which in the later Gothic churches were carried up far above the side-aisle roofs and crowned with pinnacles (Figs. 5 and 6). This combination of the flying arch and buttress, commonly called the flying buttress, received its chief development in France between 1160 and 1300, and is the most conspicuously distinctive characteristic of Gothic architecture, both structurally and decoratively. The row of stately pinnacled but tresses with their lightly springing half-arches give to such medieval churches as the cathedrals of Paris, Amiens, Reims, and Cologne an accented picturesqueness of silhouette not found in any other style. By their use the internal masonry, reduced to the sole function of vertical support, could be made far lighter than formerly; walls became mere screens, having no function of support; the building was a skeleton framework of stone, with thin screen walls and vast traceried windows between the deep external buttresses. It is incorrect to say that the Gothic system was one of "balanced" thrusts; the flying arches do not "balance" the vault thrusts, but transmit them to the buttresses. In the case of five-aisled churches the flying arches sometimes leaped the two side aisles in a single span; sometimes in two spans with an intermediate buttress over each of the intermediate aisle piers. The first system is seen in the choir of Notre Dame, Paris; the second in those of Reims and Amiens. In many cases two half-arches were used over each aisle, one above the other, the better to stay the vault thrust, as at Reims. The later buttresses (fifteenth century) were often highly ornate with multiplied pinnacles, and tracery on the flying arches. Churches and chapels of a single aisle required, of course, no flying arches; the buttresses rise against the side walls up to and above the roof, as in the Sainte Chapelle, Paris (Fig. 3), and King's College Chapel, Cambridge, England. Such buttresses were used in England not only for vaulted buildings, but also for halls and chapels with heavy-trussed timber roofs, as Westminster Hall, London. The complete flying but tress is less common in England than in France, the English cathedrals being lower, their clearstories less lofty than the French, and the abutment of the vaulting being often effected by concealed constructions under the side-aisle roofs. German builders followed French precedents in most cases. In Italy tie rods of iron across the naves generally rendered buttresses unnecessary;

those that exist (except

at Milan) are usually of quite rudimentary design (the Frari Church, Venice, San Francisco, Bologna). Except in modern Gothic work external buttressing is seldom necessary in present-day buildings. Its chief occurrence is in armories, railway stations, and factories, where the thrust of huge roof trusses or the vibration of floors due to machinery compels the reënforcement of the walls between the windows at regular intervals.

BUT TRICK, WALLACE (1853- ). An American clergyman, born at Potsdam, N. Y. He graduated from the Rochester Theological Seminary, was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1883, and thereafter held pastorates in New Haven, Conn. (1883-89), St. Paul, Minn. (188992), and Albany, N. Y. (1892-1902). In 1902 he be came secretary of the General Education Board. BUTUNG. See BUTON.

BUTURLINOVKA, boo-toor'lē-nôf'kâ (originally the estate of Count Buturlin), or PE

TROVSKOYE, A village in the government of Voronezh, Russia, 35 miles southeast of Bobrov. It has a number of tanneries, flour mills, and brickyards. The place is notable because of its many windmills. Pop., 1897, 23,400. BUTYRELLITE. See BOG BUTTER.

BUTYR'IC ACID (Lat. butyrum, butter; see BUTTER), CH,O,. One of the so-called fatty acids. It is an important constituent of butter, in which it exists in the form of a glyceride, i.e., an ester of glycerin. The free acid has a disagreeable odor similar to that of stale perspiration, in which it is found in small quantities. It is a thick liquid, somewhat lighter than water, and boiling at 163° C. It mixes with water in all proportions. It is usually prepared by a double process of fermentation. First, milk sugar is exposed to the action of the lactic ferment present in the air, which transforms the sugar into lactic acid. The lactic acid solution thus obtained is then subjected to the action of another ferment, the butyric ferment, present in decaying cheese; and by this second process of fermentation the lactic acid is gradu ally transformed into butyric acid, provided the solution is kept neutral by the addition of chalk. The butyric of lime thus obtained is decomposed with dilute hydrochloric acid, and the free butyric acid is separated by distillation. Butyric acid may also be prepared from butter by boiling (saponifying) with caustic potash. The acid called isobutyric acid has the same molecular composition as butyric acid, though the two differ distinctly in their physical and chemical properties; thus isobutyric acid boils at 155° C. and, unlike butyric acid, has a limited solubility in water. The constitutional formula assigned to butyric acid is CH,.CH.CH2. COOH; that assigned to isobutyric acid is (CH3) a CH.COOH.

