chief collector in Zoology (1913). He became in 1903 second editor of Alrededor del Mundo. He held various commissions: studying the organization of the department of mammals in the British Museum (1910); rearranging the collections of mammals in the Madrid Museum (1910-12); writing and illustrating a work on Spanish mammals and conducting expeditions connected therewith (1912-13); serving as head zoologist of the expedition sent by the Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural to Morocco (1913); and representing the Spanish government at the Ninth International Congress of Zoology at Monaco (1913). He became librarian of the Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, and a member of the Biological Society of Washington, etc. In recognition of his researches he was dubbed a Knight of the Order of Alfonso XII in 1904, and in 1907 was elected a corresponding member of the Zoological Society of London. Numerous articles in learned journals in Spain, England, and Chile give the results of his investigations.

CABRILLA, kȧ-brē'lyȧ (Sp.). One of several serranoid fishes, especially a grouper (q.v.) of Floridian and West Indian waters (Epinephelus capreolus); also the name of certain small fishes of the coast of southern California.

CABRILLO, kȧ-brēl'yo, JUAN RODRÍGUEZ (d. 1543). A Portuguese navigator who enjoyed a great reputation among his contemporaries as a man combining in an unusual degree ability, prudence, and daring. He entered the service of Spain and was sent in 1542 by the Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza to explore the coast of the country to the northwest of Mexico. He discovered successively Las Virgenes, Cape San Quentin, and the Bay of Todos los Santos, all in Lower California, and at the end of September became the discoverer of Alta California by sailing into San Diego harbor. Next he discovered the islands of San Clemente and Santa Catalina, and the Bay of Pueblo de las Canoas. Continuing his voyage, he discovered the large islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel, Point Conception, Point Pinos, and Monterey Bay, and finally Point Año Nuevo. Although within a few miles of San Francisco Bay, bad weather forced him to turn back to San Miguel Island, where he planned to spend the winter. Here he died Jan. 3, 1543. Consult T. H. Hittel, History of California (2 vols., San Francisco, 1885). CABRIOLET. See CARRIAGE; MOTOR VE

HICLE.

CABUL, kå-bool'. See Kabul.

CACAO, kå-kā'ô or kā’kô, or COCOA, kō'ko (Sp., from Mex. caca uatl, coca tree). The different kinds of cacao either consist of, or are prepared from, the seeds of trees of the genus Theobroma (Gk., 'food of the gods'), which contains a number of species, trees of moderate size with large, undivided leaves and clustered flowers, borne on cushions on the trunk and older branches, all natives of the tropical parts of America. By far the most important species of this genus are Theobroma cacao and Theobroma pentagona. There are a number of varieties of each in cultivation, some of which are apparently hybrids. It should not be confounded with the coco tree, from which we get the coconut, or with the shrub Crythroxylon coca, from which the alkaloid cocaine is obtained. It is extensively cultivated in tropical America and the West Indies, and its cultivation has been introduced into some parts of Asia and Africa. It requires

a deep, rich soil, heat, and moisture, for the most favorable growth. Sheltered valleys, free from hard winds, are desirable, and shade from other tall-growing, spreading trees is necessary. It generally rises with a bare stem 6 or 7 feet, dividing into many branches, and attaining a height of only 16 or 20 feet altogether, although it is sometimes twice that height. The fruit is somewhat like a cucumber in shape, and is 6 or 8 inches long, yellow or red, depending on the variety; the rind is thick and warty, the pulp sweetish and not unpleasant; the seeds are numerous, compressed, and not unlike almonds, with a thin, pale, reddish-brown, fragile skin or shell, covering a dark-brown, oily, aromatic, bitter kernel, which consists mostly of the wrinkled cotyledons. These seeds are the cacao beans of commerce. The cacao tree produces larger seeds in cultivation than in a wild state. The tree bears in four or five years, attains its full vigor and productiveness in 12 years, and generally yields two principal crops in the year. When gathered, the seed is removed from the pod and subjected to two to seven days' fermentation in bins, earthen vessels, or in heaps on the ground till the pulp becomes rotten. Formerly it was buried for a while in the earth. The fermentation is induced by yeasts, bacteria, etc., and upon the proper handling of the bean during this period largely depends the quality of the product. After fermentation, the beans are carefully dried under uniform conditions of heat and moisture, clay being sometimes added to facilitate drying and polishing. Cacao thus treated is known as "clayed cacao," or cacao terre. The yield per tree under favorable conditions will reach 15 to 20 pounds annually of cured cacao. Usually, however, the yield is from 2 to 3 pounds per tree, or 400 to 600 pounds per acre. Cacao suffers from a number of species of fungi; among them are: Phytophthora faberi, which causes a rot of the pods and a canker of the tree; Nectria bainii and Nectria theobroma, which attack the pods and stems, causing a "bleeding" from the wounds; Colletotrichum luxificum, which causes swellings of the young shoots and the formation of "witch brooms"; etc.

