road (Map: Paraguay, F 9). It is the centre of a fertile agricultural region. Pop., about 12,000.

CAB. See CARRIAGE.

CABABISCH, kȧ-bäʼbêsh. An Arab tribe in Africa, inhabiting the immense deserts of eastern Sudan, between Dongola, Darfur, and Kordofan. CABAL' (Fr. cabale, from cabbala, on account of its secrecy). The designation of an unpopular English ministry (1667-73), composed of Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, the initials of whose names coincidently spelt Cabal.

CABALLERO, kä'вå-lyã'rð, FERNÁN (17961877). The pseudonym of Cecilia Böhl von Faber, a Spanish novelist. She was born in Switzerland and educated in Germany, but in 1815 accompanied her father to Spain and soon became enthusiastically attached to her adopted country. She was married three times. Her first husband was Antonio Planells y Bardaxi, an infantry captain who caused her a deal of suffering, and who was killed in action in 1817. Her second husband was Francisco Ruiz del Arco, Marqués de Arco Hermoso, an officer in one of the household regiments of the royal family. Two years after his death, in 1835, she married Antonio Arrón de Ayala, who was sent to Australia as Consul. Successful business enterprises were followed by unfortunate speculations which led to his suicide in 1859. She was a real polyglot writer. In 1840 she published anonymously in German a romance entitled Sola. Her first novel in Spanish, La Gaviota, was published in 1849, but she had written it in French, and José Joaquin de Mora had translated it into Spanish. Many other works followed, the chief of which are: La Familia de Albareda (1880), the first draft of which was written in German; Clemencia (1887); and Elia. She also published the first collection ever made of Spanish popular tales and poems, Cuentos y poesías populares_andaluces (1859). Her principal novels have been translated into most European languages. It has recently been discovered that she was an exquisite letter writer, and critics who have been able to examine her voluminous correspondence with Antoine de Latour hail her as the Madame de Sévigné of modern Spanish literature. A critical edition of this correspondence is in preparation. Her Obras Completas appeared in 18 vols. (Madrid, 1855-67), and have since then been reprinted in the Colección de Escritores castellanos. Consult A. de Latour, Etudes littéraires sur l'Espagne contemporaine (Paris, 1864), and Espagne, traditions, mœurs et littérature (Paris, 1869); F. de Gabriel y Ruiz de Apodaca, Ultimas producciones de Fernán Caballero, with a biography (Seville, 1878); José María Asensio Fernán Caballero y la novela contemporánea (Madrid, 1893); A. Morel-Fatio, "Fernán Caballero, d'après sa correspondance avec Antoine de Latour" in the Bulletin Hispanique, vol. iii (Bordeaux, 1901), reproduced in his Etudes sur l'Espagne, 3e série (Paris, 1904); Pitollet, Les premiers essais littéraire de Fernán Caballero (Paris, 1908); Coloma, Recuerdos de Fernán Caballero (Bilbao, 1910).

CABANATUAN, kå-Bä'nå-twän'. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Nueva Ecija, situated 13 miles north of San Isidro. It has a telegraph station. Pop., 1903, 7109.

CABANEL, kȧ'bȧ'něl', ALEXANDRE (1823-89). A French historical and portrait painter. He

was born at Montpellier, studied with Picot, and obtained the Prix de Rome in 1843. Extremely popular from the beginning, he was the recipient of numerous medals, elected to the Institute in 1863, and made professor in the Académie des Beaux-Arts. As successor of Ingres at the head of the classical school, he was completely academic in his methods-correct in line and compo sition, indifferent in color, and lacking in feeling. His taste and distinction of style eminently adapted him to portray the nobility, and his art became the vogue in these circles. Among his sitters were Napoleon III and his ministers, but he succeeded best with his portraits of women. Though beautiful in features and distinguished in appearance, his portraits lack strength and individuality and are consequently insipid. Like his historical paintings, they were formerly very popular in the United States; the Metropolitan Museum, New York, has a good example, “Miss Catherine Wolfe." His chief historical paintings include the "Death of Moses" (Corcoran Gallery, Washington); "Birth of Venus," reputed his masterpiece (1863), in Musée du Luxembourg; replica in Metropolitan Museum; "Death of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo," in the Luxembourg, which possesses a large collection of his works; others in the provincial museums of France; and large decorative paintings illustrating the history of St. Louis, in the Panthéon, Paris.