An

BUTYRIC ESTER, or PINEAPPLE OIL. exceedingly fragrant oil obtained by distilling a mixture of butyric acid, alcohol, and sulphuric acid. The butryric ester which passes over is generally mixed with alcohol and sold in commerce as artificial pineapple oil. Its odor resembles that of pineapples. The substance is used in the manufacture of fruit candy and in perfumery. In its formation ordinary alcohol (C,H,OH) combines with butyric acid (C,H,COOH), according to the following chemical equation:

C2H2OH+C,H,COOH =

See ESTERS.

C,H,COOC,H. + H,O
Butyric ester, or
Ethyl butyrate.

BUTZER. See BUCER. BUXTEHUDE, buks'te-hoo'de, DIETRICH (1637-1707). A noted German organist and composer, born at Elsinore, Zealand, Denmark. Nothing is known regarding his musical training. He must have achieved a considerable reputation by 1668, for in that year he was appointed organist of the Marienkirche of Lübeck, at that time one of the most important posts of the sort in Germany. There he exercised a powerful influence upon the musical history of his time. Not only was he distinguished as an organist, but he established the "Abendmusiken," famous throughout Germany even into the nineteenth century. These were services, comprising organ music and concerted works for chorus and orchestra, given annually in the Marienkirche, on the afternoons of the five Sundays preceding Christmas. It is recorded that to

hear these performances in 1705 Bach walked 50 miles, from Arnstadt to Lübeck, where he prolonged his month of leave to three months. Buxtehude was surpassed in the choral by the Pachelbel (q.v.) school, but he was eminent as a pioneer in purely instrumental music, later carried to its full development by Bach. Many of his compositions have been lost. Fourteen Choral-Bearbeitungen have been edited by Dehn (Leipzig), and the organ works that are still extant by Spitta (2 vols., Leipzig, 1876-78). Various separate pieces have appeared in Busby's History of Music (London, 1819); Commer's Musica Sacra, vol. i (26 vols., Berlin, 1899 et seq.); Ritter's Kunst des Orgelspiels (Leipzig, 1877); and other works. Consult A. Pirro, Dietrich Buxtehude (Paris, 1913).

Bux

BUX'TON (AS. boc, Ger. Buche, Scotch, buck, Eng. beech + AS. tun, Eng. town). A market town and watering place in Derbyshire, England, 36 miles northwest of Derby (Map: England, E 3). It lies from 1000 to 1150 feet above the sea, in a deep valley, surrounded by hills and moors, which have been tastefully planted, the only approach being by a narrow ravine. ton is famous for its calcareous springs, tepid (82° F.) and cold (each discharging 60 gallons of water per minute), and its chalybeate springs. It is visited annually from June to October, by 12,000 to 14,000 persons, the waters being taken for indigestion, gout, rheumatism, and nervous and cutaneous diseases. There is a small industry in ornaments made from alabaster and spar. Buxton is in direct railway communication with London, 160 miles distant. Near Buxton are Diamond Hill, famous for its crystals, and Poole's Hole, a stalactitic cavern about 560 yards long. About 5 miles east of Buxton is Chee Tor, a perpendicular limestone rock 300 feet high. Pop., 1891, 7540; 1901, 10,181; 1911, 10,024. The Romans had baths here. Mary Queen of Scots resided for some time at Buxton when in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury. Consult A. Black and C. Black, Guide to Buxton and the Peak Country (London, 1910).

BUXTON, JEDEDIAH. See CALCULATORS, RE

MARKABLE.

