BROOM MOSS Elwin and Courthope, Pope's Correspondence BROOM MOSS. ramosa. BROOM RAPE (version of ML. rapum genista, broom knob or tuber, from rapum, knob or lump formed by the roots of trees, and genista, gen. sing. of genista, broom), Orobanche An annual plant, 6 to 15 inches high, with many slender stems of a brownish or straw color, growing parasitically upon the roots of hemp and tobacco. The leaves of the plant are reduced to brown scales, and the light-blue flowers are scattered along the stalks. The broom rape is a native of Europe and has become established in some parts of the United States. The plant fastens upon the roots of the tobacco or Its hemp and sucks from them its nourishment, eventually killing the host it lives upon. seeds are minute and very abundant, and from the difficulty of its eradication especial attention should be given to the use of absolutely clean hemp and tobacco seed in planting. The small broom rape, Orobanche minor, attacks clover and alfalfa. For illustration, see Plate of PARASITIC PLANTS. See ANDROPOGON. BROOM SEDGE. BROSBÖLL, bros'bel, JOHAN CARL CHRISA popular and productive TIAN (1816-1900). Danish writer, whose pseudonym was Carit Etlar. He was born in Fridericia, and studied painting at the Academy of Copenhagen, but a means of livelihood. took up literature as His works include novels, sketches of travel, and dramas, which, though showing a brilliant imagination, are not always carefully worked out. His Skrifter ('Collected Writings') appeared in Copenhagen in 1859-68 (24 vols.), to which was added a Ny Samling ('New Collection') in 187379 (5 vols.). BROSIG, brō'ziK, MORITZ (1815-87). A German organist and composer, born in Fuchswinkel, Silesia. He studied in Breslau under Franz Wolf and in 1842 succeeded him as organist In 1852 he was of the Breslau Cathedral. appointed kapellmeister at the cathedral and in 1871 lecturer on music at the University of Breslau. He published a textbook of harmony, and valuable church music, including seven masses with orchestra, and many graduals and offertorics. BROSSE, bros, SALOMON DE, wrongly called BROSSES, bros, CHARLES DE (1709-77). A 25 His next Australia, and Polynesia. The last two of these names were first employed by him. work was Du culte des dieux fétiches (1760). It was followed by a Traité de la formation mécanique des langues (2 vols., 1765), which, in spite of many errors, contains many ingenious He contributed observations and conjectures. articles on language to the famous Encyclopédie of Diderot, Voltaire, and others. During the greater part of his life he was busily engaged and having collected about 700 fragments by this in supplying the lacunæ in the works of Sallust; historian, he published, with such interpolations as he deemed necessary, the Histoire de la République romaine dans le cours du septième . siècle, par Salluste (1777). Many of his manuscripts were published after his death, and a complete edition of his works in 52 volumes has been issued (1878-85). Mince BROTH (AS. broth, OHG. brod, brot, Gael. brot, Ir. broth, from the root of brew, AS. breōwan, OHG. briuwan, Ger. brauen). A liquid preparation of animal food, which differs from soup in that it contains no vegetables. The usual broths are made of beef, mutton, or chicken, and are much used as food for invalids. The following are the recipes for the production of broths, taken from Curran's Sickness and Accidents (Chicago, 1894). Beef Broth (time, 1 of cold water, half teaspoonful of salt. hour). One pound of lean, juicy beef, one pint the meat, put it in a stewpan with the water and salt and boil slowly one hour, strain and add a little black pepper, if allowed, and serve hot 2 hours). Two pounds of lean, juicy mutton, with strips of dry toast. Mutton Broth (time, one quart of cold water, one teaspoonful of salt. Remove all fat and skin, cut up the meat, put it in a stewpan with the water and salt, and boil slowly an hour and a half. Strain, and set away to cool. When cold, remove all fat and dregs, and heat a portion as required for use. Chicken Broth (time, 2 hours).