the Packer Collegiate Institute, for girls and young women (established in 1853), consisting of collegiate, academic, and elementary departments (total enrollment in 1913, 674); the Pratt Institute, "to promote industrial education" (founded in 1887), admirably equipped for its purposes (enrollment in 1913: day classes, 2552; evening classes, 1672); Adelphi College (opened in 1896) has 402 students (both sexes) and 604 in the academy connected with it; St. Francis' College (1858) and St. John's College (1870) — the two last named, Roman Catholic institutions -the Long Island College Hospital, and the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy.

An educational enterprise of great credit to the community is the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, an outgrowth of the Apprentices' Library Association. General Lafayette laid the corner stone of this Association's building in 1824. Since 1888 the Institute has been under the direction of Prof. Franklin W. Hooper (q.v.). In 1914 it embraced 30 departments. The museum building, an imposing and commodious structure at Eastern Parkway and Washington Avenue, near the main entrance of Prospect Park, was opened in sections between 1897 and 1911 and has three departments, Fine Arts, Ethnology, and Natural History. The Fine Arts department contains, in addition to the original Tissot collection of paintings illustrating the life of Christ, the John S. Sargent collection of water colors, the Wallace collection of Barye bronzes, the Samuel P. Avery collection of Cloisonnes, the Alfred Duane Pell collection of European china, the Robert B. Woodward collection of ancient glass, with large collections of paintings of the Italian, Spanish, French, German, English, and American schools. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden occupies 42 acres adjacent to the museum, and is established both for the purpose of giving instruction to students in the public and private schools, and for promoting original research in botany. The Children's Museum in Bedford Park is visited by over 200,000 school children in a year.

The Brooklyn Public Library (under a public administration distinct from that of the New York Public Library) includes 31 branches, scattered throughout the borough and housed in suitable buildings, about one-half of which were paid for by Andrew Carnegie. In 1913 the collection contained about 740,000 volumes, of which about 220,000 were available in the efficiently administered Main Branch on Montague Street, near Borough Hall. (In that year the foundation of one section of the fine new library building was laid at the corner of Flatbush Avenue and Eastern Parkway.) Near at hand (at Pierrepont and Clinton streets) is the valuable collection (about 77,000 volumes) of the Long Island Historical Society. The Pratt Institute also includes a good public library of about 100,000 volumes.

Theatres and Clubs. Brooklyn has few theatres of consequence: the principal ones are the Montauk, the Broadway, and the Majestic, besides which there are several vaudeville houses and numerous moving-picture resorts. The bulk of the population in search of such diversion has always gone to New York for it. The borough has, however, several musical associations of considerable merit, and the community manifests much appreciation of the highest forms of that art. The leading institution of this

character is the Academy of Music, which occupies a handsome building on Lafayette Avenue, including an opera house, a music hall, and a lecture hall.

The essentially domestic character of the population, above referred to, is again suggested by the relative fewness of social clubs. Some of the better known of these are the Brooklyn, Hamilton, and Crescent Athletic clubs, on the Heights; the Lincoln and University on the Hill, and the Montauk on the Park Slope.

Trade and Industry. Brooklyn is one of the most important manufacturing communities in the United States. The main industrial district lies along the East River, chiefly north of the Brooklyn Bridge. Of the five boroughs which constitute the city of Greater New York, it ranked next, in manufacturing importance, to Manhattan, in 1909, with products valued at 20 per cent of the aggregate value of those of the entire city. The total value of the borough's manufactured products in 1890 was $270,823,754; in 1904, $342,127,124, an increase of 26.3 per cent; and in 1909, $417,223,770, an increase of 11 per cent. This increase, however, was much less than that shown by the other boroughs. The chief industry is the refining of sugar. The twelfth census of the United States records that about one-half of the sugar consumed in the country was refined in Brooklyn and valued the product at $77,042,997 in 1900. According to the same authority the milling of coffee and spices was also an important industry in the borough, the value of that product in 1905 being $15,274,092. In order to avoid disclosing individual operations, statistics for these industries are omitted from the thirteenth census, but it is apparent that the industries continue to be highly important in the community. The value of the product of other leading industries in the borough in 1909 was as follows: foundry and machine-shop products, $28,137,000; men's clothing, $19,243,000; paint and varnish, $15,743,000; slaughtering and meat packing, $14,744,000; malt liquors, $14,660,000; chemicals, $10,827,000.