In manufacturing cacao the seeds are screened, roasted, and decorticated, the kernel being known as cocoa nibs. The hulls make a cheap substitute known as miserabile. About two-thirds of the fat is removed and placed on the market in cakes known as cocoa butter and is thus used for emollients, pessaries, etc. The residue of the cacao nibs is ground, boxed, and sold as "cocoa," or is pressed into cakes after being sweetened and is known as "chocolate."

Cacao is very nutritious. The principal constituent of cacao beans is the soft, solid oil which forms more than 50 per cent of the whole shelled bean, about 22 per cent being starch, gum, mucilage, etc., and 17 per cent being gluten and albumen. They contain also a crystallizable principle called theobromine (see THEOBROMINE; CAFFEINE). The following figures show the average of analyses of cocoa and chocolate bought in open market:

Nine-tenths of cocoa is assimilated in the system. For dietetic use, cocoa is prepared in several ways. It is made into chocolate (q.v.); it is eaten in the solid state in the form of cakes and bonbons, or is scraped down and treated with boiling water or milk. When cacao nibs are infused with water like coffee, they yield a highly palatable beverage, which is much lighter than any other infusion of cacao. The large quantity of oily matter present in the bean tends to make the various infusions thick and heavy, so that they do not agree with some delicate stomachs. The annual consumption of cacao is upward of 100,000,000 pounds. An infusion of the broken and roasted shells of cacao beans is sometimes used in the same way as tea or coffee. The pulp of the fruit is eaten in the countries in which the tree grows, and a kind of spirit is obtained from it by fermentation and distillation. For illustration, see BEVERAGE PLANTS.

CACCIANIGA, kät'chå-në'gå, ANTONIO MARIA GIACOMO (1823-1903). An Italian author, born at Treviso. In 1848 he founded in Milan the satiric periodical Lo Spirito Folletto. After the revolution of 1848 he was for six years in exile, living as a journalist in Paris. Subsequently he was elected mayor of Treviso and a parliamentary deputy. Of his numerous writings, his fiction is most enduring for its delicate sentimentality combined with vivacity of wit and a good sense of movement in plot. Typical works are Villa Ortensia and La famiglia di Bonifazio. For short stories of regional coloring, see Dolce far niente and Sotto i ligustri.

CACCINI, kåt-che'nê, GIULIO (c.1550-1618). An Italian musician, born in Rome, and often called Giulio Romano for that reason. He learned to sing and to play the lute under Scipione della Palla and in 1564 went to Florence, where he spent most of his life. He was one of the musicians that met at the house of

Bardi, where a new style, the stilo rappresentativo, was originated, which finally led to the beginnings of the opera (q.v.). Although Caccini himself claimed to have been the originator of the new style, recent researches have proved that this honor belongs to Peri (q.v.), and that Caccini's Eurydice, upon which opera he based his claim, was written after Peri's work of the same title, though both were produced in the same year (1600). Caccini leaned more to the arioso style, which paved the way for the later bel canto. His fame rests chiefly upon his Nuove musiche, a collection of madrigals for one voice with basso continuo. His other works are Il rapimento di Cafalo, Dafne, and a second collection of Nuove musiche. Consult A. Ehrich, Giulio Caccini (Leipzig, 1908).

CÁCERES, kä'thâ-rås (anciently, Lat. Castra Cæcilia). A town of Spain, capital of the Province of Cáceres, in Estremadura, situated on a river of the same name, 25 miles west of Trujillo, in a rich agricultural district (Map: Spain, B 3). It is famous for its bacon, has manufactures of linen, woolens, leather, hats, soap, etc., and controls a large trade in the produce of the district. Pop., 1900, 16,933.

CÁCERES, kä'sa-ras, ANDRÉS AVELINO (18361911). A Peruvian statesman and soldier. He was born at Ayacucho, in southern Peru, Nov. 10,

1836.