-Three pounds scant teaspoonfuls of salt. of tender chicken, two quarts of cold water, two Skin the chicken (if it is very fat), cut it up, pound the pieces There is very little nutrition in broths, as tain mainly gelatin, salts, fat, and extractives; stated in the article MEAT EXTRACT. They conwhich a convalescing patient may rely in part, these, however, are easily assimilated food upon as a change of diet for a feeble stomach. BROTHEL, broтн'el (for ME., OF. bordel, ML. bordellum, little hut, brothel, dim. of borda, hut, from Teut. bord, Eng. board, plank). Another name for bawdy house, a house of ill fame or house of prostitution, i.e., a "house kept for sexes.' The keeping of such a house was a misthe resort and convenience of lewd people of both demeanor at common law, as it still is under modern statutes, being classed as a "public nui وو sance." Prostitution is not, of itself, a common-law offense, and a house is not necessarily a brothel because a prostitute lives there and receives men there privately for immoral purposes. On the other hand, the conduct of persons maintaining and resorting to a place of prostitution need not be so shameless, noisy, or disorderly as to be noticeable from the outside, in order to make the place a brothel. Usually, however, to have that character it must be a place of resort for persons of both sexes for immoral purposes or there must be several women, perhaps under a common management, to whom men resort in considerable numbers. By modern statutes in this country as well as in England the liability for keeping a brothel has been extended to the lessees or landlords of any premises to them known to be used for that purpose. Modern legislation has also dealt extensively with sexual offenses promoted by brothels. See ADULTERY; CONSENT; AGE; PROCURER; PROSTITUTION; WHITE SLAVERY. BROTHERHOOD OF ANDREW AND PHILIP. A brotherhood formed in 1888 by Rev. Rufus W. Miller, associate pastor of the Second Reformed Church in Redding, Conn. It held its first Federal convention in New York City in 1893, and by 1895 it had grown into an order for religious and social service in many denominations. These include the Reformed Church in America, the Reformed Church in the United States, Congregational, Presbyterian (North, South, Canadian, and United), Methodist Episcopal, Methodist Protestant, Baptist, United Brethren, Lutheran, Reformed Episcopal, Church of Christ, Progressive Brethren, Friends, United Evangelical, Free Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal, and the Evangelical Association. The Brotherhood has chapters in Australia, Japan, China, and England. There were in the United States in 1913 1000 chapters, with a membership of about 45,000. There were also 102 boys' chapters, in which were enrolled about 2000 members. The Brotherhood holds biennial, Federal, and annual denominational conventions. The official organ is the Brotherhood Star. Consult Bacon and Northrop, Young People's Societies (New York, 1900). A BROTHERHOOD OF ST. ANDREW. Protestant Episcopal organization, whose object is the spread of Christianity among men, especially young men. It was founded in 1883 in St. James's Parish, Chicago, by James L. Houghteling and others. The unit of organization is the local chapter. In 1913 there were 942 charters in force, representing 864 active and 78 probationary chapters. There is also a junior department for work among boys, which has 543 active chapters. There are about 10,000 members in the Brotherhood proper, and 5000 in the junior department. The headquarters of the Brotherhood are in Boston. It holds an annual convention and publishes monthly an official organ called St. Andrew's Cross. It has extended to England and her colonial possessions. Consult Bacon and Northrop, Young People's Societies (New York, 1900). BROTHERHOODS, RELIGIOUS. Societies instituted for pious and benevolent purposes, numerous in the Middle Ages and in the Roman Catholic church of modern times. They are instituted especially for those who wish to have the help of organization and common aims, but are not conscious of a vocation to join the strictly religious orders. In some cases they appear as affiliated societies to the latter, as in the case of the Third Order of St. Dominic and of St. Francis. (See TERTIARY.) In the Middle Ages a number of brotherhoods sprang up which either did not seek or did not obtain ecclesiastical recognition and finally assumed the character of sects with more or less of heretical tendency. To this class belonged, among others, the Beg hards and Beguines (q.v.), the Apostolic Brethren (q.v.), and the Flagellants (q.v.), who while tolerated by the Church for a while, at last incurred its censure and were severely repressed. Other confraternities which came into existence with the sanction of the Church devoted themselves to the promotion of religion and, under its direct influence, to the performance of many practical works of charity, by assisting strangers, travelers, the unprotected, the oppressed, the destitute, and the sick. Typical examples of these medieval brotherhoods are the Bridge-building Brotherhoods (q.v.), and especially the Fratelli della Misericordia at Florence, still existing, whose work it is to bury the dead, and under whose picturesque costume are frequently concealed the features of members of the noblest Italian houses. The last two centuries have witnessed the growth of a great number of Roman Catholic