The

bodies are very succulent, containing a large amount of water-storage tissue, which retains water with great tenacity. Their bodies are also very much reduced in surface exposure, leaves being abandoned, and the stem often assuming cylindrical to globular forms. globular form is perhaps the most complete answer to the problem of reducing surface exposure and retaining mass. Instead of leaves and branches which appear upon ordinary plants, the cactus forms display various ephemeral or abortive structures, the most notable of which are the bristles and spines. The cactus forms are not all of compact habit, for species of Pereskia are climbing and woody, with welldeveloped leaves. The flowers of the group are usually conspicuous and remarkably brilliant in color. The largest forms are species of Cereus, with thick columnar and fluted bodies, bearing a few clumsy branches, and sometimes attaining a height of 50 or 60 feet. These treelike columnar forms are especially well developed in the drainage basin of the Gulf of California, and sometimes occur in extensive masses known as "cardon forests."

About 20 genera of cacti are recognized, of which about six occur in the United States.

The generic lines are, however, very uncertain and shifting, so that no definite number can be given. The most common genera are as follows: Mamillaria includes the globular to short cylindrical forms, which are not ribbed, but which have prominent tubercles bearing clusters of spines. It is the largest in point of numbers of all the genera, containing more than 300 species. Echinocactus also contains globular to short cylindrical forms, but they are strongly ribbed, and are usually larger than any of the Mamillaria forms. It is the second genus in point of numbers, containing about 200 species. Cereus contains species with mostly elongated stems, which are stout, columnar, or sometimes cylindrical, and always ribbed or angled. Species of Pilocereus are often seen in greenhouses, and resemble the columnar forms of Cereus, but have an abundance of white hairs instead of rigid spines, and are frequently spoken of as "old-man cactus." Opuntia contains about one hundred and fifty species, and includes forms which are branched and jointed, the joints being flat or cylindrical. The flat-jointed forms are the wellknown "prickly pears." Consult: Engelmann and Bigelow, "Description of Cactaceae," in United States War Department Reports of Exploration for Railroad to the Pacific (Washington, 1856); Kunzé, Cactus; Its History, Classification,

and Therapeutical Application (Albany, 1875); Coulter, Preliminary Revision of the North American Species of Cactus, Anhalonium, and Lophophora (Washington, 1894-98); and Preliminary Revision of the North American Species of Echinocactus, Cereus, and Opuntia (Washington, 1896).

CACTUS WREN. See WREN.

CACUMAZIN. See CAMINATZIN. CA'CUS. In Roman legend, a monstrous being (son of Vulcan, by some accounts) who dwelt in a cave on the Aventine Hill, before the foundation of Rome. When Hercules, returning to Greece with the cattle of Geryon (q.v.), stopped to rest in the grassy plain by the Tiber, Cacus, selecting the most beautiful of the cows, drew them into his cave backward, by the tail, so that their tracks might not betray him; but their lowing, as Hercules, wonder-stricken, drove

their mates away, attracted attention to the cave, and he slew Cacus. The story is told in Livy (i, 7) and in Vergil, Eneid, viii, 184-279. To celebrate the victory Evander built the Ara Maxima in honor of Hercules. Confusing the name Cacus with κakós, căcus, bad, later authorities counted him "The Evil One,' in contrast with Evander (q.v.), whose name they interpreted as 'Good Man.' Consult Preller-Jordan, Römische Mythologie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1881-83).

CADALSO Y VÁZQUEZ, kå-Däl'sô ē väs'kâth, JOSÉ DE (1741-82). A Spanish poet, born in Cadiz. After having passed most of his youth at Paris, he traveled extensively in England, Germany, and Italy, and upon his return to Spain entered the army. He distinguished himself in the war against Portugal and rose to be colonel. At the siege of Gibraltar he was killed by the explosion of a bomb. His literary productions were confined to the period 1771 to 1774, while his regiment was stationed at Salamanca. Here, seconded by the Augustinian monk Diego Tadeo González, he founded the Salamantine poetic school. Among his works are: the tragedy Sancho García Conde de Castilla (1771); the satire Los Eruditos á la Violeta (1772); Poesías (1773), among which the Noches lúgubres were inspired by Young's Night Thoughts, and written at the death of his mistress, the actress María Ignacia Ibáñez; Cartas marruecas (1793) in imitation of Montesquieu's Lettres persanes. They appeared in a complete edition in 1818, as Colección de obras en prosa y en verso (Madrid); and again, ib., 1821, in 3 vols. Consult also Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. lxi; and Obras inéditas (ed. by R. Foulché-Delbosc), Revue hispanique, vol. i (1894).

