under the somewhat arbitrary government of Cabet. In 1856 serious dissensions arose, and by a majority vote Cabet was deprived of the general directorship of the community. With the faithful minority, numbering about 180, Cabet retired to St. Louis, where he died Nov. 8, 1856, a broken-hearted and disappointed man. He was the inspirer of modern communism at its best, and a writer of more literary merit and moral worth than the calumny which contemporaneous writers in France succeeded in weaying about his name would lead us to believe. Consult Shaw, Icaria: A Study in Communistic History (New York, 1884); Lux, Etienne Cabet und der ikarische Communismus (Stuttgart, 1897); Prudhommeaux, Icarie et son fondateur E. Cabet (Paris, 1907). See COMMUNISM; ICARIANS.

CABINDA, kå-ben'då, or KABINDA. A seaport town of Portuguese West Africa, situated in lat. 5° 30′ S., and long. 12° 10′ E., north of the estuary of the Congo (Map: Congo, etc., B 4). An active trade in sugar, cocoa, palm oil, and ground nuts is carried on by the British and German population. Since the introduction of a high tariff in Belgian Congo Cabinda has increased its commerce considerably. It was at one time a noted slave market. The name "Cabinda" is also applied to the entire portion of Portuguese West Africa situated north of the Congo. Pop., est. about 10,000.

CABINET (Fr. dim. of cabane, cabine, cabin, from Gael. and Irish caban, booth, hut, tent). Originally a small chamber set apart for some special purpose, such as private interviews, or study, or for collections of objects of art or curiosity. Sovereigns, ministers, and other high officials always had such cabinets in connection with larger reception rooms. The term then came to be applied to the closets or show cases in which the collections were kept in many such rooms, and even to the collections themselves. Cabinet collections are always supposed to be of small objects, and in this sense we speak of a cabinet picture. Cabinetwork is, by extension, the art of fine woodwork such as was used at one time largely in making the delicate decorative furniture for such rooms and collections.

CABINET (originally the closet or private apartment of a monarch, in which he consults with his most trusted advisers; hence, sometimes as a term of contempt, those who frequent the king's closet). The collective body of official advisers of the executive head of the state. In modern times the term is usually limited to the ministers, or heads of the great departments of state, in a constitutional government, but there is no reason for restricting it to such heads of departments, nor in refusing the title to the chosen advisers of an absolute monarch. The powers and functions of cabinets vary greatly, even in modern constitutional states.

In England the cabinet is virtually a committee of the House of Commons, and it constitutes the supreme executive authority of the realm. In the United States the term is applied to the group of executive heads of the Federal government, who have no authority outside of their several departments, and whose function as cabinet ministers is purely an advisory one. The cabinets of the two countries are alike in this respect, however, that they are composed exclusively of members of the dominant political party-a result insured in England by the fact that the cabinet, being a committee of the

legislature, is dependent on a party majority for its continuance in office, and in the United States by the assumed obligation of the President to appoint only members of his own political party to the chief offices of the State. In the constitutional governments of the continent of Europe and in Japan, as well as in the selfgoverning British colonies, the model of the English cabinet has usually been followed. There being in those countries, with the exception of France and Switzerland, no opportunity for the popular will to express itself directly in the choice of the chief executive, popular government is conceived of as signifying parliamentary government, and the attempt is made, with varying degrees of success, to secure to the legislature a substantial measure of executive power through a responsible cabinet, subject to its control. It is only in Great Britain that this transfer of executive power from the titular head of the state to the legislature has become complete, and that we find cabinet government in its most highly developed form. In France, however, it is practiced with a large measure of success and is completely accepted in theory, whereas, in most of the continental states which have adopted the device of the parliamentary cabinet, it is still imperfectly accepted and applied.

France is the only important instance of the adoption of cabinet government by a republic. In the states in which the popular will finds expression in the choice of the head of the state, it has not usually been deemed necessary to deprive that head of his executive authority, nor to set up a competing executive, deriving its authority less directly from the people. Hence in Switzerland and the republics of the Western World, the American model-a cabinet responsible not to the legislature, but to the President or Governor-has been adopted. In this system the cabinet, as a body, has no official existence, the persons composing it being individually, and not collectively, responsible to the head of the state, and usually holding their offices as well as their advisory relation to him subject to his will. In the Federal government of the United States this relation is clearly indicated in the phrase "the President's cabinet," by which his official advisers are commonly referred to. cordingly, the dismissal of a cabinet minister, or even of the whole cabinet, may be effected without altering the political complexion or the policy of the administration; whereas, under the English system, the cabinet is "the government," its members stand or fall together, and its dismissal involves, in the full sense of the phrase, a change of government.

