic propaganda. In this stage of its existence it attracted wide attention and was visited by thousands of persons from all parts of the country. The community entered upon the construction of a

large building, the phalanstery, which was to furnish accommodations for its increasing membership. In 1846 the building, almost completed, was burned to the ground. The loss was a heavy blow to the society; moreover, the enthusiasm with which it had been inaugurated was waning. In 1847 the society was dissolved. Much of the celebrity attached to this organization is due to Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance, in which, under the guise of fiction, he has evidently utilized many of his experiences at Brook Farm. Consult: Codman, Brook Farm Memories (Boston, 1849); Russell, Home Life of the Brook Farm Association (Boston, 1900); Swift, Brook Farm: Its Members, Scholars, and Visitors (New York, 1900); Sears, My Friends at Brook Farm (New York, 1912). See COMMUNISM; FOURIER.

BROOK FIELD. A city in Linn Co., Mo., 104 miles east of St. Joseph, on the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad. The industries include shoe factories, railroad shops, iron works, flour mills, brickyards, grain elevators, etc. (Map: Missouri, C 2). Coal is extensively mined in the vicinity and forms, with grain, farm produce, and live stock, the bulk of a considerable export trade. The water works are owned by the city. Settled about 1860, Brookfield was incorporated in 1865. Pop., 1900, 5484; 1910, 5749.

BROOK'HAV'EN. The county seat of Lincoln Co., Miss., 54 miles south by west of Jackson, on the Illinois Central Railroad (Map: Mississippi, E 7). It is the seat of the Whitworth Female College (Methodist Episcopal, South), opened in 1857, and has a public library and a fine Federal building. The city is the centre of an agricultural and lumbering region, has an important cotton trade (between 25,000 and 28,000 bales annually), and contains a creamery, machine shops, a cotton compress, a cottonseed-oil mill, lumber mills, sirup, buildingbrick, and handle and spoke factories. The water works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the city. Pop., 1900, 2678; 1910,

5293.

BROOK'INGS. A city and the county seat of Brookings Co., S. Dak., 48 miles south by east of Watertown, on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad (Map: South Dakota, H 3). It is the seat of the South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and the Dakota Deaconess Hospital. The leading manufactures are cigars, tow, flour, automobiletire treads, and cement block. Grain and live stock are raised extensively in the district. It was settled in 1876. Pop., 1910, 2971.

BROOK'ITE (named for the English crystallographer, H. J. Brooke). A yellowish to reddish brown and black titanium dioxide that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. Large crystals of it are found in the Tirol, and a variety, called arkansite and consisting of thick black crystals, is found at Magnet Cove, Ark.

A

BROOK'LIME (Veronica beccabunga). species of speedwell. It is common in ditches, brooks, and wet places in Europe. In the United States, Veronica americana, which is sometimes called the American brooklime, occupies similar situations. It is a perennial plant, with mostly pedicled, ovate, or oblong leaves, and bluish flowers in auxiliary racemes.

BROOK'LINE. A town in Norfolk Co., Mass., including the villages of Cottage Farm, Longwood, Coolidge Corner, and Reservoir, 3 miles

а

southwest of Boston, on the Boston and Albany and the New England railroads (Map: Massachusetts, E 3). It is one of the most beautiful suburbs of Boston, with which it is connected by electric railroads. Brookline has a large public library of over 80,000 volumes, a municipal and several private hospitals, public baths, parks, a school of practical arts, and fine golf course. There are manufactories of electrical supplies and screens of various kinds. The government is administered by town meetings. First settled as early as 1635, Brookline was known as the "Hamlet of Muddy River" until, in 1705, it was incorporated as a town under the present name. Frequent attempts have been made to annex it to Boston, but thus far have failed. In 1800 its population was only 605, and in 1840, 1265; but since it became a fashionable residence district its growth has been rapid. The water works are owned by the town. Pop., 1890, 12,103; 1900, 19,935; 1910, 27,792; 1920, 97,748. Consult Woods, Historical Sketches of Brookline (Boston, 1874); Bolton, Brookline: The History of a Favored Town (Brookline, 1897); and Annual Publications of Brookline Historical Society.