confraternities, both for men and women, based on the same principle as these earlier ones. Many of them are more or less associated with the religious orders; thus the League of the Sacred Heart or Apostleship of Prayer, with millions of members all over the world, under the direction of the Jesuits; the Rosary sodalities, of the Dominicans; and the confraternities of the Scapular, of the Carmelites. Consult Leete, Christian Brotherhoods (Cincinnati, 1912). BROTHER JONATHAN. The name of the best-known personification of the United States, the origin of which is doubtful. The most plausible explanation derives it from Jonathan Trumbull (q.v.), Governor of Connecticut during the Revolution, and a highly esteemed friend of General Washington, who, it is said, was accustomed to remark when perplexed by some knotty question, "We must consult Brother Jonathan." From its frequent repetition the term became widely known, and ultimately expanded in meaning to embrace the whole American people. BROTHERS, LAY. An inferior class of monks, not in holy orders, but bound by monastic rules and employed as servants in monasteries (q.v.). BROTHERS, THE. A club founded, June 21, 1711, in London, for the purpose of advancing literature by sociability and the use of political influence. Besides several Tory peers, St. John, Swift, Prior, Friend, and Arbuthnot were among its charter members. It became, in 1714, the Scriblerus Club, a more purely literary and less political organization, under the influence of Swift. The members addressed each other as "brother." BROTHERS, THE. 1. A comedy by James Shirley, licensed Nov. 4, 1626, and printed in a volume entitled Six New Plays by the same author, in 1653. 2. A tragedy by Edward Young, produced at the Drury Lane, March 3, 1752, for the benefit of a religious society. It was not very successful, running for eight nights and clearing only £400. It was written during the author's early life and for a long time suppressed as inimical to his profession of clergyman. 3. A play by Richard Cumberland, brought out at Covent Garden in 1769. It was the first real comedy of the author and gained for him the friendship of Garrick by the flattery of the prologue. BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824). A religious fanatic. He was born at Placentia, New foundland, Dec. 25, 1757, and was at one time BROTHERS and SISTERS OF CHARITY. Under these names there exist in the Roman Catholic church widely ramified beneficent societies for the nursing of the poor and sick in hospitals, without distinction of faith, rank, or nation. The Order of the Brothers of Charity, or Compassionate Brothers, was established in 1540 at Seville, in Spain, by the Portuguese João de Dio (died 1550), who had served in Africa under Charles V. The funds for the purpose were obtained by begging. The primitive object of the society was the care of the sick and the reformation of women of immoral character; it was composed of lay members, under no rule. In the year 1572 the order received the papal recognition and was subjected to the rule of St. Augustine. All the privileges of the mendicant orders were conceded to it in the year 1624, and it was then divided into a Spanish congregation, with a major general in Granada, and an Italian or extra-Spanish congregation, with a major general in Rome. The political disturbances of the nineteenth century abolished the Spanish as a separate province; the whole order is now governed by a general who resides in Rome. It has at the present time over 1000 members, who bind themselves, besides the usual three vows, by a fourth which requires them to devote their whole lives to the care of the sick and infirm. Their services to distressed humanity continue to be held in high estimation. Another order is the Congregation of the Brothers of Charity, founded in Belgium and approved by the Pope in 1809. They are devoted to the assistance of the poor, the aged, and various classes of the helpless. They have over 40 communities in Belgium, with about 1000 members, and have spread to many other countries. In 1865 they entered America at VOL. IV.