He

MOSTO, ALVISE DA (c.1432-c.77). An Italian CADAMOSTO, kä'då mō'sto, or CA DA navigator and discoverer, born in Venice. made some commercial voyages about the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and in 1455, under commission of the Infante Dom Henrique of Portugal, sailed, by way of Senegal and Cape Verde, to the mouth of the Gambia. In 1546 he undertook a second journey, discovered the Cape Verde Islands, and thence reached the

mouth of the Rio Grande. He wrote an exceedingly interesting account of his voyages, El libro de la prima navigazione per occano alle terre de' Nigri della Bassa Etiopia (1507).

CADASTRAL SURVEY (from Fr. cadastre, a public register of the quantity, value, and ownership of the real property of a country). A term applied to a topographical survey, in mapping which the various artificial and natural objects are drawn to exact scale instead of being exaggerated for the sake of clearness, as is usually done in ordinary topographic mapping. The term is usually applied in connection with the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, which is on the scale of, or 25.344 inches to a mile. See SURVEYING.

CAD'DIS FLY. A neuropteroid insect of the order Trichoptera, the larva of which, usually aquatic, are commonly known as caseworms. Caddis flies show much resemblance to small moths, on account of their long antennæ, mothlike wings, and nocturnal flight. The body and wings are hairy, and some species possess scales. Four wings are generally present, but Thamastes has only the anterior pair, while in Anamalopteryx there is a curious dimorphism, the wings being quite short in the male, but of normal

length in the female. They are seen mainly about streams and ponds, but a few are marine, and the genus Onoicyla is terrestrial. "The eggs are laid in a double mass, which is gelatinous and usually green in color. They are usually attached to the surface of some water plant. The larvæ are all aquatic, and they are nearly all protected by a case of some sort." These larvæ are long and cylindrical, with a hard head and thoracic segments, but soft abdomen, to cover which the worm forms a tubular shelter, composed of bits of stick, moss, leaves, sand, or small stones, bound together with silk; and this is dragged about, or may be attached to some submerged object, preferably a stone at the bottom of rapidly running but shallow water. These cases are very diverse, from simple tubes to spirals very closely resembling snail shells. Since they open behind, a current of water is allowed to pass through, and thus the respiratory filaments on the abdomen are aërated. The caseworm retains its hold in the tube by means of a pair of claws located at the apex of the abdomen. These larvæ are largely vegetable feeders, but will occasionally eat insects, and such species spin near the mouth of the tube a net of silk which is cup shaped when drawn out by the water current, and catches prey. The caddis worms ("cadbait" of anglers) live several months in this condition, and some regularly through the winter. "When ready to transform to pupa," says Howard, "both ends of the case or tube are protected by a silk netting spun by the larva, which transforms in security, well drawn back from either orifice. When ready to transform to the adult stage, the pupa works its way through the guarded orifice, swims to the surface of the water, and crawls out."

These insects have been but little studied in America; yet about 150 species are known. They may be studied to advantage by placing the larvæ in a wire cage in their native stream, the cage extending above the water, so that the insect may emerge, but not escape. The most prominent family is Phryganeida, which contains the species of largest size. Consult McLachlan, Monograph of the Trichoptera (London, 187480), the authority for European forms. A list of species and key for genera, by N. Banks, may be found in Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia, 1892); also a paper by Needham and Betten in the New York State Museum Bulletin No. 47 (Albany, 1902). Consult also Vorhies, in Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Transactions, vol. xv (1905) and vol. xvi (1909).