BROOKLYN, bruk'lin (originally, Breuckelen; see below). A borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings Co., N. Y., and until 1898 a separate city, the county seat of Kings County (Map: New York, G 5). It is situated on the western end of Long Island and is separated from the island and the Borough of Manhattan by the East River, which connects New York Bay with Long Island Sound. The borough and county cover an area of 77.62 square miles; they extend north and south about 11 miles and east and west about an equal distance. The water front extends from Newtown Creek, along the East River, upper and lower New York Bay, the Atlantic Ocean and Jamaica Bay, to Old Mill Creek. The borough is thus surrounded by water on three sides. The northeast boundary is an irregular line, which is crossed by a broad range of low hills extending into Queens County. The elevation of this district varies from the tidewater marshes to a height of about 195 feet at Mount Prospect. Along the shore opposite the southern end of Manhattan Island is an irregular bluff, rising from 70 to 100 feet, known as Brooklyn Heights. The southern and larger part of the borough lies but little above the sea level.

As a community Brooklyn has always differed markedly from New York-or what is now politically known as the Borough of Manhattan -not only in the extent and character of its population, industries, and commerce, but in its social atmosphere. The population of the borough in 1910 was 1,634,351, while that of Manhattan was 2,331,542; but the percentage of native white inhabitants remained, as it always had been, considerably greater (about 10 per cent) in Brooklyn than in Manhattan. In 1909 the number of manufacturing establishments in Brooklyn was 5218, and the value of their products was $417,223,000, while in Manhattan (and the Bronx) the establishments numbered 19,769, and the value of their products was $1,417,089,000. Brooklyn differs socially from Manhattan in the free expression of local pride, and in the display of a more obvious air of domesticity. Results of the latter condition are to be observed in the absence or scarcity of the immense and palatial hotels, expensive

restaurants, and theatres and other places of amusement, which are characteristic of Manhattan.

The Residence Districts. Brooklyn has been called "The Sleeping Room of New York" and again "The City of Homes," as well as "The City of Churches." There are several fine residential districts along its southwestern shores, while on the southern ocean front lie the wellknown Coney Island (q.v.), Brighton Beach, and Manhattan Beach. The oldest fine houses on the Heights are of brick and brownstone, and a few apartment hotels and apartment houses are also in this section. Along Clinton and Washington avenues, upper Dean Street, and other thoroughfares are arrays of fine frame and brick residences, set in open grounds, with carriage drives, trees, and flower beds, and there are similar districts on New York, Brooklyn, and St. Mark's avenues. Along Eighth and Ninth avenues, in the newer region adjacent to Prospect Park, and known as the "Park Slope," is another inviting residence district. Farther to the south are large sections containing pretty detached residences of less elaborate character; the Shore Road region, just north of Coney Island, has some of the finest residences and grounds in the borough. The electric railroads are chiefly responsible for this development, which may be expected to continue.

The Business Section. The most important commercial section of Brooklyn is that adjacent to the group of municipal and county buildings near the junction of Fulton and Court streets, and extending along Fulton Street to Flatbush Avenue, a distance of about half a mile. The public buildings referred to are Borough Hall, facing a small, triangular park in the angle formed by the joining of Fulton and Court streets; the Municipal Building, the County Courthouse, and the Hall of Records. In this neighborhood are the largest office buildings in the borough (small affairs at best in comparison to the huge structures along lower Broadway in Manhattan); and the Federal Building (inaccessibly situated in narrow Washington Street), a fine granite edifice in the Romanesque style, containing the Post Office, United States courts and other Federal offices. The Fulton Street section above mentioned includes a compact shopping district, in which are several of the best equipped department stores in the greater city. Another shopping district lies along Broadway in Williamsburg. Inter- and Intra-Borough Transit. surface and elevated street-railway service of Brooklyn is privately owned and operated, chiefly by one corporation. There are about 70 surface lines, 10 of which are operated partly or entirely on elevated tracks, besides the subway service of the Interborough system (from Manhattan), extending (in 1914) to the Long Island Railroad Station, at Atlantic and Flatbush avenues. (For a description of the proposed subway extensions in Brooklyn, see NEW YORK CITY.) With a few exceptions a five-cent fare, including transfer from one line to another, prevails on all of these systems. The service is not uniformly efficient, partly be cause of the natural obstacles to be overcome in operating so many converging lines over so large an area. The greatest difficulty is that of handling the enormous traffic to and from Manhattan in the "rush hours" of the morning and evening, for virtually all of this must be

The