Ac

The advantages and disadvantages of these two contrasting forms of popular government are elsewhere set forth (see GOVERNMENT; PARLIAMENT), but the fact should here be noticed that a cabinet representing the legislature and responsible to it is necessarily deeply concerned in the legislative as well as in the executive business of the state. The British ministry, representing the dominant political party in Parliament, has assumed complete control of legislation; and this, it is conceived, must always be the tendency of an executive so constituted and so related to the legislating body, whereas a cabinet of the American type (even when made up, as it usually is, of party leaders), having no official relation to the legislative branch of the government, is strictly confined

to its executive functions.

In some of the foreign states which have adopted the American form of executive, the members of the cabinet have a place for purposes of discussion if not of voting-in the legislature; but in the United States the fear of impairing the mutual independence of the legislative and the executive departments of the government has caused a similar tendency to be successfully resisted.

The President's Cabinet.-The Constitution of the United States made no provision for the creation of executive departments, but vested the sole executive power in the President. The several executive departments through which the President exercises this power have been created by successive acts of Congress, under the authority conferred by Art. I, Sec. 8, par. 18, of the Constitution, authorizing the Congress "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." At the first session of Congress, in 1789, the departments of State (first called Foreign Affairs), of the Treasury, and of War (which included naval as well as military affairs) were established; and the heads of these departments (called Secretaries of State, War, and the Treasury, respectively), together with the Attorney-General, who was then a part of the judicial establishment, constituted the first President's cabinet. The office of Postmaster-General, created upon the organization of the post-office system in 1794, was not deemed of sufficient importance and dignity to entitle its incumbent to a seat in the President's councils; in 1829 the Postmaster-Generalship became a cabinet office. In the meantime the Navy Department had been set apart from that of War, and the Secretary of the Navy created a cabinet officer, in 1798. In 1849 the Department of Internal Affairs was set apart from the Department of State, and the office of Secretary of the Interior created. In 1889 the Department of Agriculture was established, and its head, the Secretary of Agriculture, added to the list of cabinet officers. In 1903 the Department of Commerce and Labor was created, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor being made a cabinet officer. This department was divided by law of 1913 into the Department of Commerce and the Department of Labor, each with a cabinet officer at its head.

It is obvious that there is no natural order of precedence among the chiefs of the great executive departments of the government, and prior to 1886 there was no legal discrimination between them. But in that year the succession of the members of the cabinet to the presidential office, in the event of the death or disability of both the President and Vice President, was established by act of Congress, in the order in which they are named above. Even under this statute, however, there is no justification for the journal istic practice of referring to the Secretary of State as the "premier" of the administration, there being no analogy between his position and that of the Prime Minister in a cabinet of the English model. The President's cabinet, therefore, consists of his officers of administration, whom he calls into consultation when he desires their advice. They hold their meetings in a room in his official residence, no record is kept of their proceedings, and he is not bound to heed their advice.

The British Cabinet.-There is a curious lack of correspondence between the legal and actual functions of the cabinet in the government of Great Britain. Legally it is merely a committee of the Privy Council, originally chosen by the King for advice "in his most secret affairs." Actually it is, as has been said, the executive committee of the House of Commons, entirely independent of the crown and of the Privy Council, and wielding the supreme authority of Parliament in the administration of the state. It has had a long and varied history. Prior to 1782 is contained honorary or "nonefficient," as well as active and "efficient" members. Since that date it has been made up exclusively "of the persons whose responsible situations in office require their being members of it." The number of these may vary somewhat, but modern usage has fixed the number at not less than 11. These are usually the First Lord of the Treasury, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord President of the (Privy) Council, the Lord Privy Seal, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the five principal Secretaries of State, viz., for Home Affairs, for Foreign Affairs, for the Colonies, for India, and for War. To these may be added the Chief Secretary for Ireland, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, the Postmaster-General, the President of the Board of Trade, and one or two other high officials, but the tendency at present is to limit the number to the principal officers of state above enumerated. All of these officers of the government are appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, who makes up his cabinet from among them, and who may or may not hold one or more of those offices himself. He presides at meetings of the cabinet, but his preeminence gives him no legal control over that body or over its individual members. Its deliberations are secret, and it always acts as a unit, the defection of a member involving his retirement from the cabinet and from the office held by him. All of its members are also members of one or the other of the houses of Parliament and take part in the proceedings of that house.