At an early age he participated in the rising of Castilla, distinguished himself at the taking of Arequipa, and from 1857 to 1860 was

military attaché to the Peruvian legation at Paris. He fought in the Chilean War (1879-83), in which he was raised to the rank of general. After the capture of Lima he became the head of the provisional government. In 1884, in trying to dislodge Iglesias, whom the Chileans had set up as President, he was repulsed before Lima, but he gathered a larger force, entered the city in the following year, and induced the President to refer the presidential question to a popular election. The result was favorable to Cáceres, who was chosen President and inaugurated in June, 1886. In 1890 he was succeeded by Bermúdez, and went soon afterward as Peruvian Minister to France and Great Britain. Upon the expiration of Bermúdez's term of office, in 1894, the adherents of Cáceres seized the government and forced the Congress to choose him President. The party of Piérola took up arms, Lima was besieged, and on March 18, 1895, the city was taken by assault after a murderous fight. In a treaty of peace concluded between the two factions, Cáceres resigned the presidency and soon afterward fled the country, going to Panama. Piérola was elected President in his stead. At

the end of the presidential term of Romaña he returned to Peru and again became a political figure of importance. In 1905 he was sent as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru to Italy. He was assassinated Nov. 20, 1911.

CÁCERES, NUEVA. See NUEVA CÁCERES. CACHALOT, kǎsh'à-lõt. See WHALE. CACHE, kåsh (Fr., from cacher, to hide). The name given by parties of travelers in uninhabited parts of North America to places for concealing provisions and other articles. Intending to return on their tracks, the traders disburden themselves of what articles can be spared and, in order to conceal them from Indians or others, construct places of deposit in the wilderness. A hole is dug (perhaps 6 or 8 feet deep and several feet broad) and, the articles being interred, the surface is replaced with care,

and all traces of the excavation obliterated.

The location of the cache is afterward found by some landmark or other sign. If containing provisions, the cache needs to be made to resist the depredations of animals, hence it is often covered with rocks. Prominently marked caches are built by expeditions in the Arctic regions as supply stations or for the use of distressed mariners. Continuous misuse has divested the term of its original idea of concealment, and it is now used, both as verb and noun to express the idea of putting away, or storing, but not necessarily covering.

CACHEO, kȧ-sha'oo, or CACHEU. A fortified town in Portuguese Guinea, West Africa, situated on the river Cacheo, about 10 miles inland. It was founded in 1588 and has an estimated population of 15,000, mostly natives. It has some trade in ivory and gold dust.

CACHEXIA, kȧ-kěks'i-ȧ (Neo-Lat., Gk. кαXegla, kachexia, from κakós, kakos, bad + eşis, heris, state). A medical term used to designate a diseased condition of the body, characterized by anæmia, yellowish color of the skin, and emaciation. Cachexia is always associated with severe organic diseases resulting in chronic poisoning of the blood; it is a feature of the advanced stages of tumor, tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, gout, pyæmia (qq.v.) and other wasting diseases, each malady producing its peculiar modification of cachexia. In Bright's disease

the skin is waxy and edematous, the anæmia extreme, the eyelids puffy, the limbs often swollen. In malarial cachexia the skin is a dirty brownish yellow and the spleen enlarged. In the cachexia of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis emaciation is the most pronounced feature.

Cachexia strumipriva (described by Kocher) is a condition of anæmia and myxedema, with marked nerve disturbances, which follows total removal of the thyroid gland.

CACHOEIRA, kȧ-shwa'ê-rå (Portug. waterfall, cataract). A town in the state of Bahía, Brazil, situated on the Rio Paraguassu, 62 miles northwest of the city of Bahía, with which it is connected by rail (Map: Brazil, K 6). The town manufactures tobacco and cigars, the suburb St. Felix giving its name to the best brand of Brazilian tobacco. It also exports coffee, sugar, cotton, and fruits. Pop., about 15,000.

CACHOLONG, kash'o-long (probably Cach, a river of Bokhara, where it was originally found +Kalmuck chalong, stone). An opaque, milkwhite, sometimes yellow or red, variety of opal. It has a conchoidal fracture and a pearly lustre, in consequence of which it is sometimes called pearl opal, or mother-of-pearl opal. It has also been found, associated with chalcedony, in Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy.

CACHUCHA, kå-choo'chȧ (Sp.). An Andalusian dance of much grace. Its origin is unknown. It is written in 3-4 time, and resembles the bolero (q.v.). The cachucha is usually danced with castanets. It was introduced on the stage by Fanny Elssler, in the ballet of Le diable boiteux.