CABANIS, kä'bå-nes', JEAN LOUIS (18161906). A German ornithologist, born in Berlin, and educated at the university there. In 183941 he made ornithologic researches in North and South Carolina and in 1849 was appointed custodian of the ornithological collections of the Berlin Zoological Museum. The investigations which had so important an effect in determining a natural system of classification were published by him first (1847) in Wiegmann's Archiv für Naturgeschichte, entitled "Ornithologischen Notizen," and more fully in the Museum Heincanum (4 parts, Halberstadt, 1850-63). He founded the Journal für Ornithologie in 1853 and edited it for 40 years, being succeeded in 1894 by his son-in-law, Dr. A. Reichenow. His writings on ornithology number several hundred titles and relate to the birds of all countries. contributed the ornithological parts of Tschudi's Fauna Peruana (Berlin, 1845-46), of Schomburgk's Reisen in British-Guayana (Berlin, 1848), and of Von der Decken's Reisen in Ostafrika (Berlin, 1869). He retired from the active administrative work of the Berlin Museum in 1891 and died Feb. 20, 1906.

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and held several professorships in them. was one of the Council of Five Hundred and afterward a member of the Senate. In his psychological investigations Cabanis steered clear of metaphysics. Thus he remained strictly within the domain of experiment when inquiring into the origin of psychological impressions and into the influence of age, sex, temperament, disease, diet, climate, etc., on the development of ideas, instincts, and passions. His scientific

views on subjects of this nature have led many to believe that Cabanis was a materialist and an atheist. It must be borne in mind, however, that the study of thought in its dependence on the brain does not necessarily imply that thought is in its nature material. And if Cabanis speaks of the brain from a physiological point of view as assimilating impressions and secreting thought, just as the stomach digests food, he is not therefore necessarily a materialist. As a matter of fact, in his metaphysical Lettres sur les causes premières he clearly expresses his willingness to admit a spiritual and immortal soul and a personal God, although he does not make clear how he would reconcile this with his psychology. His complete works were published with a biography at Paris, 1823-25. The best edition of Cabanis' chief work, the Rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme, was published by Peisse (Paris, 1844). Consult Dubois, Examen des doctrines de Cabanis (2 vols., Paris, 1842); F. Labrousse, Quelques Notes sur Cabanis (Paris, 1903).

CAB'ARET, kå-bär-ā' (Fr. cabaret, wine shop). A restaurant which furnishes vaudeville entertainment with meals. The original form of the modern cabaret was the café chantant of Paris. Ambitious American proprietors imported the café chantant to San Francisco, where several of these "musical restaurants," as they are known in California, were very famous.

From the West the fashion of high-priced vaudeville with meals traveled East via Chicago. The café chantant, with its simple entertainment of singing, instrumental music, and dancing greatly elaborated, was first known as the cabaret when introduced to New York in the latter part of 1910. The fashion spread and the restaurants vied with each other in the quantity and quality of the entertainment furnished with the meals. At some places, instead of the original two or three vocalists there would be fifteen or twenty dancers and entertainers with a programme that would be varied from week to week.

Since then, in the train of the cabaret, and as part of it, have grown up with the rage for dancing, the tea dances, or dansants, as general amusement features offered by popular restaurants.

CABARRUS, kȧ'вȧ'rus', FRANÇOIS, COMTE DE (1752-1810). A Spanish financier of French birth. He organized the San Carlos Bank and a company for trade with the Philippine Islands; was one of the Council of Finance under Charles III and proposed many reforms. Under Charles IV he was accused of embezzlement and was imprisoned, but was soon released and raised to the rank of count. Joseph Bonaparte made him Minister of Finance, in which office he died. His daughter Thérèse, under the name of Madame Tallien, afterward Princess of Chimay, was conspicuous in the closing days of the French Revolution. His Cartas sobre la felicidad publica was published posthumously in 1813. CABARRUS, PRINCESS DE. See CHIMAY. CABAT, kȧ'ba', LOUIS (1812-93). A French