).

BUXTON, SYDNEY CHARLES (1853An English statesman, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1886 he was elected member of Parliament for Poplar. He was a member of the Conciliation Committee in the great dock strike of 1889, and served also on the Royal Commission of Education and the Income Tax Committee. From 1892 to 1895 he was Undersecretary for the Colonies, and in 1905-10 was Postmaster-General. While occupying the latter office, he succeeded in introducing penny postage to the United States and reduced postage on magazines sent to Canada. He was appointed President of the Board of Trade and Privy Councilor in Mr. Asquith's cabinet in 1910, and in 1914 became Governor-General of South Africa. A frequent and effective speaker on the government side in the House of Commons, he was largely responsible for the Copyright Act and the Insurance Act, both passed in 1911. He took a prominent part also in the settlement of the railway strike of the same year. His writings include: Handbook to Political Questions (1892); Political Manual; Finance and Politics: an Historical Study (1793-1885); Handbook to Death Duties; Mr. Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer: A Study (1901); Fishing and Shooting (1902); The Fiscal Question (1904).

BUXTON, SIR THOMAS FOWELL (1786-1845). An English philanthropist. He was born at Earl's Colne, Essex, the eldest son of a wealthy family. At his graduation from Trinity College, Dublin, at 21 years of age, he was asked to represent the university in Parliament, but declined. He married a sister of the celebrated Mrs. Elizabeth Fry in 1807, entered business as a brewer, and by his energy and great business ability ultimately accumulated a large fortune. He interested himself also in local charities and in educational and religious enterprises. In 1818 he entered Parliament as member for Weymouth, which he continued to represent for about 20 years, taking a leading part in all debates on such questions as the amelioration of criminal law and of prison discipline, the suppression of the suttee in India, and the emancipation of slaves. The latter, in particular, engrossed a large share of his activity for many years, and no one displayed more zeal and firmness in its advocacy. In 1837 he was rejected by his constituency and refused ever after to stand for a borough. In 1840 he became a baronet. For his life, consult Memoirs of Sir T. F. Burton, Bart., ed. by his son, Charles Buxton (London, 1872), and Binney's Sir T. F. Buxton: A Study for Young Men (1845).

BUXTORF, buks'tôrf, JoHANN, THE ELDER (1564-1629). A German Orientalist. He was born at Kamen, Westphalia, Dec. 25, 1564. His student years were spent at Marburg, Herborn, Heidelberg, Basel, Zurich, and Geneva, and after traveling through Germany and Switzerland he settled at Basel, where he became professor of Hebrew in 1591, at the instance of his teacher, Grynæus, and there died of the plague, Sept. 13, 1629.

It was while studying at Herborn under Piscator that he imbibed his love for Hebrew, to the study of which and of Rabbinical literature he devoted his life. He associated much with learned Jews, and so great was his acquaintance with Jewish writings that he was frequently consulted by Jews on matters relating to ceremonial laws. His learning gained for him the title "Master of the Rabbins." His most important works are Synagoga Judaica hoc est Schola Judæorum (1604); his Biblia Hebraica Rabbinica (1618-19); his Tiberias; sive Commentarius Massorethicus (1620); his Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum, et Rabbinicum (1639), a most comprehensive work, of which a new edition was issued by Fischer (1866-74); and his Concordantia Bibliorum Hebraicorum (1632; new ed. by Bär, 1862-63). The two last-named works were, however, not completed by Buxtorf and were published after his death in completed form by his son, Johann Buxtorf. Consult Kautsch, Johann Buxtorf der Aeltere (Tübingen, 1880).