On Wallabout Bay, formed by a curve of the East River, lies the highly important New York Navy Yard, generally but incorrectly called the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The original site was bought for the government in 1801, and in 1824 the Secretary of the Navy recommended that there be established here a first-class navy yard. It now occupies about 144 acres, of which 45 acres are inclosed by a high brick wall. The establishment includes the parade grounds, a trophy park, the United States Naval Lyceum (founded in 1833), and the officers' quarters, together with the manufacturing plant, which comprises foundries and machine shops, and four large dry docks, 694 feet, 564 feet, 465 feet, and 307 feet long respectively. The yard employed, in 1909, 3622 wage earners, and the products were valued at $7,032,416. Along the eastern side of the yard lies the Wallabout Market (about 45 acres), and adjoining it is the Naval Hospital, with accommodations for about 500 patients.

There are about 35 miles of water front, along which nearly 50 lines of steamships (some of them transatlantic) dock, besides a large number of tramp boats. The Atlantic Basin, opposite Governor's Island, has an area of 40 acres, with a wharfage of three miles, in which 500 large vessels can be accommodated at one time. The Erie Basin, to the south, has an area of

60 acres, and the Brooklyn Basin 40 acres. South of these are dry docks, among the largest in the United States, one dock being 600 feet long and 124 feet wide. Its grain elevators and warehouses mark Brooklyn as one of the largest shipping points in the United States, its traffic, however, being included in that for the port of New York.

Government. See NEW YORK, Government.

Population. 1790, 4495; 1800, 5740; 1810, 8303; 1820, 11,187; 1830, 20,535; 1840, 47,613; 1850, 138,882; 1860, 279,122; 1870, 419,921; 1880, 599,495; 1890, 838,547; 1900, 1,166,582; 1910, 1,634,351. The increase between 1890 and 1900 was 328,035, or 39.1 per cent, and between 1900 and 1910, 467,769, or 40.1 per cent. Brooklyn ranked third, among the boroughs of the city, in percentage of increase.

In 1910 the native white population, of native parentage, was 375,548, or 23 per cent of the total, as against 310,501, or 26.6 per cent, in 1900. The native whites, of foreign or mixed parentage, in 1910 numbered 663,583 (40.6 per cent), as against 482,658 (41.4 per cent) in 1900. The foreign-born whites numbered 571,356 (35 per cent) in 1910, as against 353,750 (30.3 per cent) in 1900. The number of illiterate persons in 1910 was 28,429, or 6 per cent of the total population, which is a lower percentage than that of Manhattan, but higher than that of the Bronx (4.5 per cent), Queens (4.7 per cent), and Richmond (4.9 per cent).

History. Long Island was originally occupied by 13 tribes of the Algonquin nation, the site of Brooklyn belonging to the Canarsie tribe. From them Jacques Bentyn and Willem Adri aense Bennett bought, in 1636, a tract of 930 acres at Gowanus, extending from Twentyseventh Street to New Utrecht. In 1637 Joris Jansen de Rapelje, a Walloon, bought 335 acres on Wallabout Bay, called by the settlers the "Waalbogt." The Indian name for this region was Meryckawick Bay, and the Indian name for what is now Brooklyn Heights was Ihpetonga, the highlands. In 1636 Jan Evertsen Bout settled on the "maize lands of Meryckawick" and, with others, established Breuckelen, named for a town in Holland about 18 miles from Amsterdam. In 1638 the West India Company bought the land east and southeast of Wallabout Bay, where the hamlet of Boswijck sprang up. In 1642 a ferry was established from a point near the present Fulton Ferry to Peck Slip, and a hamlet called "the Ferry" sprang up about it. In 1646 Breuckelen was organized, and the "Five Towns"-Breuckelen, Wallabout, the Ferry, Gowanus, and Bedford, inland-were united, and received a patent from Governor Nicolls in 1667. In 1651 Midwout, later Flatbush, was founded, and the first church was built there in 1665. In 1666 the first Dutch church was built in Breuckelen. After the Colony passed into the hands of the English, Long Island and Staten Island were called ridings of Yorkshire-Kings County, Staten Island, and Newtown constituting the West Riding-and this designation was used until 1683. In 1698 the population amounted to 509 persons, including 65 slaves, and at the beginning of the Revolution it was about 3500. On Aug. 27, 1776, the battle of Long Island (q.v.) was fought on the site of Brooklyn, and the village was held by the British till November, 1783. During the Revolution the British prison ships were moored in Wallabout Bay, and it is estimated that during the period 1777-83 as many