The term "cabinet" is sometimes applied, by courtesy, in the United States, to the principal officials of a State government, who may be called together by the Governor to advise him on questions of policy, and sometimes, in the same sense, the chief executive officers of a municipal government are called a "mayor's cabinet."

The literature of the subject is very extensive and will be found more fully referred to under the general heads of GOVERNMENT and PARLIAMENT. The historical evolution of the British cabinet and its relation to Parliament and the crown are fully set forth in Anson, The Law and Custom of the Constitution (Oxford, 1892); and in Todd, On Parliamentary Government in England (2d ed., London, 1887). The best brief account of the operation of the British Cabinet system is to be found in Lowell, The Government of England (New York, 1908). Interesting comparisons of the British and American systems of cabinet government are to be found in Bagehot, The English Constitution (London and Boston, 1873), and Bryce, The American Commonwealth (3d ed., London and New York, 1900). Consult also Blauvelt, Development of Cabinet Government in England (New York, 1902); Hinsdale, History of the President's Cabinet (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1911): Learned, President's Cabinet (New Haven, 1912).

CABINETWORK, CABINETMAKING. The art and craft of fine woodwork. In English usage the term is confined to the making of fixed and movable furniture: choir stalls, pulpits, organ cases, tables, chairs, and fine chests are all alike examples of cabinetwork. In the United States the term is often extended to include joinery (q.v.), i.e., the finer woodwork in buildings, ships, and railway cars, such as wainscoting, the finer sort of door trim and window trim, and all woodwork requiring special care in the making, putting together, and finish ing. The cabinetmaker works chiefly with the harder woods, such as oak, walnut, mahogany, etc.; and his work is distinguished from the coarser work of the carpenter not only by its finer quality, but by its use of careful framing together with panels, dovetailing, mortising, and gluing instead of the rougher nailing and buttjointing common in carpentry. In the finer cabinetwork, besides the ordinary operations of forming the pieces and putting them together, there are included the operations of sandpapering, staining, filling, varnishing, and polishing, and often also inlaying, marquetry, and carving.

See BOULE.

CABI'RI. See CABEIRI.

CABLE (OF., LL. capulum, caplum, a strong [holding] rope, from Lat. capere, to take, hold). A strong chain or rope used to hold a ship to her anchor. Practically all cables are now made of chain, only very small craft using rope. See ANCHOR; CHAIN.

by pressing the partially formed cable with two strips of rubber compound, one above and one below it, between a pair of rollers which fold each strip half around the cable and press the edges of the two strips together so as to make a good joint along each side. When a sufficient number of layers of rubber compound have been put on to give the requisite thickness, the core is tightly bound in a spiral wrapping of prepared rubber tape and then vulcanized. After this the cable is tested to determine the efficiency of its insulation. If this test is satisfactory, the cable is taken to the taping and braiding machine, where the external covering of tapes and braiding is put on. The next step is to armor the cable with lead. This may be done by drawing the cable into a lead tube, which is then drawn through a die and made to fit the core tightly; or the last, cover may be put on in a hydraulic press, the hot lead being forced

AN UNDERGROUND CABLE FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING.

out through an annular die around the cable. The accompanying sketch shows the make-up of an electric light underground cable before it is armored. Of cables of the second class the Siemens cable and the paper cable are representative examples. In the Siemens cable the conductor is wrapped with jute and impregnated with a special bituminous compound mixed with heavy oil, and is then covered with lead. Paper cable consists of paper wound on in strips spirally over the conductor, and as each strip is applied the whole is passed through a die which presses it into a compact mass. The core is then dried at a temperature of 250° F., to expel the moisture from the paper, and immersed in a bath of specially prepared compound, from which it passes directly to the lead-covering press.