-3 Montreal, whence they have spread through The BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF THE FREE SPIRIT. A sect which sprang up along the Rhine toward the beginning of the thirteenth century and afterward spread into France and Italy. It based its peculiar tenets on the scriptural doctrine that "where the Spirit of the Lord Misconceiving the true is, there is liberty." nature of spiritual freedom, the members of this sect conceived themselves released not only from ecclesiastical discipline, but also from the commonest obligations of morality. They set aside the marriage tie and indulged in licentiousness. A few even maintained the old Manichæan doctrine that the deeds of the body could not posIntellectually they are sibly affect the soul. said to have been inclined to Pantheism under The the teachings of Amalric of Bène (q.v.). synods of Cologne in 1306 and of Treves in 1310 decreed their suppression, and in the persecutions which followed they seem to have been completely dispersed, although a few traces of their influence could be found as late as the sixteenth century, for example, among the socalled Libertines of Geneva. BROTHERS OF COMMON LIFE (also called BROTHERS OF GOOD WILL, and HIERONYMITES, or GREGORIANS, from their patron saints, Jerome and Gregory the Great). A fraternity founded at Deventer about 1376 by Gerhard Groote (q.v.), whose successor was Florentius Radewin (born 1350, at Leerdam in Holland; died 1400). Thomas à Kempis, who was associated with Radewin, wrote the lives of both these founders. The society grew very rapidly, and under Gerhard's instructions helped to found several houses of Canons Regular of St. Augustine with which it was allied. But the original society, which professed to be a copy of the earliest Christian communities, was composed of persons who desired to live a devout and ascetic life in community without formal vows. Community of goods, industry, care for the education of the young, and a tendency to promote reading of the Scriptures and public prayers in the vernacular, are among their characteristics. Despite the opposition of some of the older communities, they were recognized by several Popes and by the Council of Constance (1414-18). They became most numerous in the Netherlands and Germany, nearly every large town having one or more of their houses, but spread also to Italy and Portugal, so that by 1430 they reckoned more than 130 societies. The last was founded at Cambrai in 1505. They seem to have decayed after the outbreak of the Reformation, which carried to more extreme lengths what had been distinctive principles of theirs. A number of the brothers joined the reforming movement. Some of their educational institutions were taken over by the Jesuits. The most distinguished members of the society were Thomas à Kempis (q.v.), Gerhard Zerbold of Zutphen, and the learned Cardinal Nicholas Cusa. Consult Kettlewell, Thomas à Kempis and the Brothers of Common Life (London, 1884). BROTHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS. An order, commonly called Christian Brothers, established by St. Jean Baptiste de la Salle at Rheims in 1684 and sanctioned by Pope Benedict XIII in 1725, having for its object the furnishing of the poor with instruction. The brothers take the three vows of religion, poverty, chastity, and obedience, but do not enter holy orders. By preference, they take charge of elementary schools, but also devote themselves to higher educational work in colleges and in technical and professional schools. They maintain institutions in most countries of Europe as well as in the United States, Canada, India, Egypt, South Africa, and Australia. În 1905 the brotherhood had 14,000 members, mostly resident in Europe. In the United States the brothers conduct parochial schools, normal institutes, and colleges, with a teaching staff of 1200. When religious teaching orders were suppressed closed and their property confiscated by the government, but they established other schools near the borders of France, in which they tried to carry on part of their French work. See LA SALLE, JEAN BAPTISTE DE. in France in 1904, the brothers' schools were BROTTON. See SKELTON and BROTTON. BROUCKÈRE, broo'kâr', CHARLES MARIE JOSEPH GHISLAIN DE (1796-1860). A Belgian statesman, born in Bruges. He entered the artillery service and fought at Waterloo. In 1826 he was elected deputy to the States-General from the province of Limburg. Here he was a prominent advocate of Belgian independence. He was Minister of Finance for the Provisional Government, and after the establishment of the representative monarchy was appointed by Leopold I Minister of the Interior (1831) and soon afterward Minister of War. He reorganized the army, but was attacked on the ground of extravagant expenditures, and resigned (1832). He was subsequently director of the mint, a professor in the free University of Brussels, and burgomaster of that city. He is author of Principes généraux d'économie politique (1851). Consult the Life by Juste (Brussels, 1868). BROUCKÈRE, HENRI MARIE JOSEPH GHISLAIN DE (1801-91). A Belgian statesman, born in Brügge. He became an advocate, was elected to the National Congress, and represented Brussels in the Chamber of Deputies from 1833 to 1848. In 1840 he became Governor of Antwerp, in 1844 of Liége, and from 1849 to 1852 was Belgian Minister at the papal and other Italian courts. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the so-called "Ministry of Conciliation," formed after the overthrow of the Liberals, and in that capacity did much to restore friendly relations between Belgium and France. At one time he was also councilor of the Brussels Court of Appeals and in 1855-70 represented Mons as a Liberal deputy. An For a BROUGH, bruf, FANNY (1854-1914). She made her début in Manchester in 1869, when English actress, niece of Lionel Brough (q.v.). quite young, and appeared in London in 1870, as Fernande, at the St. James's Theatre. time she became a leading member of the Caste company and otherwise has also toured extensively in the provinces. Among her London engagements have been those in Harvest (Princess's Theatre, 1886); Civil War (with Mrs. Brown Potter at the Gaiety Theatre, 1887); Little Lord Fauntleroy (Terry's, 1888); Dr. Bill (Avenue, 1890); The Henrietta (ib., 1891); Mrs. Othello (Toole's Theatre, 1893): The EiderUnited States, where, in 1900, she appeared as down Quilt (1896). She has also played in the tion of My Daughter-in-Law (Lyceum, New Mrs. Reginald Mainwaring, Sr., in the producYork). In 1901 she appeared in the private performance of Mrs. Warren's Profession at the New Lyric Club. Of late years she has been much interested in the movement to improve the conditions of life for actresses. BROUGH, JOHN (1811-65). A famous Governor of Ohio. He was born in Ohio and, as a As a printer's apprentice, earned his way through the State University. He published several Democratic journals, held minor political posts, and was regarded as the ablest speaker of his party in the State. In 1864 he was nominated for the Governorship of Ohio by the Republican Union andigham (q.v.) by the largest majority ever party, and was elected over Clement L. Valgiven for a governor up to that time. governor he was remarkably efficient, and though holding office only during a part of the Civil War period, is generally called "the war Governor" of Ohio. Consult O. C. Hooper, "John Brough" in Ohio Archeological and Historical Society Publications, vol. xiii (1904), and E. Erwin, "Birthplace of John Brough," ib., vol. xvii (1908). BROUGH, LIONEL (1836-1909). An English comedian, born at Pontypool, Monmouthshire. He was a son of Barnabas Brough, a dramatic author, and a brother of William and Robert, the "Brothers Brough." In his early life he was a journalist, beginning in a subordinate position in the service of the Illustrated London News, and being afterward on the Daily Telegraph, of which he published the first issue. He made his first appearance on the stage in 1854, at the Lyceum, in Prince Pretty Pet, and continued his connection with the theatre for four years. 1858 he accepted a position on the staff of the Morning Star, which he held for five years. He next gave "ghost entertainments" at the Poly In technic Institution and in the provinces. His acting created such a favorable impression that in 1864 he was given a regular engagement at the Prince of Wales Theatre, Liverpool, and thereafter devoted himself permanently to the drama. In his long subsequent experience, which has included tours in the United States and South Africa, he has gained popularity in a great variety of comic and burlesque rôles, one of the best known being that of Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer, which he has played nearly 800 times. Among his other favorite parts have been those of Paul Pry, Capt. John Smith in La belle sauvage, and Black Brandon in My Poll and My Partner Joe. In 1872 he was stage manager of the huge spectacular production of Babil and Bijou, at the Covent Garden Theatre. More recently he was for several years under the management of Beerbohm Tree, of the Haymarket and Her Majesty's theatres, appearing as the Laird in Trilby (1895) and in other of Mr. Tree's plays, both in England and America. In 1901 he was at the Haymarket in Sweet Nell of Old Drury and in 1906 at Drury Lane in The Bondman. BROUGHAM. See CARRIAGE. BROUGHAM, brōō'am or broom, HENRY PETER, BARON BROUGHAM AND VAUX (17781868). A British jurist, orator, statesman, and scientist, descendant of an ancient Westmoreland family. He was born in Edinburgh, Sept. 19, 1778. On the maternal side he was a grandnephew of the historian Robertson. He exhibited signs of precocious talent and energy and at an early age was compared to the "admirable Crichton." He was a brilliant scholar, both at the Edinburgh High School and at the university, at the age of 17 sending a paper, Observations on Phenomena of Light, to the Royal Society, which was read and printed in its Transactions. He spent some time in traveling on the Continent and in 1800 was admitted to the Scottish bar. In 1802, with Jeffrey, Horner, and Sydney Smith, he