CACIQUE (pronounced kå-sēk ́ě because it is commonly used in Spanish-speaking countries. Ka-sek' would be the French pronunciation). A title borne by certain native princes or chiefs in the West Indies at the time of the discovery that was later applied by the Spaniards to dignitaries among the tribes of the New World coming under Spanish rule. The term was in common use in Mexico and Peru, where it was ordinarily restricted to governmental heads. Among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico there are two caciques, a summer and a winter one, corresponding to the ceremonial division of the tribes. They hold office for life and, while principally concerned with religion, they have power to appoint the annual governmental officers. The native terms for cacique vary from tribe to tribe. In more recent times the title has been bestowed upon the chiefs of independent Indian tribes. Locke adopted this title in his Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669). In this revival of feudal society there were to be, according to The Grand Model, two county dignitaries who should bear the title “cacique” and rank next after the landgrave.

CACIQUE, or CAS'SICAN (Sp., from native Haitian). Any of several icterine birds of Central and South America, allied to the Baltimore oriole and forming the genus Cassicus. They are noted for their intricately woven pensile nests, composed of grass or thin bark, in the form of a purse or pouch, sometimes a yard long, and suspended from the extremity of a branch of a tall tree, apparently to insure safety from monkeys and serpents. Several of these nests are often to be seen hanging from the branches of the same tree. (See Plate of PENSILE NESTS OF BIRDS, with the article NIDIFICATION.) The name "cassican" is also given sometimes to the piping crow of Australia and Papua.

CAC'ODYL, or KAK'ODYL (Gk. kakwdns, kakōdēs, ill-smelling + ûλn, hyle, wood, stuff, matter). An organic substance composed of carbon, hydrogen, and arsenic. It is a highly poisonous liquid and it takes fire spontaneously if exposed to the air. Its formula is As, (CH3) 4. Its oxide, As, (CH),O, is obtained by distilling a mixture of arsenious oxide and potassium acetate; in the pure state it does not, like cacodyl, take fire on exposure to the air; it readily combines with acids to form salts, such as cacodyl chloride, As (CH3)2C1; cacodyl cyanide, As (CH3)2CN, etc. The univalent cacodyl group, As(CH3)2, was the first metallo-organic radicle known to chemists. Its discovery by Bunsen, following Wöhler and Liebig's discovery of the benzoyl group, had an important influence on the development of the science of organic chemistry. See CHEMISTRY.

CACOMISTLE, kǎk'ô-mis-'l (native Mex.), or BASSARISC. A small animal (Bassariscus astutus) of the raccoon family, inhabiting Mexico and adjacent parts of the United States. Its body is about 16 inches long, and its tail about 15. It is rather slender, with a sharp, foxlike face, and large, bright eyes, surrounded by light patches, which, with the erect ears, give an alert and pleasing expression to the countenance. The fur is long, soft, and light brown above, darker along the back, and the long, bushy tail has six or eight broad, white rings; the under parts are white. It has much the same habits as a raccoon, catching small mammals, birds, and insects, and is often tamed and regarded as a most pleasing pet among miners, who usually call it the American civet cat. Consult Bulletin Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (New York, 1895). See Plate of CARNIVORES (MINOR AMERICAN). CACOUNA, kå'kōō'nå'. A picturesque and fashionable watering place in Temiscouata Co., Quebec, Canada (Map: Quebec, J 3). It is situated on the right bank of the St. Lawrence River, 114 miles from Quebec. It contains numerous summer cottages of wealthy Canadians, has good hotels and boarding houses, while a smooth, sandy beach affords admirable bathing facilities. It is also resorted to for trout fishing and hunting. A small Indian settlement is situated near the beach. Pop., 1901, 589; 1911, 653.

CACTA'CEÆ. See CACTUS. CACTUS (Lat. from Gk. кáктos, kaktos). A general name given to the peculiar plants which belong to the family Cactaceae. These plants are specially adapted to the arid regions of America. They are chiefly displayed in Mexico, but are very abundant also along the Mexican border of the United States, and some of them extend even far north on the plains. They are also found to some extent more eastward, in the West Indies, and also southward in South America. Aside from a few African species, the 1000 known forms are restricted to America. However, the common prickly pear, a species of Opuntia, has been long naturalized throughout the Mediterranean region, where its fruit is known as the "Indian fig."

The peculiar habit of the family seems to have been the result of perennial drouth conditions, to which they have become better adapted, perhaps, than any other plant forms. The twofold problem which is presented to them is to prevent any unnecessary loss of water contained in their tissues and to retain all of the scanty supply which reaches them. As a result, their