CABLE, ELECTRIC. Strictly speaking, a combination of two or more separately insulated electric conductors with a protective covering or armor. Popular usage sanctions the extension of the term "electric cable" to simple insulated and armored wires and to ropes of twisted wires without either insulation or armor. Retaining for the present the limited definition first given, an electric cable may be described as consisting structurally of, first, the conducting wires or core; second, the insulating material separating the several wires; and, third, the protective covering or armor. Cables may be aërial, submarine, or underground, depending on their position; classed according to their uses they are telegraph, telephone, electric light, and power cables, and as to the arrangement of their conductors they are straightway or twisted. Cables for different purposes differ somewhat in the details of their construction, but their general construction is substantially similar, and the following description of underground cables for electric lighting will answer for cables for other purposes, with such exceptions as will be noted farther on. Electric light cables for use underground are of two classes, according as the insulation is or is not moisture proof. In the first class the insulation is rubber or bitumen and the lead covering is for protection from mechanical injuries only. The second class is insulated with jute, hemp, or paper impregnated with oil, wax, or resinous compound, and the lead covering for this cable is absolutely necessary on account of the hygroscopic nature of the insulation. The manufacture of a cable of the first class may be described briefly as follows: To insulate the conductor it is first wrapped around with one or more layers of pure rubber tape put on spirally, the direction of the spiral being reversed for each successive layer. On top of this rubber compound is applied in two or more separate coatings, each coat being put on

The standard type of cable for telephone work consists of 400 insulated wires twisted in pairs with about three-inch lay; and the pairs are cabled in reverse layers, forming a cable about two inches in diameter. The 200-pair cable is used for main routes, but 100-pair, 50-pair, and smaller cables are used for distribution. The insulation consists of dry paper wound loosely on the wire, and the whole is armored with lead pipe. Submarine cables for telegraph and telephone lines are much like the underground cables of the first class for electric lighting, but are commonly armored with strands of iron wire. (See TELEGRAPHY, SUBMARINE.) Aërial cables for long-distance power transmission are commonly neither insulated nor armored. For example, the aluminium cable for the 181-mile transmission line of the Bay Counties Power Company, in California, is seven-eighths of an inch in outside diameter and consists of 37 aluminium wires twisted into a rope without insulation or armor. These cables carry a current at 40,000 volts. Aërial cables for local distribution are usually insulated. This insulation is usually in two parts: one of insulating material impervious to moisture, placed next to the wire, and the other of some substance which

resists abrasion or other mechanical injury. In the most expensive grades of wire more than two coatings are employed. Various special cables are employed. For example, there is in use in New York City a three-conductor cable for transmitting three-phase lighting current from the main stations to substations. This cable may be broadly described as consisting of three separate insulated cables of 37 wires, twisted together with the spaces filled with jute and the whole first insulated and then armored with lead pipe. Concentric cables are another special form. They consist first of one wire core of twisted wires, second a thick layer of insulation, third a layer of spirally wound wire or wire strands, fourth a layer of insulation, and fifth a protective coating or armor. See TELEGRAPHY, SUBMARINE. Consult the sections relating to electric cable construction to be found in Crocker, Electric Lighting, vol. ii (New York, 1906); Foster, Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book (New York, 1910); Perrine, Conductors for Electrical Distribution (New York, 1903); Telmar, Electric Power Conductors (New York, 1909); Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (New York, 1912).

CABLE, SUBMARINE. See ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH; TELEGRAPHY, SUBMARINE.

).

CA'BLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844An American novelist and writer on social questions. He was born in New Orleans, Oct. 12, 1844. On his father's side he is of Virginia stock and on his mother's side of New England ancestry. After scant schooling Cable became a clerk in New Orleans, and in 1863 entered the Confederate army, where he served in the Fourth Mississippi Cavalry. At the close of the war he became a civil engineer, but malarial fever drove him back to mercantile life and he was employed as accountant in a firm of cotton factors till 1879. During this period he wrote for the New Orleans Picayune, under the pseudonym of Drop Shot, and it was at this date that he published his first volume of fiction, Old Creole Days, a collection of short stories dealing with the then unexploited types of social life in New Orleans and Louisiana. This was followed by The Grandissimes (1880), which is probably his best work; Madame Delphine (1881); Dr. Sevier (1883); Bonaventure (1888); Strange, True Stories of Louisiana (1889); and, less valuable and interesting, John March, Southerner (1894). These constitute an original and unique body of fiction. His most recent novels are: Strong Hearts (1899); The Cavalier (1901); Bylow Hill (1902); Kincaid's Battery (1908); Posson Jone' and Père Raphael (1909). Cable is less popularly known in his more expository books, The Creoles of Louisiana (1884), The Silent South (1885), The Negro Question (1890). In 1885 Cable removed to New England, living first at Simsbury, Conn., and later at Northampton, Mass. (1886). The value of Cable's best work is recognized by all students and critics of American literature, and appreciations of his work are to be found in con