BUXTORF, JOHANN, THE YOUNGER (15991664). Son of the preceding, also an Orientalist. He was born at Basel, Aug. 13, 1599. At the age of 12 he entered the university at Basel, and at 16 he received the diploma of Master of Arts from the hands of his father. After finishing his studies he proceeded to Heidelberg and subsequently to Geneva. In 1623 he was offered a chair of logic at Lausanne, but declined, preferring to return to Basel, where, after holding various clerical offices, he was elected, in 1629, to succeed his father at the university. He remained in Basel, holding during his residence various chairs until his

death on Aug. 16, 1664. He was married four times, his first three wives dying shortly after marriage. Of his children, all died young except two boys, one of whom, Johann Jacob, succeeded his father in the chair of Hebrew. Much of his life was spent in controversies regarding disputed biblical and theological questions, notably regarding the antiquity of the vowel system in Hebrew. His learning was very great, but his doctrinal attitude led him to defend against Morin and Cappel a wholly indefensible position, and the scholarship of to-day, among Protestants as well as Catholics, maintains, with his opponents, that the vowel points were not introduced before the seventh century A.D. Besides his Lexicon Chaldaicum et Syriacum, which appeared (Basel, 1622) with a preface by his father, he completed and published from the manuscripts of his father the Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum, et Rabbinicum (Basel, 1639) and Concordantiæ Bibliorum Hebraicorum (Basel, 1632).

BUX'US. See Box.

BUYS-BALLOT, bois'bå'lo', CHRISTOPH HENDRIK DIDERICUS (1817-90). A Dutch meteorologist, born at Kloetinge, and educated at the University of Utrecht. He became professor of mathematics in the university (1847) and professor of experimental physics (1870). In 1854 he was appointed director of the Royal Meteorological Institute at Utrecht. He was the first to make a practical application of a system of storm signals in Europe and invented the aërochinoscope, used on the Dutch coast to communicate to vessels at a distance the direction from which wind or storm is to be expected. He is, perhaps, best known for the Buys-Ballot Law, a statement expressing the connection of wind directions with a given storm centre. He was active in endeavoring to obtain an international uniformity in meteorologic observations. His publications include Changements périodiques de la température (1847), Eenige regelen voor te wachten van weerverandering in Nederland (1860), and 40 volumes of the Annual of the Meteorological Institute.

BUZĂU, booʻzē-ụ, BUZEU, or BUSEO. The capital of the Department of Buzau, in western Wallachia, Rumania, on the Buzău River, and on the Rumanian-Bucharest Railway (Map: Balkan Peninsula, F 2). It is an episcopal see, with a cathedral and other public buildings. Buzău has a considerable domestic trade in grain, hides and skins, timber, and petroleum. Pop., 1899, 21,561; 1905, 23,025; 1909, 23,726.

BUZ'FUZ, SERJEANT. A caricature of a contemporary sort of barrister in Dickens's Pickwick Papers. He is counsel for Mrs. Bardell in her breach of promise suit against Mr. Pickwick. His firm has taken up her case thinking that the latter will pay the costs; and when they lose their fees by the defendant's choice of jail instead of blackmail, they very nearly land their own client in prison. Buzfuz is inimitable at showing dark intentions in the most innocent actions and speeches of Pickwick.

BUZULUK, boo'zoo-look' (founded in 1756 on the Buzuluk River). A district town in the Government of Samara, Russia, 110 miles eastsoutheast of the city of Samara (Map: Russia, H 4). The chief industries include the casting of church bells and the preparation of sheepski ns. Pop., in 1897, 14,500.

BUZZARD (OF. buzart, Fr. buse, from LL. busio, Lat. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk).