founded the Edinburgh Review and contributed 80 of its most powerful articles to the first 20 numbers. His liberal political views militated against his advancement in Scotland, and a reputation for eccentricity and indiscretion excluded him from any legal practice except the unremunerative work of the criminal courts. After seven years of this practice he sought a better field and in 1808 passed at the English bar. In London Brougham first attracted notice at the bar of the House of Commons as counsel for the Liverpool merchants who petitioned against certain orders-in-council. In 1810 he entered Parliament and soon after brought in and carried an act making participation in the slave trade felony. He was welcomed by the Opposition leaders as a powerful assistant in their attacks upon the government. He succeeded in carrying the repeal of the orders-in-council shortly before the general election of 1812 and contested the membership for Liverpool against Canning. He was defeated, and remained without a seat in Parliament till 1816, when he was returned for Winchelsea. He established a reputation in the law courts by speeches of great ability in the defense of persons prosecuted for libel by the crown. His most famous appearance as an advocate was in defense of Queen Caroline in 1820. His eloquence and boldness forfeited him the favor of the crown, but gained him that of the people, and between 1820 and 1830 Brougham was the popular idol. He made good use of his power. În 1822 he supported, though in vain, a scheme of national education, and to his activity was due in great measure the establishment of the London University, of the first Mechanics' Institute, and of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. In 1830 Brougham delivered a powerful speech against slavery, and in consequence of it was returned as a member for York. The aristocratically disposed Whigs would have excluded him from the Reform ministry of Earl Grey; but, in addition to enormous popularity, he was virtually their leader in debate in the Commons and was indispensable. The same year, after various intrigues, he was offered the appointment of Lord Chancellor and a peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux, which he accepted against his interests and inclinations. He assisted materially in carrying the great measures proposed by the Liberal ministers. He, however, developed eccentricity and by arrogance and self-importance shared in the general unpopularity which afterward attached to the ministry. When it was dismissed by William IV in 1834, Brougham left office, never to return. After that time he held in the Upper House a position analogous to that formerly held by him in the Commons, criticising freely the conduct of successive administrations, but steadily forwarding every measure for social progress. In He is best remembered as a law reformer. 1827, in a memorable speech which occupied six hours in delivery, he enumerated the defects in nearly every branch of English law and made proposals for dealing with law reform on a proper scale. Among the measures proposed were bills for the codification of the criminal law, for the establishment in England of a system of public prosecutors, and for the giving of compensation to parties acquitted. Lord Brougham's acts and bills touching on law reform, as well as those regarding the slave trade, education, and other public questions, were collected and published by Sir J. E. EardlyWilmot (London, 1857). The volume forms a fitting monument to the activity, perseverance, and public spirit of the man. As an orator and parliamentary debater, among his contemporaries he was inferior only to Canning. His speeches, however, had too large an admixture of exciting elements; argument was mingled with fiery declamation; ridicule, sarcasm, invective, were freely used; and these he employed with a vehemence and energy that at times carried him beyond bounds. He possessed the power of ready, rapid, and forcible diction. Brougham also won repute in other fields. He cultivated the mathematical and physical sciences and ventured upon the domain of metaphysics and even of theology. His miscellaneous writings upon an incredible variety of subjects served the purposes of the moment and display great powers of rapid comprehension and nervous, clear exposition, but contain few new truths in politics or morals and no original discoveries in science. Brougham acquired the honors due to men of letters and was successively made lord rector of Glasgow University, president of University College, London, member of the Institute of France, chancellor of the University of Edinburgh, and lastly, D.C.L. of Oxford. During and subsequent to his chancellorship his public appearances in a little carriage |