landscape painter, born in Paris. He studied with Camille Flers, but the works of Constable exhibited in Paris had a determinative influence upon his art. In 1834 his "The Pool of Ville d'Avray," now in the Louvre, and "Gardens of Beaujan," sold in 1857 for the then extraordinary sum of 23,000 francs, achieved remarkable success, and he was acclaimed the principal representative of the new realistic landscape school. He was one of the first to discover the beauties of the Forest of Fontainebleau, where he settled in 1835, and he was associated with Dupré in travels through the French provinces. In 1837 he made his first visit to Italy, which he intended to depict in the new realistic manner, but he unfortunately fell under the ban of Poussin's classic art. This influence was increased by later visits, with the result that his art deteriorated and became insipid. However, it brought him high honors. In 1867 he was elected member of the Institute, and from 1879 to 1885 he was director of the French Academy in Rome. His drawings and aquarelles are highly prized. He is represented in the Louvre, in addition to the painting mentioned above, by "Autumn Evening," and the "Game of Bowls, an aquarelle; in the Luxembourg by "Environs of Paris," a water color, and by oil paintings in the museums of Havre, Lille, Nantes, Grenoble, and Liége.

CABATUAN, kä'вå-twän'. A city of the Province of Iloilo, on the island of Panay, Philippines. It is situated on the river Tigum and is connected by roads with the important towns on the island. Pop., 1903, 16,497.

CABAZOTIC ACID. See PICRIC ACID. CABBAGE (OF. cabus in chou cabus, headed cole, OHG. Kabuz, Ger. Kappus, Kappes, from Lat. caput, head) (Brassica oleracea). A plant in general cultivation for culinary purposes and for feeding cattle. It is a native of the rocky shores of Great Britain and other parts of Europe, and in its wild state is generally from 1 foot to 2 feet high. It has been cultivated in Europe from time immemorial and has developed, probably through continuous selection, into several different forms, such as cabbage, kale (q.v.), kohl rabi (q.v.), cauliflower (q.v.), and Brussels sprouts (q.v.).

The wild cabbage has smooth, sea-green leaves, waved and variously indented; under domestication these have developed into a head, which is the part eaten.

There are two general classes of cabbages, smooth-leaved and wrinkled-leaved. The smoothleaved cabbages may be either green or red, the head may be conical, oblong, round, or flat, and there are early, medium, and late maturing kinds. Red cabbage is chiefly esteemed for pickling; while green cabbage is the kind most generally grown in the garden and for market. More than 100 varieties are in cultivation in the United States. The wrinkled-leaved or Savoy cabbage is a cabbage of excellent quality, but is little grown, because it is not so productive as the common green kind. Cabbage demands a Seed for rich loam soil with plenty of manure. the early crop is sown in the hotbed. The plants are set in the field, as soon in spring as the frost is out of the ground, in rows 3 feet apart and 2 feet distant in the row. For the late crop the seed is sown in beds or in hills in the open in May. The early cabbage will mature in July, while the late crop may not be harvested until freezing weather. Cabbage may be winter

stored by putting in pits head down and covering with straw and earth or by storing in a cold, damp cellar. The tree cabbage or cow cabbage is a variety cultivated for cattle, especially in the Channel Islands and the north of France, the leaves of which do not close together into compact heads, but which is remarkable for its great height, reaching, when it is in flower, 10 feet on rich soil.

Cabbage Diseases. Cabbage is subject to a number of parasitic diseases, some of which are often very destructive. Among them is clubroot, due to a low fungus, Plasmodiophora brassica, which causes peculiar swellings and outgrowths from the roots of the cabbage, often the whole root system being involved. (See CLUBROOT.) Another disease is a brown or black rot caused by attacks of bacteria, Pseudomonas campestris. It has been known in the United States for a dozen years and has become widely distributed. It is known to occur also in the west of Europe and is a destructive disease, often devastating whole fields. The disease attacks the cabbage at any stage of growth and often dwarfs the heads or makes them onesided. If severe, no heads are formed, and the whole plant may be killed. Frequently the heads rot and fall off, but this is due to other agencies than the disease itself. Cut stumps of diseased cabbage show brown or black rings, and these may be traced into the head. On the leaves the margins become yellow and the veins black. The disease seems to enter by the leaves and progresses towards the stem. In many cases the leaves fall off, leaving bare stumps. The disease attacks, in addition to cabbage, turnips, cauliflower, kale, and rape. On the turnip it causes an internal brown rot. It seems to gain entrance through the gnawing of insects, slugs, etc. It remains in the soil for some time, just how long is not known, and is spread through manure and rubbish. Of less importance is the attack of the downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica, white rust, Cystopus candidus, and the root or stem rot, Corticium vagum solani. For remedial measures it is advised to rotate the crop, destroy all cabbage insects, pay strict attention to the seed bed, and plant on new soil whenever possible. Marked differences in susceptibility to disease have been noted, and resistant varieties should be planted where such are available.