A hawk of the genus Buteo, a widely distributed group of some 33 forms. They are of medium or rather large size, heavy-bodied, of strong but measured flight. They are not so spirited as the falcons (q.v.) and capture their prey more stealthily. They live very largely on the smaller mammals, such as field mice and squirrels and even insects, but they also capture birds and are occasional visitors to the poultry yard. The wings are rather long and pointed, exceeding the tail; feet robust, with tarsi partially feathered. The type of the genus is the common buzzard of Europe (Buteo buteo, or vulgaris), which measures about 4 feet across the wings and is prevailingly brown, with a considerable mixture of black on the upper parts and of white or grayish white on the under. In America this species is replaced by Swainson's buzzard (Buteo swainsoni), which is one of the commonest large hawks from the Mississippi westward to the Pacific. It occasionally strays eastward through the Northern States. In color it is only slightly different from the European species, but it is somewhat larger. Some 9 or 10 other buzzards occur in the United States, but only 2 or 3 of them are widely distributed. The most common of these is the red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis), found over all North America. The tail of the adult bird is a rich rufous, tipped with white and with a narrow black band near the tip. The redtail is one of our largest hawks, measuring from 4 to 5 feet across the wings. Though often called the "hen hawk," it seldom attacks poultry and feeds largely on frogs and insects as well as mice and squirrels. The nest is a large affair of sticks built in a tree from 30 to 70 feet from the ground. eggs, laid very early in the spring, are usually three or four in number, dull white, somewhat marked with brown. Closely allied to the redtail is the red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), about the same size, but easily recognizable by the rufous wing coverts, forming a bright patch at the bend of the wing. The red-shouldered hawk has about the same range as the redtail and is often confused with it under the names "hen hawk" and "chicken hawk," but poultry is really a very insignificant part of its diet. Its breeding habits are similar to those of the redtail. The broad-winged hawk (Buteo latissimus, or platypterus) is much smaller than either of the preceding and is confined to the eastern part of the continent. It feeds very largely on insects.

The

The name is often extended to the genus of which the rough-legged hawk (Archibuteo lagopus) is the best-known species. These buzzards are easily recognized by the feathered tarsus, the feathers extending clear to the toes in front. The roughleg is one of the most wideranging hawks known, being found in the Old World from Lapland to the Cape of Good Hope and in America as far south at least as Virginia. It is somewhat darker than the European and is ranked as a separate subspecies. (See Plate of EAGLES AND HAWKS.) In the western part of North America is found a closely allied species, the "California squirrel hawk," which is considered "one of the largest, handsomest, and most distinctively marked hawks of North America." Besides these various buzzards already mentioned, about 20 other species are known, found in all parts of the world. In America the name "buzzard" is commonly given to the American vultures (q.v.), of which the common turkey buzzard is the most familiar example.

BUZZARD EAGLE. See EAGLE. BUZZARDS BAY. A bay on the south coast of Massachusetts, about 30 miles long by 5 to 10 miles wide, sheltered from the ocean and partly separated from Vineyard Sound (q.v.) by the Elizabeth Islands (Map: Massachusetts, F 4), which form a portion of the southern boundary. Buzzards Bay is a favorite summer resort. In the bay are the harbors of New Bedford, Wareham, Sippican, Nasketucket, and Mattapoisett.

BY, JOHN (1781-1836). A Canadian military engineer, the founder of Bytown, now Ottawa, Canada, and constructor of the Rideau Canal. He was born in England, was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and came to Canada in 1802. During his nine years' residence there he built the boat canal at the Cascades above Montreal, four martello towers outside the walls of Quebec, and a model of the latter city which was sent to Chatham, England. After nearly a year's service in the Peninsular War (q.v.), he was for nine years in charge of English gunpowder mills in Kent and Essex. In 1826 he was sent to Canada to construct a military waterway, between the Great Lakes and the tidal waters of the St. Lawrence, which would be free from interference by the United States; the St. Lawrence route between Montreal and Kingston had been difficult and dangerous in the War of 1812. By's work resulted in the Rideau Canal, completed and opened in 1832. (See RIDEAU.) The tiny settlement at the mouth of the canal, consisting of houses and barracks built by By for himself and his men, was named Bytown; in 1858 this place, under the name Ottawa (q.v.), became the capital of the Province of Canada. By left for England in 1832, owing to complaints against him on the ground of undue expenditure in the construction of the canal. He appeared before a parliamentary committee which acquitted him of extravagance, but stultified its report by including therein an expression of regret at the cost of the canal. By, whom subsequent research has completely exonerated, was deeply disappointed and wounded by the report, and died after four years of broken hopes and health.