as 11,500 prisoners died of fever, starvation, and ill treatment, the mortality on board the New Jersey being especially great, and the sanitary conditions especially revolting. In 1799 the first newspaper in Brooklyn was started, the Courier and New York and Long Island Advertiser. Brooklyn was incorporated as a village in 1816 and received its charter as a city April 8, 1834. In 1848 occurred a disastrous fire, which destroyed seven blocks of buildings on and near Fulton Street. Williamsburg (to the north of Brooklyn, adjoining the East River), which had become a city in 1851, and Bushwick (including Greenpoint) were consolidated with Brooklyn in 1855. A new charter was granted in 1873, and amended in 1880 and 1881. In 1886 the town of New Lots (including East New York) was annexed; in May, 1894, the towns of Flatbush and Gravesend were annexed; and New Utrecht, on July 1, 1894. Flatlands was taken in on Jan. 1, 1896, when Brooklyn comprised all of Kings County and was the largest city in extent in the State, with an area of 66.39 square miles. Under the Act of the Legislature of 1897, creating the city of Greater New York, all of the city of Brooklyn as then existing was designated as the Borough of Brooklyn. See NEW YORK.

Consult: Stiles, A History of the City of Brooklyn (Brooklyn, 1869-70); Ostrander, A History of the City of Brooklyn and Kings County (Brooklyn, 1894); Powell, Historic Towns in the Middle States (New York, 1899); Bangs, Reminiscences of Old New Utrecht and Gowanus (Brooklyn, 1912); Armbruster, The Eastern District of Brooklyn (New York, 1912).

BROOKS, ALFRED HULSE (1871- ). An American geologist, explorer, and writer on Alaska, born at Ann Arbor, Mich., and educated in Germany, at Harvard University, and in Paris. He became assistant geologist in the United States Geological Survey in 1898, was later engaged in geological work and exploration in Alaska, and in 1902 was chosen geologist in charge of Alaskan mineral resources. He published: Railway Routes in Alaska (1907); Mining and Mineral Wealth of Alaska (1909); The Mount McKinley Region, Alaska (1911); Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Western States and Alaska (1913).

BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (181674). An English author. He was admitted to the bar, but became a reporter for the Morning Chronicle, for which he investigated conditions in Russia in 1853, writing The Russians of the South (1854). He was an editor of the Illustrated London News, and he wrote several dramas, including The Creole (1847) and Anything for a Change (1848); and the novels, The Gordian Knot (1860) and The Silver Cord (1861). He was connected with Punch, first (1851) as contributor and then (after 1870) as editor, his contributions being signed "Epicurus Rotundus." In 1875 Wit and Humour, Poems from Punch, appeared. Consult Layard, A Great "Punch" Editor (London, 1907).

BROOKS, JAMES (1810-73). An American journalist and politician, born in Portland, Me. He graduated at Waterville College in 1828, and was principal of a Latin school in Portland. He then became the Washington correspondent of the Portland Advertiser and originated the idea of regular correspondence from the capital. He was a member of the Maine Legislature in 1835 and proposed a survey for a railroad from Portland to Quebec and Montreal. In 1836 he estab