CABBAGE BARK. See ANDIRA. CABBAGE INSECTS. Many insects infest cabbage plants, the chief of which are as follows:

Cabbage aphis.-A plant louse (Aphis brassica), brownish black above, light green below, which infests the leaves of cabbages and turnips in both Europe and America. (See APHIDS.) Cabbage Bug-A pentatomid bug (Margantia histrionica), called the "harlequin" on account of its brilliant coloring (black, yellow, and red), which has spread within the last halfcentury from Central America throughout the United States and plays havoc with cabbages and similar plants. It hibernates in tufts of grass and weeds and attacks the young plants; a strong wash of lime water is recommended as a remedy.

Cabbage Butterfly.-A name common to several species of white butterflies of the family Pierida, whose larvæ, known as cabbage worms or kale worms, feed on the leaves of the cabbage and other cruciferous plants. About a dozen species occur in North America, the most de

structive of which is Pieris, or Pontia rapæ, a European species introduced by way of Canada about 1860 and now spread over nearly all the United States. In the North it is three-brooded and in the South is probably even more prolific. Its caterpillar has the green color of the cabbage with a lemon-yellow dorsal band; and it not only eats the leaves before heading time of the plants, but burrows through the heads. Since Paris green and other poisons cannot be used on the cabbage, this is a difficult pest to combat. Pyrethrum and kerosene emulsions are most to be relied upon and must be applied before the cabbage heads. The pupa is bare, and suspended by means of a caudal attachment and a medium girdle. The butterfly is white and pale yellow, the fore wings tipped with black; the female has two additional dots and the male one. As in all other cases of introduced pests, the cabbage butterfly does not cause as much damage now as when first introduced. Either it has acquired new parasites and other foes which keep down its numbers, or its old ones have been able to overtake it in the new country. Pieris, or Pontia, oleracea is a native white form, with little or no black markings, of the northern part of the United States and southern Canada; its larvæ may also feed on the cabbage, as well as turnips, radish, cauliflower, mustard, and various other plants of economic value to man. Pieris, or Pontia, protodice, whose wings are marked with grayish brown, occurs over nearly the whole of the United States; its larvæ, striped with alternate golden and greenishpurple bands, may likewise feed on cabbage. There is a very marked sexual dimorphism in this species, the female being much the more darkly marked. Pieris, or Pontia, brassica, and P. napi are two other European agricultural pests of this same family, and several very beautiful species occur in South America. Our native forms are diminishing in numbers, since they cannot well compete with the hardy foreign P. rapœ.

Cabbage Cutworm.-The destructive larva of a cabbage moth. Cabbage Flea. A flea beetle (q.v.) which attacks this and similar plants as Haltica consobrina; there are many forms. Cabbage Fly.-A small gray fly (Phorbia brassica) whose maggot preys upon the roots of cabbages; it is related to the house fly and is one of a group of garden pests, such as the turnip fly, onion fly, etc. Cabbage Moth.-A noctuid moth (Mamestra picta), whose larva is called the zebra caterpillar, being yellowish, marked by three longitudinal bands of black. It feeds on cabbage and turnip leaves and also on the cranberry. The change to the brown pupa is made in the ground in the autumn. The chestnut-brown fore wings of the moth are mottled with dark brown and white; the hind wings are pale yellow. The chrysalids should be destroyed whenever dug up with the soil, and the caterpillars should be removed from the plant and destroyed. Grooves in the soil, encircling the plants and filled with tar, gas lime, or quicklime, are said to be a protective. Cabbage Worm.-Any caterpillar injurious to cabbage; specifically that of the cabbage butterfly.

CABBAGE PALM, or CABBAGE TREE. A name given in different countries to different species of palm, the large terminal bud of which is eaten like cabbage. The cabbage palm of the West Indies is Oreodora oleracea. The southern United States also have their cabbage palm, or