BY-BID'DING. A fictitious bidding at an auction sale on behalf of the vendor, at his request or with his connivance, for the purpose of enhancing the price and without the intent of buying. Another name for this practice is "puffing." In England, secret by-bidding or puffing by a single bidder will vitiate a sale at an auction advertised as being without reserve. Such appears to be the rule generally prevailing in the United States. When the auction is not announced to be without reserve, there is considerable authority both in England and in the United States for the view that a single puffer will not invalidate the sale, if he is employed to prevent a sacrifice of the property at too low a price and does not run the price up unduly. The safe and honorable course for an owner, however, who wishes to save his property from sacrifice at auction is to give notice that he reserves the right of bidding or of withdrawing the property if satisfactory bids are not made. An agreement by the vendor to pay the puffer for his services is unenforceable whenever the services are illegal. See AUCTION; CONTRACT. BYBLOS, bib'los (Gk. Búßλos). An ancient city of Phoenicia, more properly Gyblos, now

called Jebeil, situated at the base of the Lebanon, about half-way between Tripoli and Beirut. It is frequently mentioned in Phoenician inscriptions under the form GBL and appears in cuneiform documents as early as the fifteenth century B.C. as Gubli, in later inscriptions also as Gubal. From the Amarna tablets it is evident that it was a place of considerable importance already at a remote period, and was prominently involved in the western campaigns of Tiglathpileser IV (745-728) and Shalmaneser V (728722). How the change from initial G to B was brought about is not known, but among Greek writers (e.g., Strabo) it is invariably known as Byblos. Byblos was the seat of worship of Adonis, of Tammuz, and of Astarte under the name of Baalat-Gublu (lady of Gublu or Byblos). The town is called Gebal in the Bible; Ezek. xxvii. 9 mentions the maritime pursuits of the inhabitants. The remains of the town are rich in ruins, dating from Roman times and the period of the Crusades. It was the birthplace of Philo Byblius.

BYELINSKI, V. G. See BELINSKY. BYELOSTOK, byâ'lô-stôk'. See BIALYSTOK. BYERLAND. See BEIJERLAND.

BY'ERLY, WILLIAM ELWOOD (1849

).

An American mathematician. He was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and in 1871 graduated at Harvard. He was assistant professor at Cornell (1873-76) and since then has been at Harvard, first as assistant professor, and then, after 1881, as full professor of mathematics. He retired from active service in 1913. He published: Elements of Differential Calculus (1879); Elements of Integral Calculus (1881); An Elementary Treatise on Fourier's Series and Spherical, Cylindrical, and Ellipsoidal Harmonics; Problems in Differential Calculus (1895); Harmonic Functions (1906).

BYERLY TURK, THE. The sire of the Herod race-horse stock, ridden in the Irish Rebellion of 1689, by one Captain Byerly and named after him. He was one of the triad from which all English thoroughbreds mentioned in the studbook are traced. See GODOLPHIN BARB.

BYERS, SIR JOHN WILLIAM. An English gynecologist, born in Shanghai, China. He was educated at Queen's College, Belfast, at Dublin, at London, and at the Queen's University of Ireland. Beginning practice in 1879 in the Children's Hospital, Belfast, in 1882 he organized the department for diseases of women at the Royal Victoria Hospital. Later he became professor of midwifery and of diseases of women and children in the Queen's University of Belfast. His publications include Address on Obstetric Medicine (1909) and The Evolution of Obstetric Medicine (1912).

BYES'VILLE. A village in Guernsey Co., Ohio, 95 miles east of Columbus, on the Pennsylvania Railroad (Map: Ohio, G 6). It has a glass factory, a tile and brick plant, and a gasengine factory. The mining of the large deposits of bituminous coal in the vicinity is the chief industry. Pop., 1890, 789; 1900, 1267; 1910, 3156.

BY FORD, WILLIAM HEATH (1817-90). An American physician. He was born in Eaton, Ohio, graduated at the Ohio Medical College in 1844, and became professor of anatomy in the Evansville (Ind.) Medical College in 1850. In 1857 he was appointed professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in the Rush Medical College (Chicago), where he became