lished the New York Express, published morning as well as evening. He was a member of the New York State Legislature in 1847, and served in Congress from 1849 to 1853. He favored the compromise measures of Henry Clay and during the "Native-American" excitement of 1851-54 was a leader of the Know-Nothing Party. After the outbreak of the Civil War he left the Whigs and was elected to Congress in 1863 by the Democrats, remaining a member until his death. In 1872 he was censured by Congress as he thought, undeservedly-for his connection with the Crédit Mobilier scandal. (See CRÉDIT MOBILIER.) He published, in separate form, A Seven-Months' Run Up and Down and Around the World (1872)-a series of letters which originally appeared in the Express. BROOKS, JOIN (1752-1825). An American patriot. He was born in Medford, Mass.; studied medicine, as an apprentice, under Dr. Simon Tufts; settled in Reading, Mass., to practice his profession; and there was chosen to command a company of minutemen, which, on April 19, 1775, helped to harass the British on their retreat from Concord to Boston. He was chosen major of a Massachusetts regiment in May, and served thereafter until the close of the war, participating in the siege of Boston, in the battles of Saratoga, and in the battle of Monmouth, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel in November, 1776, and strongly supporting Washington in the so-called Newburgh conspiracy of 1783. After the war he was frequently elected to the General Court, was a member of the convention which, in 1788, ratified for Massachusetts the Federal Constitution; was appointed district marshal and inspector of the revenue by Washington in 1795; served as adjutant general of the State from 1812 to 1815; and from 1816 to 1823, when he refused to stand for reëlection, was Governor of Massachusetts. From 1792 to 1796 he was brigadier general in the United States army. He served as president of the Massachusetts Medical Society from 1817 until his death.

BROOKS, JOHN GRAHAM (1846- ). An American writer and lecturer, born in Acworth, N. H. He graduated from the Harvard Divinity School in 1875 and studied at Berlin, Jena, and Freiburg; was an instructor at Harvard, a university extension lecturer in the University of Chicago, and a lecturer at the University of California. In 1893 he made a report on workingmen's insurance in Germany to the United States Department of Labor. He became president of the National Consumers' League and wrote The Social Unrest (1903); As Others See Us (1908)- -a summary of foreign visitors' impressions of the United States; An American Citizen, The Life of William Henry Baldwin, Jr. (1910); American Syndicalism: The Industrial Workers of the World (1913).

BROOKS, MARIA GOWEN (c.1795-1845). An American romantic poet, born in Medford, Mass., chiefly remembered as the author of Zophiel, or the Bride of Seven (1833). This was written in Cuba, her home after marriage. The first canto was published in Boston in 1825, and the complete poem in London in 1833, under the supervision of Southey, whom she had met on a visit to France and England in 1830-31. In The Doctor Southey calls her "the most impassioned and imaginative of all poetesses," and elsewhere "Maria of the West" (Maria del Occidente). In America the work found less favor, though Edgar Allan Poe gave it undiscriminating praise.

It was reëdited in 1879 with somewhat greater success. The poem is based on an incident in the apocryphal book of Tobit, telling of the love of a fallen angel for the Hebrew maiden Sara. It contains good passages, but is uneven. On returning to America Mrs. Brooks lived for a time at West Point, and afterward on Governor's Island. In 1843 she published the somewhat autobiographical Idomen, or the Vale of Yumuri, and wrote an Ode to the Departed. She planned also an epic, Beatriz, the Beloved of Columbus. In December, 1843, she returned to Cuba and remained there until her death. She was undoubtedly a woman of much, but untrained, poetic power. Consult Trent, American Literature, pp. 276 et seq. (New York, 1903).

He

BROOKS, NOAH (1830-1903). An American journalist and author. He was born in Castine, Me., and was educated as an artist. In 1854 he went West and settled in California as a newspaper man. From 1871 to 1875 he was a member of the staff of the New York Tribune. became an editor of the New York Times in 1876, and in 1884 editor of the Newark (N. J.) Daily Advertiser. He retired from journalism in 1892. His publications include: The Boy Emigrants (1876; 1903); The Fairport Nine (1880; 1903); American Statesmen (1893; 1904); Short Studies in American Party Politics (1896); The Story of Marco Polo (1896); Henry Knox, a Soldier of the Revolution (1900); Abraham Lincoln: His Youth and Early Manhood (1901); Boy Settlers (1891; 1906).