temporary reviews. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

CABLE LETTERS. See ATLANTIC TELE

vice, employing a suspended cable as a trackway, and differing from ropeways (q.v.), which cannot be used for hoisting, being limited to the sole function of conveying. While ropeways date back to the early part of the nineteenth century, the cableway had its origin practically in an inclined hoisting and conveying device invented about 1860, and still extensively used in the slate quarries of Vermont and Pennsylvania. These first cableways consisted of a winding engine with one drum, a suspended cable, a cable carriage traveling on the suspended cable, a fall block adapted to rise and fall from the cable carriage, and a hoisting rope operating the same. The suspended cable or track cable of these cableways ran on an incline from the top of a trestle tower to a ground anchor. Horizontal cableways of short span were used in the construction of the piers of the St. Louis Bridge. As the span of cableways became greater, the necessity arose of supporting the hoisting rope or fall rope between the tower and the carriage. The devices for supporting the fall rope are termed fall-rope carriers. One of the earliest arrangements of this sort consisted of a series of blocks, at the upper end of each of which was a sheave riding on the track cable and through the lower end of which was a hole for the fall rope. These blocks were connected by a light chain, one end of which was also connected to the head tower and the other end to the carriage; as the carriage moved out from the head tower, it strung the blocks at intervals along the track cable, and as the fall rope passed through a hole in each block it was supported and prevented from sagging unduly; as the carriage returned to the tower it gathered up the blocks into a bunch at the tower. This system of fall-rope carriers was objectionable chiefly because of the weight of the connecting chain, and although it is still used in its essential features, the heavy chains have been replaced by light steel wire connections and other important reductions made in the weight.

A second form of fall-rope carrier arrangement much used may be described as follows: an auxiliary rope is suspended above the main cable and held in a parallel position to the main cable by passing under wheels in the cable carriage. On this rope a series of buttons are secured whose diameter increases with the distance from the head tower; slots in the heads of the carriers, corresponding to the diameter of the buttons, allow each of the carriers in passing out from the head tower to be stopped at its proper button. The carriage distributes and picks up the carriers in its forward and return journeys.

Described briefly, the modern cableway consists of a heavy steel cable, called a track cable or main cable, suspended with a slight sag between the tops of two timber towers so placed that the main cable spans the quarry, canal, foundation pit, or other work on which it is to be used. On this main cable a carriage runs, being drawn back and forth by an endless rope passing around suitable sheaves at the tower tops and operated by a special hoisting engine mounted at the bottom of one of the towers. From the same engine a hoisting or fall rope passes to the top of the engine tower and thence through the fall-rope carriers to the carriage, where it connects with a fall block by means of which the load is hoisted. The fall-rope carriers have already been described. The operation of the cableway is as follows: the carriage is run

out on the main cable to a point directly over the place from which the load is to be picked up; the fall block is then lowered by running out the fall rope, and when it reaches the ground the load is attached; the fall rope is then hauled in, raising the load high enough to clear obstructions, and, finally, the carriage is hauled to the point of the main cable directly over the place where the load is to be deposited, and the fall rope then runs out, lowering the load to the ground. In work such as canal excavation, for example, where the purpose is simply to hoist the load of earth or rock, convey it to the bank, and deposit it as quickly as possible, the discharge of the load is effected in mid-air by special mechanism. In other cases the towers carrying the cables are mounted on wheels so that the whole cableway plant may be moved easily from one position to another.

The traveling cableway is particularly adapted to canal work, where the towers are placed on opposite banks, with the cables spanning the channel, and are moved along the banks as the excavation progresses. Cableways are built of varying capacities and lengths of span, depending in each case upon the work which they are required to perform. They are sometimes, though seldom, used for passenger traffic. Mr. Spencer Miller, the inventor of the Miller cableway, places the following limitations on the practical applications of cableways: span (single), 2000 feet; load, 25 tons; speed of travel, 1800 feet per minute; and speed of hoist, 900 feet per minute. The average practice, however, is about as follows: span, 600 to 1200 feet; loads, 3 to 7 tons; speed of travel, 500 to 1000 feet per minute; speed of hoist, 150 to 300 feet per minute. The files of the engineering journals and the excellent printed matter prepared by manufacturers of cableways should be consulted for further information on this subject.