CADDO, käd'do. An important Indian confederacy, from which the Caddoan stock derives its name, formerly holding the territory from the middle Red River in Louisiana westward nearly to the Brazos River in Texas. The name by which the tribes call themselves is Hasinai, whence the French Asinais and Cenis, Caddo being the abbreviated form of the name of their principal tribe. There are about a dozen subtribes, with 10 gentes. Like most tribes of this stock, the Caddo were sedentary and agricultural and were especially distinguished in early years for their friendly and hospitable character. They now number about 500, residing on allotments within their former reservation in western Oklahoma, which was opened to white settlement in 1901.

CAD'DOAN STOCK. An Indian linguistic

group represented in the South by the Caddo and Wichita and associated tribes, and in the North by the Pawnee and Arikara (q.v.). Their original home seems to have been the lower Red River country of Louisiana and Arkansas, whence the Caddo and Wichita moved westward into Texas and the Indian Territory, while the Pawnee moved northwestward and settled upon the lower Platte in Nebraska. The Arikara of North Dakota are a comparatively recent offshoot from the advance guard of the Pawnee. Like the Southern Indians generally, the Caddoan tribes were agricultural and more or less sedentary. In all their shifting they have retained these characteristics, preferring solidly built houses of earth-covered logs or grass thatch to the portable tepee, and depending more upon their gardens of corn and pumpkins than upon the buffalo hunt. They have dwindled almost to disappearance, the entire stock numbering now less than 2000 souls, although within living memory the Pawnee alone numbered 10,000.

CADE, JACK (?-1450). The leader of an insurrection beginning in Kent, England, June, 1450. He was of Irish birth and had served in the French wars. According to some accounts he assumed the name of Mortimer and claimed relationship with the Duke of York, but it is not certain that Cade and Mortimer were the same person. The rebels marched with 20,000 to 30,000 armed men on London and encamped at Blackheath, where Cade was in command and whence he kept up a communication with the citizens, many of whom were in secret sympathy with the rising. The court sent to inquire why the "good men of Kent" had left their homes. Cade, in a paper entitled "The Complaint of the Commons of Kent," replied that the people were being robbed of their goods for the King's use; that mean and corrupt persons, who plundered and oppressed the commons, filled the high offices at court; that it was "noised that the King's lands in France had been aliened"; that misgovernment had banished justice and prosperity from the land; that the men of Kent were especially ill-treated and overtaxed, and that the free election of knights of their shire had been hindered. In another paper, called "The Requests by the Captain of the Great Assembly in Kent," Cade demanded that the King should resume the grants of the crown, which he complained the creatures about the royal person fattened on, while the King was compelled to live on taxation; that the false progeny of the Duke of Suffolk should be dismissed; and that the Duke of York and others should be restored to favor, and a number of persons punished. The court sent its answer in the form of an army, before which Cade retreated to Sevenoaks, where he awaited the attack of a detachment, which he defeated. The royal army refused to fight against their countrymen; the court made some concessions, and Cade entered London on July 3. For two days he maintained the strictest order; but he forced the Lord Mayor and the judges to pass judgment upon several, including Lord Say, one of the King's most unpopular favorites, whose head was immediately cut off in Cheapside. On the third day some houses were plundered, and this brought about a reaction on the part of the citizens of London. Cade, who at night lodged his army in the suburbs, received news that the citizens intended to prevent his entrance into the city on the next day, and in the night he

made an attack on the bridge, but was defeated. The promise of pardon sowed dissension among his followers, who dispersed, and a price was set upon Cade's head. He attempted to reach the Sussex coast, but was slain near Lewes by Iden, the sheriff of Kent, on July 12. Consult Kriehn, The English Rising of 1450 (Strassburg, 1892), and Clayton, True Story of Jack Cade (London, 1909).

CADELL', FRANCIS (1822-79). A Scottish explorer, born at Cockenzie. At the age of 14 he entered the service of the East India Company as midshipman and in 1844 was appointed to command a vessel. In 1848 an examination of the mouth of the Murray River, in Australia, convinced him of the navigability of that river, as to which he was further satisfied by an extended tour of exploration undertaken in 1850. He promoted the formation of a navigation company, the first of whose steamboats accomplished, in 1853, a voyage of 300 miles. Until 1859 he was busily concerned in explorations. In 1867, when sailing in command of his schooner, the Gem, from Amboyna to the Kei Islands, he was murdered by the crew.