BROOKS, PHILLIPS (1835-93). A Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church. He was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 13, 1835; graduated at Harvard in 1855, and at the P. E. Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Va., in 1859. He became rector of the Church of the Advent, Philadelphia, in 1859; of Holy Trinity there in 1862; removed to Boston as rector of Trinity in 1869; and was elected Bishop of Massachusetts in 1891. He published Lectures on Preaching (Yale lectures on the Lyman Beecher foundation, 1877), The Influence of Jesus (Bohlen lectures, Philadelphia Divinity School, 1879), and several volumes of sermons. He also wrote the favorite Christmas hymn, "O Little Town of Bethlehem." He was celebrated as a preacher and as a vigorous and independent thinker. His freedom from the ordinary sectarian trammels, his liberal views of doctrine, with his profound convictions as to vital Christian truths, and his deeply spiritual yet intensely practical preaching, gave him great influence with all denominations. Consult his biography by A. V. G. Allen (New York, 1901), Howe, Phillips Brooks (Boston, 1899), and W. Lawrence, Phillips Brooks: A Study (Boston, 1903).

BROOKS, PRESTON SMITH (1819-57). An American politician, notorious for his assault on Charles Sumner, in the United States Senate Chamber, in 1856. He was born in Edgefield District, S. C.; graduated at South Carolina College in 1839; was admitted to the bar in 1843; was elected to the State Legislature in 1844; and in 1846-47 served as a captain of volunteers in the war with Mexico. In 1852 he was elected to the House of Representatives and was reëlected in 1854. Soon after the adjournment of the Senate on May 22, 1856, two days after Senator Sumner had delivered his speech on "The Crime against Kansas," in which he had spoken with great severity of South Carolina and of Senator Butler, from that State (then absent from the

Senate), Brooks, who was the nephew of Senator Butler, assaulted Sumner while the latter was writing alone at his desk in the Senate Chamber, repeatedly striking him on the head with a cane, knocking him senseless, and inflicting spinal injuries from which he never fully recovered. The House of Representatives immediately appointed a committee to investigate the affair, and the committee reported in favor of expelling Brooks, but the necessary two-thirds vote could not be secured for the motion. Brooks resigned voluntarily, however, after making a speech in justification of his act, but he was immediately reëlected by his constituents. Some remarks of Representative Anson Burlingame, on June 21, charging Brooks with cowardice and a lack of fair play, provoked a challenge from the latter, and a duel was arranged to take place in Canada, near Niagara Falls; but Brooks declined to fight at the place designated, for the reason that he could not reach it "without running the gauntlet of mobs and assassins, prisons and penitentiaries, bailiffs and constables." The assault caused the greatest excitement all over the country. The North was fiercely indignant, while the South, for the most part, upheld Brooks, in some sections resolutions being passed in his honor.

BROOKS, WILLIAM KEITH (1848-1908). An American zoologist, born in Cleveland, Ohio, March 25, 1848. He took his baccalaureate degree at Williams College in 1870 and his degree of doctor of philosophy at Harvard in 1875. He was assistant in the Boston Society of Natural History in 1875-76, associate in Johns Hopkins University in 1876, and was professor there after 1883. He trained many of the prominent embryologists of the country. His work was characterized by its relation to evolutionary problems. He published Hand-Book of Invertebrate Zoology (1882); Heredity (1884); The Development and Protection of the Oyster in Maryland (1884); Lucifer: A Study in Morphology (1881); The Stomatopoda of H. M. S. Challenger (1886); A Monograph of the Genus Salpa (1893); Foundations of Zoology (1898); Jordan, Leading American Men of Science (New York, 1910).

BROOKS, WILLIAM ROBERT (1844-1921). An American astronomer, born in Maidstone, Kent, England. He received an academic education, became an expert mechanical draughtsman, and in 1881, with a telescope of his own make, discovered his first comet. In 1874 he established, at Phelps, N. Y., the Red House Observatory, where he continued his astronomic studies, and in 1888 was called to Geneva, N. Y., there to take charge of the Smith Observatory. He became known largely through his discovery of comets, 26 being the number with which he is accredited. A frequent lecturer on astronomical topics, he has also given much time to photog raphy of the heavens. He was, in 1887, elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain.

BROOKS, WILLIAM THOMAS HARBAUGH (1821-70). An American soldier, born in New Lisbon, Ohio. He graduated in 1841 at the United States Military Academy; served in the Third Infantry during the Florida War, and on garrison duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., in 1843-44. During the Mexican War he fought at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey, and was brevetted major for his services. Subsequently he was on frontier duty in New Mex

ico and Texas. Shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and was conspicuous in the Virginia Peninsular, Maryland, and Rappahannock campaigns. In 1863-64 he commanded the Department of the Monongahela, and in the latter year the Tenth Army Corps in the army operating against Richmond, Va. He resigned with the rank of major (Eighteenth Infantry).