CA/BLING. The cylindrical molding by which the hollows in the flutes of columns and

pilasters are sometimes partially filled, though seldom beyond the third part of the height from the base.

CABOCHED, kå-bosht', or CABOSHED (OF. caboche, It. capocchia, knob, from capo, Lat. caput, head). An heraldic term denoting the head of an animal, borne without any part of the neck, and exhibited full face.

CABOCHIENS, kåʼbô'shyǎN'. A political faction in Paris, in the reign of Charles VII, named from one of the leaders, Simon Caboche. It comprised a large number of members of the butchers' trade and was organized in the years 1411-13 to obtain reforms from the royal government and to aid the party of Burgundy against the Armagnacs. Many government officials sympathized with the Cabochiens. They became quite powerful by the year 1413, organizing the Paris militia, exercising a general supervision of trade, and by a series of riots in the same year forcing Charles VII to recognize their demands by letters patent. As a result, the Cabochiens reformed the whole royal administration; but a reaction occurred, the Armagnacs gained the upper hand, the Duke of Burgundy fled from Paris, and the fortunes of the Cabochiens waned. In 1416 the guild of butchers was abolished and their privileges annulled. Consult Colville, Les Cabochiens et l'ordonnance de 1413 (Paris, 1888); Lavisse, Histoire de France, vol. iv, part i, pp. 343–352 (Paris, 1902).

CABOOL, kȧ-bool'. See KABUL.

CABO ROJO, kä’вô rō'нỖ, or CAPE TOWN. A town of Porto Rico in the municipality of the same name, on the west coast, 6 miles west of San German (Map: Porto Rico, A 3). It contains public schools, a theatre, Masonic temple, hospital, and church. The chief industry is the exportation of salt gathered from deposits on the near-by shore. Pop., 1899, 2744; 1910, 3847. Cabo Rojo was founded in 1774.

An

CABOT, kǎb'ot, GEORGE (1751-1823). American politician. He was born in Salem, Mass.; studied for two years at Harvard College, and then went to sea and became a captain before reaching his majority. He was chosen to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1776, was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention, and was United States Senator from 1791 to 1796. When the office of Secretary of the Navy was created, in 1798, he was appointed to it by President Adams, but he declined to serve, though he actually held the office for a month and thus became the first head of the Navy Department. In 1814 he was elected president of the famous Hartford Convention (q.v.). It was Cabot who introduced the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 into the United States Senate. Consult Henry Cabot Lodge, Life and Letters of George Cabot (Boston, 1877).

CABOT, JOHN (1450-98). An Italian navigator sailing under the English flag. His native name was Giovanni Caboto, and he was born in Genoa. He removed to Venice at an early age, acquired citizenship there, and traded thence to all the important Mediterranean ports. About 1490 he removed to England and settled in Bristol. On March 5, 1496, he secured from King Henry VII letters patent authorizing lim to take possession of any lands he might discover. He sailed in May, 1497, and on June 24, after a rough passage, landed on the North American coast, probably near Cape Breton. He returned to England, where he landed on August 6, and was rewarded by the King with the post of great admiral. He began immediately to prepare for a second voyage, with the purpose of exploring and colonizing the new-found land. Several Bristol merchants coöperated to fit out a fleet, equipped with everything needed for the complete exploitation of a new country. Cabot set sail with five vessels in the spring of 1498. One of the ships put back and landed on the Irish coast, whence the crew returned to England with the news that the fleet had run into a severe storm, which had forced them to make for land. From this point there is a decided difference of opinion among scholars. Some claim that Cabot with his entire fleet was lost and that the discoveries attributed to him on this voyage should be credited to his son Sebastian. But the evidence is quite conclusive now that John Cabot returned to England in the autumn of 1498. If so, the story of his voyage must stand. He sailed directly to Greenland, and after exploring both the east and west shores he headed south and skirted the coast as far south as the thirty-eighth parallel.

The most useful book on the Cabots for the general reader is Beazley, John and Sebastian Cabot (New York, 1898). Also consult Henry Harrisse, Jean et Sébastien Cabot (Paris, 1882). There is an English translation of this (see CABOT, SEBASTIAN), but it is not so complete as the original. ). An

CABOT, RICHARD CLARKE (1868