CA'DENCE. See HARMONY, Cadences. CA'DENCY (ML. cadentia, from cadere, to fall). In heraldry, the marks by which the shields of the younger members of families are distinguished from those of the elder and from each other. The study of such devices constitutes an extensive and important branch of the heraldic science. Nine marks of cadency are recognized in modern heraldry. The first son bears the label (Fig. 1); the second, the crescent (Fig. 2); the third, the mullet (Fig. 3); the fourth, the martlet (Fig. 4); the fifth, the annulet (Fig. 5); the sixth, the fleur-de-lys (Fig. 6); the seventh, the rose; the eighth, the cross

moline; the ninth, the octofoil. This system may be indefinitely continued, by charging label upon label, etc., for the grandsons. No distinction is usually made by writers on heraldryand probably the practice of heralds in general scarcely admits of any being made-between marks of cadency, differences, distinctions, or even brisures, though the last term is quite constantly and appropriately used to include not only differences in general, but also abatements or bearings by which the arms of the family are broken or diminished. See BATON.

CADE'NUS. A name assumed by Jonathan Swift in a poem addressed to Miss Vanhomrigh, and entitled Cadenus and Vanessa, which the lady's executors published in Dublin, in 1726, but which had been written more than 10 years before. The name is an anagram for the Latin word decanus, i.e., dean. See VANESSA.

CADENZA, kå-dén'tså (It., descent, from Lat., It. cadere, to fall). In music, a brilliant passage of ornamental notes introduced towards

the end of a musical composition designed to exhibit the virtuosity of the performer. In instrumental pieces it is usually based on themes of the work itself. In former times it was left to the performer to improvise his own cadenzas, but Beethoven was the first to compose them himself rather than rely on inapt performers. Since the time of Schumann all composers have written their cadenzas in full as an integral part of the composition. For some of the older works excellent cadenzas have been written by such masters as Moscheles, Reinecke, Rosenthal, Sauer, Ysaye, etc.

CAD'ER ID'RIS (Welsh, chair of Idris, the giant). The second highest among the mountains of Wales, in Merionethshire, 5 miles southsouthwest of Dolgelly, between the estuaries of the Mawddach and the Dovey rivers (Map: Wales, C 4). It is 7 miles long, and 1 to 3 miles broad; the highest peak, Pen-y-gader, has an elevation of 2914 feet. The view from the cairn at the summit extends far over the Irish Sea and as far as the Wrekin in Shropshire.

CADET', MILITARY (Fr., younger brother, Provençal capdet, from ML. capitellum, dim. of Lat. caput, head; so called to distinguish him from the elder brother, who was the real head of the family, after the father. The military meaning arose from the fact that the younger sons of the French nobility were generally provided for in the army). A student or an accepted candidate for a military commission; in the United States army cadets are educated at the Military Academy (q.v.), West Point, N. Y., and the present method of their appointment has been in operation since 1843. The age for admission to the Military Academy is between 17 and 22 years of age; appointments may be made one year in advance of the date of admission; this rule, however, is not always observed. Whenever a vacancy exists in a given district or state, the War Department notifies the Representative or Senator, who may then either appoint directly or throw the appointment open to competitive examination. By Acts of Congress approved June 6, 1900, June 28, 1902, March 3, 1903, May 28, 1908, and August 9, 1912, the Corps of Cadets as now constituted consists of one from each congressional district, one from each Territory, two from the District of Columbia, one from Porto Rico, two from each State at large, and 40 from the United States at large, all to be appointed by the President. Those cadets appointed from States or Territories must be actual residents of the congressional or territorial districts, or of the District of Columbia, or of the States, respectively, from which they are appointed. Four Filipinos, one for each class, are authorized to receive instruction as cadets, to be eligible on graduation only to commissions in the Philippine Scouts. Under these Acts, and under the apportionment of members of Congress according to the thirteenth census, the maximum number of cadets is 580. Under Act of Congress approved April 19, 1910, the law, however, provides that for six years from July 1, 1910, whenever any cadet shall have finished three years of his course at the Academy his successor may be admitted. Foreigners are sometimes admitted by Act of Congress; they pay their own expenses and are not candidates for a commission. The appointment from a congressional district is made upon the recommendation of the Congressman from that dia