BROOKS'S, brook'sez. A Whig club founded in London (1764) by the dukes of Portland and Roxborough. Its place of meeting was originally a sporting house, the first proprietor of which was Almack and the second Brooks. Its present headquarters are 60 St. James's Street, and it continues to preserve its political nature.

BROOK VILLE. A town and the county seat of Franklin Co., Ind., about 65 miles east by south of Indianapolis, on the White Water River, and on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis Railroad (Map: Indiana, E 3). It has good water power, furniture factories, saw, paper, and flour mills, and contains a Carnegie library. The water works are owned by the town. Pop., 1890, 2028; 1900, 2037; 1910, 2169.

BROOKVILLE. A borough and the county seat of Jefferson Co., Pa., 100 miles by rail northeast of Pittsburgh, at the confluence of Red Bank Creek with other streams, and on the Pennsylvania, the Pittsburgh, Shawmut, and Northern, and the New York Central railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, C 4). It contains the Brookville Memorial Home for sailors' and soldiers' widows, has foundries, breweries, flour mills, and manufactures glass, various lumber products, automobiles, brick and tile, and furniture. The water works are owned by the borough. Pop., 1900, 2472; 1910, 3003.

BROOM (AS. brōm, Dutch brem, OHG. brāmo; cf. bramble). A name given to a number of species of shrubs of the closely allied genera Cytisus, Genista, and Spartium, all belonging to the family Leguminosa, and all of them having long, slender branches, along which are produced axillary flowers. Common broom, Cytisus scoparius, is a well-known native of Europe, introduced into the United States, growing in dry soils, and in May and June ornamenting hedge banks, hills, and bushy places with its large yellow flowers, which are on short stalks, drooping, solitary, but produced in considerable number along the straight, slender branchlets. The whole aspect of the plant is graceful. The lower leaves have three oblong leaflets; the upper ones, which are reduced to bracts, are simple. The branches are angular and of a very dark green; very tough and much in use for making besoms (brushes of twigs). The leaves have been used for tanning and dyeing, and their fibre has been woven into a coarse, strong cloth and even made into paper. whole plant is very bitter, with a peculiar nauseous taste and smell when bruised. The young tops and seeds are used in medicine, being powerfully diuretic, and very beneficial in some kinds of dropsy. They are also mildly laxative and, in large doses, emetic. They are commonly administered in the form of a decoction. Broom varies in size from a very humble shrub to one of 20 feet in height, and when it reaches this size the wood is of great value for the finer purposes of cabinetmakers and turners. Irish broom (Cytisus patens), not unfrequent as an ornamental plant in British shrubberies, is not

The

at all a native of Ireland, but of Spain and Portugal. Some species of Cytisus are valued for the fodder yielded by the young, tender twigs. All of them are excellent bee plants. Portugal broom or white broom (Cytisus albus), a native of the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, is very often planted as an ornamental shrub and is much admired for the beauty of its fascicled white flowers, which are produced upon long filiform branches. It sometimes attains a height of 15 or 20 feet. Cytisus proliferus albus is an important fodder plant for dry regions. It is a native of Madeira and generally goes under the name Tagosasti (q.v.). Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) is a native of the south of Europe, generally growing in dry soils and rocky situations, and attaining a height of 8 feet or upward. Its branches are upright, round, and rushlike, a characteristic of this genus. They are smooth and bear only a few small, simple leaves, which soon drop off. The fibre of the branchlets is much used in some parts of Italy, France, and Spain for making cloth, ropes, etc. In Spain a fine lace that is much prized is made from the fibre of this plant. In the south of France the plant is cultivated on dry, unproductive soils. The branchlets are made into bundles, dried, beaten, steeped, and washed, in order to separate the fibre. The plant possesses medical properties similar to those of the common broom. A whiteflowered species, once called Spartium monospermum, but now called Genista monosperma, occasionally to be seen in shrubberies, grows abundantly on the loose sands of the coasts of Spain and produces a similar fibre. It is mentioned by Barth as growing in great abundance in Africa to the south of the great desert. Many species somewhat resembling these are occasionally to be seen among ornamental plants, some of them often in greenhouses. The Canary Isles produce some remarkable for the fragrance of their flowers. The name "broom" is not given to those species of Cytisus (q.v.) and Genista (q.v.) which do not display in a marked degree the character of having long, slender twigs. Butcher's broom is a plant of an entirely dif ferent family. See Plate of CYPRESS, ETC.

BROOM. See BRUSH AND BROOM. BROOM, ROBERT (1866- ). A South African morphologist and paleontologist, born in Paisley, Scotland. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, from which he received the degrees of M.D. (1895) and D.Sc. (1905). Cape University made him an honorary D.Sc. in 1912. In 1903-10 he was professor of zoology and geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, and subsequently he became keeper of vertebrate paleontology at the South African Museum, Cape Town. In 1913 he was selected by the Royal Society to deliver the Croonian Lecture in London on "The Origin of Mammals." Among hundreds of articles contributed by him to scientific journals, the most important are: "Fossil Reptiles of South Africa" in Science in South Africa (1905); "Reptiles of Karroo Formation" in Geology of Cape Colony (1909); "Development and Morphology of the Marsupial Shoulder Girdle" in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1899); "Comparison of Permian Reptiles of North America with Those of South Africa" in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (1910); "Structure of Skull in Cynodont Reptiles" in Proceedings of the Zoological Society (1911). Dr. Broom

has described over 50 genera and 100 species of fossil reptiles and amphibians, and he is one of the contributors to the present (2d) edition of the NEW INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPÆDIA.

BROOM CORN. A plant of the order Gramineæ, generally regarded as a native of the East Indies and cultivated for the manufacture of brooms and whisk brushes from the open, long-rayed panicles. It is one of the cultivated forms of Andropogon sorghum, which also includes doura, kafir corn, common sorghum, and other similar plants. The chief difference between this and other varieties of the species consists in the greater length, strength, and straightness of the fine stems composing the panicle. The plant has a jointed stem and bears clusters of two and three spikelets on the ramifications of an open panicle. In the standard varieties the stem grows 10 to 15 feet high and in the dwarf varieties from 4 to 6 feet. Conditions of soil and climate suitable for maize are also adapted to this plant. The greater portion of the annual production in the United States is furnished by Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, but it is grown in a number of other States. It is planted in hills about 18 inches apart in rows from 3 to 4 feet apart. A yield of 500 pounds of the brush or material for brooms is considered an average crop. When the panicle is nearly full-grown, the stalks are broken over at a point 12 to 18 inches below the head. This position of the panicle tends to keep the brush straight. The heads are harvested before the seed is fully ripe and while the brush is still green. They are cut off with 6 inches of the stalk, the seed is then removed by hand or machine, and the brush is cured in the shade to preserve its color and strength. The brush is pressed into bales weighing about 300 pounds. The United States exports broom corn to different countries. The broom corn produced in southern Europe is inferior in quality. As a forage crop broom corn is not very important. For illustration, see BRAZILNUT, Plate. Consult: United States Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin 174. See ANDROPOGON.

BROOME, SIR FREDERICK NAPIER (1842–96). A British administrator and author. He was born in Canada, was educated in England, and in 1857-69 was a sheep farmer in New Zealand. He was Colonial Secretary for Natal (1875) and for Mauritius (1878), Lieutenant Governor of Mauritius (1880), Governor of Western Australia (1882), and Governor of Trinidad (1891). In Western Australia he promoted the construction of railroads and telegraphs, and in 1890 obtained the colony's constitution. He wrote for the Times, the Cornhill, and Macmillan's and published Poems from New Zealand (1868) and The Stranger of Seriphos (1869), a dramatic poem.

BROOME, WILLIAM (1689-1745). An English writer. He was educated at Cambridge, took holy orders, and married (1716) a wealthy widow. He is known as a coadjutor of Pope in translating the Odyssey. For writing the notes and translating eight books (2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 16, 18, 23), he received £570 (out of Pope's £4500), a price which he considered too small. Comments on this transaction induced Pope to revile Broome in the Dunciad. After 1730 Pope and he were friends again. Broome published Poems on Several Occasions and translated some of Anacreon. With others he had translated (1712) the Iliad from Madame Dacier's French. Consult